Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 BCE-500 CE

Transcription

1 Warm Up: Complete Sentences Why was Socrates thought of by Athenians to have corrupted their youth? What two things did Plato contribute Greece? Who was Aristotle s student? Who was finally able to conquer Greece? What is the Hellenistic Culture? Time to get Creative Fold your paper so that you have six squares. In each square draw, design, then color something that represents Greece. You CANNOT use any words. On the back of the paper in each square, label and specifically explain what each picture on the front represents. Examples: Greece, Pheidippidies, Phalanx, etcetera. Warm up: What Makes a Successful Leader? In bullet point format list what you think makes a successful leader. Do they have to be likable? How do you measure their leadership-the results they produce or their integrity? Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 BCE-500 CE Chapter 6 Romulus and Remus The Great Myth Twins of the God Mars and Latin Princess Abandoned near Tiber River Raised by a she-wolf Built city near that spot Origins of Rome Geography Seven rolling hills at a curve of the Tiber River Center of Italian Peninsula Center of Mediterranean Sea First Romans Latin s Rome: Cluster of little huts Etruscans Northern Italy: Metal workers and engineers Greeks Southern Italy and Sicily 1

2 Monarchy to a Republic King s Rule Etruscan King in 600BCE The Forum Heart of Roman political life Architecture Much like that of Greece Tarquin the Proud Harsh Tyrant Driven out in 509BCE The Republic Power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leader Power Struggle Patricians: Wealthy landowners/most political Plebeians: Common farmers/merchants Twelve Tables/Tablets Problem: Patricians were interpreting the law to benefit themselves Plebeians force the creation of a Written Code of Law Hung in the Forum Free citizens have the right to protection under law Became basis for later Roman law Roman Republic Government Combined three different political structures from Greece Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy Consuls Served once every 10 years Ran the army Senate Had 300 members Legislative and administrative functions Upper class chooses Assembly Free citizens Elect the Consuls Make laws (Plebeians, then for Republic) Dictator During times of crisis Absolute power 6 months of rule Warm Up: In Complete Sentences What were the three different political structures that the Roman Republic combined? According to the Great Myth who founded Rome? Who were the Patricians? Who were the Plebeians? What was the purpose of the Twelve Tables? What were the four different branches of government? The Roman Army All citizens that owned land were required to serve in the military Wanted to hold office, 10 years of service Legions 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers (infantry) Soldiers on horseback supported each legion (cavalry) Organized and skilled Spreading Roman Power Romans conquer the entire Italian Peninsula Full citizens: Latin's on the Tiber A little further out: citizens without a vote All others: Allies of Rome as long as troops were supplied Punic Wars (Rome Vs. Carthage) 1st-Control of Sicily and west Mediterranean 2nd-Hannibal avenging previous defeat 3rd-Rome laid siege to Carthage. City ablaze/50,000 sold slavery 2

3 The Republic Collapses Julius Caesar Economic turmoil Rich vs Poor Rich landowner/large estates Slaves were 1/3 the population Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Tribunes that tried to help the poor Limiting the size of estates Giving land to the poor Violent deaths Civil War Generals begin seizing greater power Soldiers Recruited landless poor and promised them land fought for pay allegiance to the commanders only Elected to consul in 59BCE Triumvirate: A group of three leaders Crassus: wealthy Roman Pompey: popular general Caesar: military leader Conquers Gaul (France) and appoints himself governor Senate orders him home Caesar vs Pompey 46BCE named dictator Long Live Caesar Strong leader and military genius Returned home a Hero 44BCE Dictator for Life Absolute Power Public Works Projects creating jobs Military Perks colonies where people without land could own property increase soldier pay Senate fears his power, success and popularity Assassinated in senate chamber 44BCE Brutus Et tu Brute? Warm Up: In Complete Sentences 1. How were the different area s of the Italian Peninsula people classified? Think citizenship. 2. What was the cause of the second Punic War? 3. What was a cause of the first civil war? 4. What is it called when three different people rule? 5. Who became dictator for life? 6. What did this dictator for life do for the Republic? 7. What are the two reasons the Republic finally fall? Beginnings of an Empire 2nd Civil War Destroyed remaining Republic 2nd Triumvirate Octavian: Caesar s grandnephew Marc Antony: Experienced general Lepidus: Powerful politician Marc Antony in Anatolia Cleopatra: Love at first sight Octavian: Jealous 3rd Civil War Marc Antony vs Octavian Octavian (Augustus) and Pax Romana Octavian (Augustus) 27BCE-14BCE Unchallenged ruler 1st Emperor Augustus Means Exalted One Pax Romana 207 years of peace throughout the empire Efficient/Sound Government Civil Service: Paid workers to manage government affairs Law: Functioning Senate, Civil Servants were Plebeians and former slaves Agriculture/Trade Denarius: Silver Coin Roads for trade networking 3

