Is auditory streaming a bistable percept?

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Is auditory streaming a bistable percept?"

Transcription

1 Is auditory streaming a bistable percept? Daniel Pressnitzer Equipe Audition, LPE-CNRS UMR 858, Département d Etudes Cognitives, ENS, 29 rue d Ulm, 7523 Paris cedex 5, France, Daniel.Pressnitzer@ens.fr Jean-Michel Hupé Centre de Recherche Cerveau Cognition (CerCo), CNRS UMR 5549, Faculté de Médecine de Rangueil-Bat A3 33, route de Narbonne, 362 Toulouse Cedex, Jean-Michel.Hupe@cerco.ups-tlse.fr The physical world can present us with ambiguous stimuli. Perceptual systems, however, must make decisions. In the visual modality, it has been shown that two ambiguous perceptual interpretations are usually mutually exclusive. When the ambiguous stimulus is observed for long enough, though, the two interpretations can alternate spontaneously. This has been termed bistability. Auditory scenes can also provide ambiguous cues. For instance, there might be one or more active sources in a scene, and we must decide how many are actually present. We studied whether such scenes would give rise to auditory bistability. We used the classic stimulus where a high tone A alternates with a low tone B, in repeated ABA- sequences. Listeners report either hearing the sequence as a single stream ABA-ABA or as two separate streams A- A-A-A and -B-B-. When listeners heard 4-minutes sequences with a 5-semitone difference and a 2-ms tone duration, we found spontaneous alternations between the one-stream and two-streams percepts. The dynamics of the alternations had the characteristics associated with bistability: a log-normal distribution of durations of the percepts, and an absence of correlations between successive durations. The ratio of one vs two streams percept could be altered by voluntary intention. We thus propose that bistability exists in the auditory modality. We also compared the frequency of switches and the effect of voluntary intention across modalities, by measuring perceptual alternations for auditory and visual bistable stimuli in the same subjects. Introduction Presenting sensory systems with stimuli designed to be ambiguous is a powerful method to probe the organizational mechanisms necessarily involved in conscious perception. In this paper, we demonstrate that ambiguous auditory stimulation can lead to perceptual bistability, i.e. the spontaneous alternance between two mutually exclusive conscious interpretations of an unchanging sensory stimulation. We compare the dynamics of such an auditory bistability with the better-known visual bistability, within the same observers, and the susceptibilities of both modalities to volitional control. The study of bistable perception has found its place in neuroscience as it uncouples, to some extent, the conscious perception of the observer from the characteristics of the physical stimulation. Bistability has been described with different visual stimulations: ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube, binoccular rivalry, moving plaids [, 2, 3]. A number of competing theories attempt to explain the existence of bistable perception. Some are based on sensory fatigue or inhibition of peripheral neural channels, and are thus specific to the modality or even the type of bistability studied, while other posit a central and therefore amodal switching mechanism (see [3] for a review). In spite of the value that bistable perception presents for the study of the brain functions involved in perceptual organisation, it has only been described systematically thus far with stimuli in the visual modality. There are reports of alternating auditory interpretations of an unchanging stimulation, such as in the verbal transformation effect [4, 5]. It is unclear, however, what similarities or differences exist between such phenomena and visual bistability. The study of bistable perception in a sensory modality other than vision is important to investigate whether the rules governing the alternance of perceptual states are indeed general principles of brain function, or specific to the visual system. 2 Auditory streaming as a bistable stimulus Auditory scenes can be just as ambiguous as visual scenes. For instance, there might be one or more active sound sources in a scene, and the observer must decide how many are actually present. We chose a simplified version of such scenes to study auditory bistability. We used a stimulus where a high tone A alternates with a low tone B, in repeated ABA- sequences. Listeners report either hearing the sequence as a single stream ABA-ABA or as two separate streams A-A-A-A and -B B-. This stimulus has been introduced by Van Noorden [6] as a

