Chapter 3 Motivations for Drug Use

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1 Chapter 3 Motivations for Drug Use Slide show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College

2 Society s Role in Drug Use Drug use mirrors changes in society Reasons for drug use change with changes in society Difficulty in a fast pace society people adapt by coping many cannot cope and need to withdraw or escape Alternatives counseling support groups hobbies

3 Reasons for Drug Use What is the most common reason for young people to try drugs? Experimentation: use of drug due to curiosity (most common reason) Pleasure/Escape from boredom: use of drug to feel enjoyment from the effects of the drug or the use of the drug to relieve boredom Reinforcement: the use of a drug to increase pleasure or to reduce boredom is reinforcing

4 Reasons for Drug Use Peer Influence: use of drug to gain peer acceptance or approval Particularly in young people Spiritual Purposes: use of drug to seek out or communicate with something or someone greater than one s self Self-Discovery: use of drug to fill a void in one s life

5 Reasons for Drug Use Social Interaction: use of drug to facilitate interactions with others Rebelliousness: use of drug in reaction to being told not to use drugs One of the best predictors of increased drug use among adolescents

6 Additional Factors that Influence the Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs Are there other factors that frequently influence individuals to use alcohol and other drugs? The 3 Rings Fig 3.1, p. 54

7 Drug Dependency Versus Drug Addiction Physical or physiological dependence withdrawal symptoms Psychological or emotional dependence perceived need for a drug Addiction compulsive need for a substance or behavior that results in loss of functioning and productivity there are many different types of addictions

8 Examples of Addiction Drugs To escape or alter perception. Gambling For the excitement of taking a risk. Risk Taking The thrill of putting life in danger. Violence Sex Eating The thrill of hurting other people. Sensual stimulation and escape. A substitute for affection. Sensual gratification. Sleeping To escape life s problems. Shopping A reaction to disappointment. Exercising To produce endorphins and euphoria. Working For acclaim or to avoid other responsibilities. Watching TV Traits To escape and maintain sensory stimulation. Compulsive nervous traits

9 Theories of Drug Addiction Personality theories Low self-esteem, poor interpersonal skills, need for immediate gratification, defiant feelings toward authority, low tolerance for stress, impulsivity, risk-taking, and low regard for personal health. Reinforcement theory primary vs. secondary Biological theories Genetic theory Metabolic imbalance Social theories Social expectations Social reinforcement (rewards)

10 Downward Spiral of Psychological Addiction Fig 3.2, p. 55

11 Cycle of Psychological Addiction Fig 3.3, p. 57

12 Personality Theory Specific traits that are related to drug dependence can include: Low self-esteem Poor interpersonal skills Need for immediate gratification Defiant feelings toward authority Little tolerance for anxiety Impulsivity/risk taking Low regard for personal health

13 Reinforcement Theory Reinforcers are stimuli or events that increase the likelihood of a particular behavior. Primary Reinforcers: reduce physiological needs or are inherently pleasurable Food, water, sex Secondary Reinforcers: signals for increased probability of obtaining primary reinforcers Money

14 Biological Theories Theories focus on: Genetic determination and metabolic imbalances Genetic determination: postulates that a person is predisposed to drug addiction due to heredity influence Metabolic influence: attributed to a metabolic disorder

15 Genetic vs. Environmental Influence What has the greater influence on substance use and abuse, one s genetics or the environment in which they live? n=949 n=3356 Figure 3.4 p. 58

16 Social Theories Premise is that cultural and social influences contribute to drug abuse Drug abuse is socially learned Benefits the individual by group acceptance

17 Mass Media and Drugs The extent of the impact of the media on drug use is difficult to determine More than $2.5 billion was recently spent on advertising for prescription drugs Between 2001 and 2005 alcohol companies spent $4.9 billion on TV advertising

18 Mass Media and Drugs Advertisements Alcohol E-Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco Movies Billboards Television Music Celebrities The Internet

19 Do Lyrics Influence Drug-Taking Behavior? Prevalence (%) of substance mentioned

20 Celebrity Appeal Influences Teenagers to Start Smoking 2:00

21 Performance-Enhancing Drugs Illegal types Anabolic steroids (testosterone) Human growth hormones and erythropoietin Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) (BALCO) Androstenedione (Andro) Legal types Creatine (dietary supplement) Controlled types Stimulants (Amphetamines) Depressants (barbiturates benzodiazepines)

22 Anabolic Steroids Synthetic substances similar to testosterone Used to grow muscle Augments muscle mass when taken during puberty Users experience a stimulant-like high and feelings of aggressiveness Stacking is a term used to describe taking several steroids at one time

23 Problems with Anabolic Steroids Liver and kidney tumors Acne Increased susceptibility to infections Abrupt mood changes Hypertension Stunted growth

24 Gender Specific Problems with Anabolic Steroid Use Males: Atrophied testicles Enlarged breasts Enlarged prostate Infertility Baldness Females: Baldness Decreased breast size Increased facial hair Menstrual irregularities Deepened voice

25 Human Growth Hormones (HGH) and Erythropoietin (EPO) Human Growth Hormones (HGH) stimulate protein synthesis. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that increases red blood cell production and improves endurance Side effects can include: Blood clots, increased bone growth in jaw, forehead, feet, and hands

26 Creatine Monohydrate Creatine monohydrate is an over-the-counter substance marketed as a nutritional supplement. Creatine is believed to increase water content in muscles, adding to their size. Because creatine is a nutritional supplement it is not scrutinized nor regulated by the FDA.

27 Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a synthetic hormone gaining in popularity The side effects are similar to other steroids

28 Androstenedione (Andro) Androstenedione is a precursor molecule that is one molecular step away from testosterone. Available over-the-counter Classified as a nutritional supplement and made famous by Mark McGuire

29 Other Aids Stimulants Numerous stimulants ranging from caffeine to cocaine have been used to: Can increase endurance up to a certain point Increase alertness Depressants Depressants can reduce muscle tremors Have been used to influence performance Alcohol is a depressant and reduces skill and performance and can lead to dehydration.

30 Drugs and Sexual Performance Aphrodisiac anything or substance believed to increase sexual performance Good hygiene is the only true and proven aphrodisiac Alcohol reduces inhibitions but impairs sexual performance Narcotics reduce sexual desire Marijuana may cause impotence in males and vaginal dryness in females Cocaine and amphetamines are detrimental to sexual behavior Cocaine is sometime applied to the genitals to increase sensation but often causes infection

31 Summary People sometimes turn to drugs to cope. Drugs are easy to use, work quickly, and are transported easily. Drug dependency and addiction are different. It is difficult to determine the effects of the mass media on drug use.

32 Summary Current studies show that public service announcements help to reduce drug use. Performance-enhancing drugs are known as ergogenic aids Drugs are used by many to increase athletic and sexual performance.

33 The End Slide show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College (2015) All Rights Reserved

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