4 The Roman World Gravitas Discipline, Strength and Loyalty City Life Crowed and noisy All walks of life Slaves Important to economy God/Goddesses Similar to Greeks Society Rich Lived in Villas Poor Poor lived in tenements Government Assistance Daily rations of grain Entertainment: games, races, battle, gladiators Holidays:150 a year Warm Up: Socratic Circle Preparation Get out your questions/statements from last night and review them quietly to yourself. Make sure that you are prepared to discuss these questions/statements. They will be handed in at the end of the period. Socratic Circle Rules: This is students talking to students about content activity. Do not ask Ms. A. for clarification or opinion. This is to benefit you. This activity will be graded. Ms. A. will be grading you as well as your peers. Some things to keep in mind: Taking a position on a question: Taking a viewpoint, opinion, stance, outlook, or perspective. Clarifying question: A question that results in information being made more clear Making an analogy: Making a comparison between two things, ie. Greece and United States democracy. Recognizing contradictions: A statement that associates ideas that are not compatible, mismatch, disagreement, inconsistency, etcetera. Irrelevant Comments: A comment that has nothing to do with the topic at hand, off subject, unrelated, unconnected to subject. Warm up: In complete sentences 1. Who was Octavian? 2. Why did Octavian battle Marc Antony? 3. Where did the poor live? 4. Why was it dangerous where they lived? 5. What did the rich do to make the poor forget about their situation? Out with Jupiter in with Jesus The Rise of Christianity All Eyes on Judea Rome conquers Judea Jewish state Asia/Middle East Modern West Bank/Israel Province of Rome Independent in name Judaism tolerated Savior will set them free Jesus of Nazareth Carpenter Baptized Jewish Religious Teacher Salvation for all All equal: Reward in afterlife Prophet/Messiah Blasphemer: Liar/False Prophet 4

5 Jesus visits Jerusalem Ethical Teachings Monotheistic Personal Relationship with God Love Charity Humility Salvation Repent: Ask for forgiveness of sins Conducts sermons and miracles throughout Roman Empire Gains followers and believers Romans and Jewish Chiefs fear his popularity Jewish High Priest believes Jesus is Blasphemous Want him stopped One of you will Betray Me... Trial and Crucifixion of The King of the Jews Pontius Pilate Jesus arrested and questioned Ultimatum Given Barrabas or Jesus Washed his hands of it Crucified Crucifixion Save yourself Mocking King of the Jews Only My Father can Save Me Did I make a come back?? Jesus Death and the Spread of Christianity Jesus Death Thunderstorm Jesus is buried Grave opened on third day Increases followers Teaching Spreads 12 Apostles Peter Paul Writes several books in New Testament Christianity Hebrew=Messiah Greek for Messiah=Christos Reasons for Spread Embraced all people Hope to powerless Personal relationship with God Promised eternal life after death Garden Parties 5

6 Warm Up: 1. What is Judea? (To the Romans?) 2. Name at least three reasons why Jesus teachings were so appealing to the people. 3. Who washed his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus? 4. How did Christianity spread through the empire? 5. Would you be willing to die for something you believed in? Warm Up: 1. Who helped influence the Romans and their arch? 2. Who was Claudius? 3. Who was blamed for the fires of 64? 4. Who actually is believed to have started the fires? 5. What is an aqueduct? 6. What football team beat the Seattle Seahawks this weekend? Rebellion and Persecution Jewish rebellions Wanted freedom from Romans Revolted Burn down their synagogue Western Wall Diaspora Jews settle elsewhere in Europe Martyrs People who die for their cause of beliefs Christians at this time I had a Dream... Constantine 312 CE: Fighting for leadership of Rome 313 CE: End of the persecution of Christians Religion approved by Emperor Theodosius 380 CE: Official Religion An Empire under One God A Century of Crisis Pax Romana Ends Marcus Aurelius ( CE) Rulers that followed had know idea how to deal with the giant empire/problems Rome s Economy Weakens Pirates and hostile tribes disrupted trade Reached the expansion limit Raised taxes/inflation Over worked soil-loss of fertility/war destroying farmland Food Shortages and disease Military/Political Problems Loyalty Military Citizens Another Attempt at Reform Diocletian 284 CE Strong willed army leader Iron Fist/Limited Freedoms Restored order and increased strength Fixed prices of goods to control inflation Division of Empire Greek speaking East: Great cities and trade centers Latin speaking West 305 CE: Retired and civil war Constantine 324 CE: Single Ruler Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium (Modern Turkey) middle of Empire Renamed Constantinople and modeled Rome 6

7 Warm Up: Western Empire Crumbles 1. Name three things that Constantine did for the empire. 2. Who declared Christianity the official religion of the empire? 3. How did Diocletian improve the empire? 4. What were the reasons that Rome s economy weakened? Germanic Invasions Germanic peoples gathered on Northern borders of Empire since Caesar in peace 370CE: Mongol nomads/huns destroying everything in their path Germanic fled into Roman provinces Barbarians -non-romans Unable to stop them Attila the Hun 444CE united Huns for the first time Direct threat-plundering cities Failed to scale Constantinople walls 452CE advanced against Rome Disease and famine Empire No More Romulus Augustulus Last Roman Emperor 14 year old boy Ousted by German forces in 476 CE Western Empire Disappears No emperor to rule Rome or its western provinces Byzantine Empire Eastern half of Empire Preserved both Greek and Roman cultures for another 1,000 years Legacy of Greco-Roman Culture Rome s ability to govern/rule Citizenship, technology, involvement, and territory Greek Influence Art, philosophy, literature, and architecture Greco-Roman Culture Roman presence still felt Latin Language Romance Languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian Master Builders Architecture, aqueducts, practicality Roman Law Basis of United States legal system All persons have the right to equal treatment under law Innocent until proven guilty Punished for actions, not thoughts Rome achieves immortality 7