2 Forum Acusticum 25 Budapest canonic paradigm to study the mechanisms involved in the organisation of complex auditory scenes. The proportion of one vs two stream percepts have been reported for a range of stimulus parameters [7]. However, all these data pertain to short stimuli or to only one perceptual judgement per stimulus. Recently, brain imaging studies have started collecting continuous judgements of listeners on long streaming stimuli and have observed spontaneous alternances of percepts [8, 9]. As these alternances were used by these authors to study auditory perceptual organisation, it is of interest to assess their commonalities and differences with visual bistability. To this effect, in this paper we recorded continuous perceptual judgements to long exposures to the auditory streaming stimulus and analysed in detail their temporal dynamics. To compare auditory perceptual alternances with visual bistability, we also measured perceptual judgements for a visual bistable stimulus, in the same group of observers. We chose to use visual plaids as the comparison visual stimulus. Visual plaids are made of a network of crossing lines that are seen moving through a circular aperture. Such a stimulus can evoke a percept of a single plaid moving upward, or two separate gratings sliding laterally in opposite directions on top of each other. A number of previous studies have established the characteristics of the dynamics of the perception of plaids [2]. Note that there is a formal correspondance between the visual and auditory percepts in terms of organisation of the sensory scene. The decision has to be made between grouping the scene into a single object (one stream or one plaid) or splitting it between two objects (two streams or two gratings). A spontaneous alternance between percepts could be a sufficient criterion to accept that a given physical stimulation produces perceptual bistability. Leopold and Logothetis (999), however, have proposed three characteristics of the alternations that are found in all visual bistability instances: exclusivity, randomness, and inevitability. Exclusivity means that the two or more perceptual interpretations are mutually exclusive. Randomness characterises the statistical distribution of the time spent in each percept, requiring for instance short-term independence between percept s durations. Inevitability indicates that the observer has only limited volitional control on the perceptual alternances. In the following sections we will address in turn these three criteria with both auditory and visual stimulation. Exclusivity is estimated by allowing observers to report an undeterminate percept and by estimating the time spent in such an undetermined state. Randomness is assessed by statistical analyses of the durations of the alternances. Inevitability is addressed by manipulating the voluntary intention of observers. 3 Methods 3. Auditory stimuli The auditory stimuli consisted of 4-minutes long sequences where a low-frequency tone A alternated with a high-frequency tone B, in an ABA- pattern. The frequency of tone A was 587 Hz and that of tone B was 44 Hz (5 semitones difference). The duration of each tone was 2 ms. The silence (-) that completes the ABApattern was also 2 ms. Listeners initially adjusted the loudness of the tones to a comfortable hearing level and maintained the level constant during the experiment. 3.2 Visual stimuli The visual stimuli consisted two rectangular-wave gratings presented through a rectangular aperture. Each grating consisted of a set of dark stripes at a ±6 angle from the horizontal. The intersection regions were transparent. As the gratings were dark on a lighter background, and appeared as figures moving over the background. A red fixation point was added in the middle of the circular aperture and subjects were instructed to fixate this point throughout stimulus presentation. 3.3 Procedure Listeners were instructed to report their conscious perception of each stimulus continously during stimulus presentation. They started with auditory presentation and were asked to decide whether they heard one or two streams. A third, undetermined response type was available if they heard something else, or were not sure about their perception at a given instant. Responses were collected via 3 buttons on a computer keyboard. In the first run, subjects were instructed to pay close attention to the stimulus. We will refer to this condition as the Attend task. In the subsequent two presentations, they were instructed to either try to hear a one-stream percept, or to try to hear a two-streams percept (in random order of presentation). We will refer to these two instructions as the Group or Split tasks, respectively. Judgements with visual presentation of plaids were then performed, with an identical procedure and the three different tasks (Attend, Group, Split). Judgements were collected continously at a sampling rate of 2 Hz. The default response when the trial started was undetermined. 3.4 Subjects Twenty-three subjects participated in the experiment (average age : 23) with no self-reported hearing problem and

