Wednesday, November 21, 2012 ANCIENT ROME

Transcription

1 ANCIENT ROME

2 VOCABULARY POWER Roman Republic- Government in which officials were chosen by the people Senate- A council of nobles that passed laws and handled foreign affairs Patrician- The landholding upper- class Plebians- (majority of the population) - farmers, merchants, traders, and artisans Consuls- Two elected representatives in charge of the military and supervising the government

3 VOCABULARY POWER Twelve Tables- Codified written laws which caused fair treatment for citizens. Became the foundation for Roman Law Assemblies- composed of all plebian citizens of Rome to vote. Punic Wars- Conflicts between Rome and Carthage leading to victory for Rome and control of the Mediterranean basin Carthage- city-state in North Africa that ruled over a large trading empire.

4 VOCABULARY POWER Hannibal- General of Carthage who crossed the Alps with army and elephants in second Punic War. Julius Caesar- A Roman general who became dictator (complete power) and ended the Roman Republic. First Triumvirate- Three person rule- An alliance between Julius Caesar and two others to control Rome- Caesar emerged as dictator having complete power. Augustus Caesar- First Roman emperor, won the civil war following Caesar's assassination and established the Pax Romana

5 VOCABULARY POWER Pax Romana- 200 year span of Roman peace that began with Augustus Ceasar Inflation- Decreasing Value of currency Currency- Money Roman Empire- Territories ruled by Roman emperors ranging from present day Britain, Germany, North Africa, and Persian Gulf from 27 B.C A.D. Jesus- founder of Christianity the son and incarnation of God.

6 VOCABULARY POWER New Testament- 27 books in the Bible that contain the life and teachings of Jesus. Messiah- savior sent by God. Apostles- disciples who spread Jesus message. Paul- Apostle of Jesus that spread the teachings of Jesus to non Jews. Incarnation- spirit or god in human form

7 VOCABULARY POWER Constantine- Roman emperor who converted to Christianity and made it legal. Martyrs- People who would choose to die or suffer on behalf of their religion Persecution- to mistreat or harass Devaluation- to lose value or worth Moral Authority- being respected and having good character Moral decay- loss of faith or beliefs

8 Aqueducts- Structures that carried waters to cities Latin- Language of the Romans

9 ANCIENT ROMAN GEOGRAPHY = City of Rome = Greek Peninsula Alps Mountains Italian Peninsula Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Africa Carthage Mediterranean Sea Egypt

10 GEOGRAPHY OF ROME Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers. Located on the Italian peninsula pushing out to the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea on its eastern coast. Alps mountains provided some protection The Mediterranean Sea provided protection and seaborne commerce (trade along the sea).

11 ROME

12 ROMAN MYTHOLOGY Based on Greek polytheistic religion Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities and life events

13 JUPITER Father of the godsgod of sky and thunder

14 JUNO Protector of Love and Marriage

15 APOLLO Apollo - god of music and poetry

16 DIANA Goddess of wildlife and animals

17 MINERVA Roman goddess of wisdom

18 VENUS Roman goddess of love

19 IMPACT OF ROMAN MYTHOLOGY Symbols and images in literature and architecture

20 ROME

21 SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Patricians- Powerful Nobility (upper class) few in number Plebians- Majority of the population (farmers, traders, merchants, etc.) Slaves- Not based on race; either debt slavery or conquered in war

22 CITIZENSHIP IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Citizens included: Patrician and plebian men Selected foreigners Citizens had rights and responsibilities such as paying taxes and military service.

23 FEATURES OF DEMOCRACY IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Representative democracy- elected representatives to serve (Women and foreigners were excluded) Assemblies- comprised of all plebian citizens to vote The Senate- Council of 300 nobles that passed all of the laws and handled foreign affairs. Consuls- Two leaders chosen from the Senate by the Assembly (1 year terms). One Consul usually ruled over the Senate while the other controlled the Army. Law of Rome codified as Twelve Tables (written down laws)

24 PUNIC WARS B.C.E. Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade. Carthage was the richest city in the Mediterranean A series of three wars occurred between Rome and Carthage During the second war, a Carthaginian general named Hannibal, crossed the Alps mountains and invaded the Italian peninsula and established small victories, but was later defeated. These three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome.

25 HANNIBAL CROSSING THE ALPS

26 BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SPREAD OF ROMAN CULTURE Roman Republic eventually begins turning into the Roman Empire stretching from the Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) Western Europe (Gaul -Present day France & British Isles)

27 FROM CITY TO EMPIRE

28 DECLINE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Roman Republic went into a civil war and was replaced by the Roman Empire. Causes of the decline of the Roman Republic include: 1. Spread of slavery in the agricultural system 2. Farmers were unemployed and migrated to cities 3. Civil war in Rome over the power of Julius Casear. 4. Devaluation (loss of worth) of Roman currency which caused inflation

29 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF IMPERIAL ROME Julius Caesar ended the republic and began the period of the empire. He began to seize total power of this empire by creating the First Triumvirate which was a three person rule. Caesar later seized total power (became dictator) before he was assassinated by senators on the Ides of March

30 ROMAN EMPIRE After his death, a second triumvirate is formed dividing the empire between Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius), Marc Antony, and Lepidus Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius) eventually gains power after a civil war with Marc Anthony and becomes Rome s first emperor. Roman Empire- Unified and enlarged using imperial (with an emperor) authority and the military HOWEVER, there was a failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors--(leads to the collapse of the Empire)

31 THE PAX ROMANA The Pax Romana was two centuries (200 years) of peace and prosperity under imperial (empire) rule Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the near east

32 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PAX ROMANA Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads Promoted prosperity and stability

33 SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE PAX ROMANA Returned stability to social classes Increased emphasis on the family

34 POLITICAL IMPACT OF PAX ROMANA Created a civil service system Developed a uniform rule of law.

35 ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY Had its roots in Judaism Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah Conflicted with the polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire

36 BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, AND CUSTOMS OF CHRISTIANITY Monotheism Jesus as both the Son and incarnation (human form) of God NEW TESTAMENT, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians Christian doctrine established by early church councils

37 SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY Popularity of the message-- Appealed to all people (poor and rich) Early martyrs inspired others Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire

38 IMPACT OF THE CHURCH OF ROME The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal. Christianity later became the official state religion The Church became a source of moral authority. Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.

39 CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT ROME

40 ART AND ARCHITECTURE Pantheon

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42 ART AND ARCHITECTURE Colosseum

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45 ART AND ARCHITECTURE Forum

46 TECHNOLOGY Roads Roman Arches Aqueducts (structures that carried waters to cities)

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49 CONTRIBUTIONS Science: Ptolemy Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools) Language: Latin, Romance languages Literature: Virgil s Aeneid Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion

50 CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT ROME Law: The principle of innocent until proven guilty (from the Twelve Tables)

51 DECLINE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Geographic size- Difficulty of defense and administration (hard to protect Rome s borders) Economy- The cost of defense and the devaluation of Roman currency Military- Army membership starting to include non- Romans, resulting in a decline of discipline Moral decay- people s loss of faith in Rome and the family Political problems- Civil conflict and weak administration Invasion- Attacks on borders by Germanic Tribes

52 DIVIDED ROMAN EMPIRE

53 DIVISION OF ROMAN EMPIRE Moved the capital, by emperor Constantine, from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. (Rome was the capital in the West, Constantinople was the capital in the East) Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 C.E., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor Eastern Roman Empire became known as the (Byzantine Empire)