5. What are 2 things that all good hypotheses have to have/be? Forces and Motion 8. What is the standard (SI) unit for speed? Acceleration?
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1 PS Physics Study Guide End of Course Exam Scientific Processes 1. Where on the graph would I put the independent variable? 2. Where on the graph would I put the dependent variable? 3. List and describe the 5 steps of the scientific method. 4. What is a hypothesis? 5. What are 2 things that all good hypotheses have to have/be? 6. What is a variable? 7. What is the control of an experiment? Forces and Motion 8. What is the standard (SI) unit for speed? Acceleration? 9. Give three possible units of distance, time and speed. 10. What is the difference between distance and displacement? 11. Calculate the speed of a car that travels 72 miles in 9 hours? 12. What does the slope of a position vs. time graph tell us? 13. What does the slope of a velocity vs. time graph tell us? 14. What is the difference between position and distance? 15. What is the difference between speed and velocity? 16. What is meant by positive, negative, and 0 acceleration? 17. I was driving down the street at 60 m/s. I saw a police officer and immediately slowed to 30 m/s. This all took 3 s. What was my acceleration? Answer the following about the graph at the right: Displacement is increasing: Displacement is decreasing: Speed is constant: Speed is 0 m/s: 18. Using the position-time graph at the right, calculate the speed of the object from 1 second to 3 seconds. A B C
2 Velocity (m/s) 19. On a position vs. time graph, explain what a steep slope means? 20. Answer the following about the graph at the right: A B C Positive acceleration Negative acceleration No acceleration 21. List the ways you can change the acceleration of an object. 22. Describe how changing the angle of a ramp affects the acceleration of an object. 23. Give an example of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, periodic motion and circular motion. 24. What is inertia and how is it related to a passenger on a roller coaster? 25. Explain Newton s Second Law in terms of force, mass and acceleration. 26. What is the acceleration of a 30 kg object being pushed with a force of 60 N? 27. How much force is required to move a 100 kg object at an acceleration of 3 m/s What is the difference between weight and mass? 29. Explain Newton's Third Law in terms of action and reaction forces. 30. Explain how the 3 rd Law of Motion explains rocket flight. 31. What is net force? 32. My brother took my Wii-mote and I want it back. If I am pulling it left with a force of 10 N and he s pulling it right with a force of 8 N, what is the net force on the Wii-mote and am I going to get it back? 33. What is the law of universal gravitation? 34. What two factors in the universal law of gravitation are most important in determining the force of gravity between two objects? 35. What is centripetal force and where might you find an example? 36. Distinguish between rotation and revolution and on earth? Using the data below, which of these would be the fastest? Distance Time Rotation 40,000 km 24 hours Revolution 942,000,000 km 8766 hours
3 Work and Energy 37. What is work? 38. What must an object do in order for work to be occurring? 39. What is energy? 40. What are the units of energy? 41. What is potential energy? 42. What is kinetic energy? 43. What kind of energy does a ball rolling across the floor have? 44. Or a ball being held up in the air? 45. Or a ball thrown from the quarterback to their wide receiver? 46. Describe the change between potential and kinetic energy when a person jumps on a trampoline. 47. Describe the energy transformations that occur in the following: a. Turning on a lamp. b. Burning a piece of paper c. Eating an apple 48. Describe the law of conservation of energy. 49. Explain why all mechanical systems require an outside energy source to maintain their motion. Electricity 50. Using the following symbols, draw an open and closed circuit: a. Light bulb b. Switch c. Battery d. Wires 51. What is the difference between an open circuit and a closed circuit? 52. Using the correct electrical symbols draw a picture of a closed circuit that contains two light bulbs, a switch, and a battery. 53. Describe how opposite and like charges react to each other. 54. Explain voltage (potential difference), current and resistance and describe the role of each in an electrical circuit. 55. What are the units for voltage, current and resistance?
4 56. What is the difference between direct and alternating current? 57. What is Coulomb s Law? Waves 58. Draw a transverse wave and label all the parts (amplitude, wavelength, crest, trough). 59. What is needed for ALL waves to continue moving? 60. Describe the period of a wave. 61. Describe the motion of a water wave. 62. What is the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of a wave? 63. How does a transverse wave travel and how does a longitudinal wave travel? 64. What is the difference between an electromagnetic wave and a mechanical wave? 65. Sound waves are an example of what type of wave? 66. Describe the following ways that light can interact with the environment: a. Reflection b. Refraction c. Diffraction d. Interference (two types) e. Scattering f. Absorption 67. What happens to the energy in a wave as it travels away from its source? 68. What is the difference between ultrasonic and infrasonic? 69. List the forms of electromagnetic energy from largest wavelength to smallest and give two examples of each. 70. How are fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs different? 71. What are the three primary colors of light? What are the three primary colors of pigments? 72. Why do objects appear different colors? 73. What is a ray diagram? 74. Draw and label a ray diagram that illustrates the law of reflection. 75. Compare and contrast sound and light waves? (Include wave type, speed, requirement of medium)
5 Vocabulary: The following is the vocabulary for the entire semester. Not every vocabulary word will be seen on the exam. However, it is important to understand these terms. steps of the scientific method speed average speed units of time and distance metric system dependent variable independent variable position vs. time graph speed vs. time graph slope acceleration displacement one-dimensional motion two-dimensional motion circular motion velocity v=d/t a=change in speed/change in time Newton s three laws of motion weight vs. mass net force F=ma action/reaction forces gravity Acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/s 2 ) rotation centripetal orbital motion (ball attached to string) revolution gravitational force law of universal gravitation ( ) Friction energy transformation energy conservation Potential energy kinetic energy law of conservation of energy Work (units) forms of energy internal energy source External energy source Circuit complete circuit open circuit Closed circuit short circuit electric charges Static charges electrostatic charges voltage (units) Resistance (units) current (units) DC / AC current Efficiency Amplitude wavelength frequency Period crest trough Medium transverse longitudinal (compressional) Sound waves light waves oscillate Ultrasound interference (dead spots) propagate Reflection absorption refraction Scattering Electromagnetic spectrum ray diagram Angle of incidence angle of reflection incident ray Reflected ray normal medium Transparent law of reflection primary colors of light and pigment
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