3 Forum Acusticum 25 Budapest Percent total duration Auditory Undetermined Grouped Split Visual Figure : Ratios of percepts durations in the Attend task, for auditory and visual stimuli. Means across subjects and 95% confidence intervals. In both modalities, the overall time spent in the grouped or split interpretations are similar. Very little time is spent in the undetermined state, indicating exclusivity of the two interpretation. normal or corrected eyesight. They gave informed consent to participate to the experiments. 4 Exclusivity of bistable percepts Bistability implies the spontaneous alternances of two distinct perceptual interpretation of a given physical stimulus. All listeners reported spontaneous alternances between the one-stream and two-streams percepts during listening to the 4-minutes long auditory stimulus. This was also the case for the visual stimulus, as expected [2]. The overall duration spent in each percept has been calculated for the first part of the experiment, the Attend task where subjects were simply instructed to pay close attention to the stimuli. Figure shows that, in the auditory case, the time spent in the grouped or split percepts (one or two streams) were similar, and that very little time was spent in the undetermined perceptual state. Undetermined responses accounted for less than 3% of total stimulus presentation time, even though this was the default response when stimulus presentation began. Results are similar in the visual modality, with less than.5% time spent in the undetermined state and an equivalent time spent in grouped and split percepts. The same analysis performed on the tasks with specific intentions showed a ever lesser proportion of time spent in the undetermined state (not shown). With the stimuli parameters that we chose and with our group of observers, both modalities thus show one basic feature of perceptual bistability: spontaneous alternances between percepts are observed and the two percepts are mutually exclusive, as indicated by the negligible amount of time spent in the undetermined state. # occurences 5 a b Norm. percept duration Duration percept N+ (s) c d Duration percept N (s) Figure 2: Distribution percepts durations. (a,b): The duration of subjective percepts in the auditory (black) and visual (gray) modality are presented for all subjects, normalized by the average percept duration for each given subject. There is no significant difference between the normalised distributions for the two modalities, and both can be fitted by a log-normal model (see text for details). (c,d): The log-duration of a percept is independent from the log-duration of the previous percept, in both modalities. Note that the durations of alternances for the auditory modality are usually longer, so there are fewer of them 5 Randomness of durations The distribution of percepts durations during visual bistability has been shown to follow a random law that can be fitted with a gamma distribution or a log-normal distribution []. Statistical independance is expected between successive percepts, which is a first indication that bistability is not simply the result of sensory fatigue as fatigue would be expected to carry over to the next percept [2]. The distributions of percept durations for the auditory and visual modalities are illustrated in Figure 2. Panels a and b display the histograms of percept durations normalized by the mean duration for each subject. Both distributions are skewed toward longer durations as is expected for gamma or log-normal distributions. A Kolmogorov- Smirnov test indicated that the two normalized distributions, for auditory and visual stimulations, were not significantly different one from each other (p >.). In order to test whether the durations followed a lognormal distribution, we transformed the data onto a log scale and performed an analysis of variance. For this analysis, we pooled together the results for the three different tasks on a given modality in order to increase the power of the statistical test. The analysis was performed with subjects as a random factor, task and percepts as

4 Forum Acusticum 25 Budapest Proportion grouped Attend Group Split Auditory Visual Figure 3: Effect of volitional control on auditory and visual bistability. Means across subjects and 95% confidence intervals. Subjects could influence the amount of time spent in a given perceptual state according to their intention. The effect is visible in both modalities with a significantly stronger magnitude in the auditory modality. fixed factors, and interactions where taken into account. The residuals of the model were not statistically different from a normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p>.2for auditory and p>.for visual). This indicates that the percepts durations distributions were indeed log-normal. The statistical independence of the duration of successive percepts can be estimated by displaying a scatterplot of a given percept as a function of the duration of the previous percept, for all stimulus presentations. This is shown in Figure 2, panels c and d. No correlation is visible between successive percepts duration. These scatterplots also show the tendency of auditory percepts to last longer, but this trend could be due to the particular stimuli parameter that we chose. The data obtained with our group of observers in the visual modality are consistent with previous reports, using the same stimulus [2]. The auditory modality shows a similar, random temporal dynamics, where percept durations can be fit with a log-normal distribution and display no correlation between successive percepts. 6 Inevitability of alternances We investigated the influence of volitional control on the temporal dynamics of bistability. We asked subjects to try and maintain a given perceptual interpretation, for both auditory stimuli and visual stimuli. The influence of intention on the time spent on each percept is shown in Figure 3, panel a. For both modalities, volitional control had a significant effect (all tests of significance performed with post-hoc comparisons in the ANOVA model). In the auditory modality, when subjects tried to hear one-stream, the proportion of one-stream increased as compared to the Attend task. When they tried to hear two-streams, the proportion of one-stream decreased. The same pattern of responses was observed in the visual modality. The effect of volitional control was however significantly stronger for the auditory modality than for the visual modality. The effect of intention shows that bistable alternances are indeed inevitable in the two modalities : alternances persist in the presence of intention. 7 Conclusion The temporal dynamics of auditory streaming have characteristics very similar to those found in visual bistability. The percepts of one-stream vs two-streams are mutually exclusive, their duration follow a log-normal distribution with short-term independance, and volitional control influences the alternances but does not abolish them completely. Thus, we would propose that auditory streaming is a case of perceptual bistability. When measured in the same group of subjects, we found strong similarities between auditory and visual bistability (measured with plaids). The normalized distributions of percept durations were identical in the two modalities. Volitional control produced the same pattern of effects in the two modalities. However, differences were also found, as the magnitude of the effect of volitional control was stronger in the auditory case. When comparing the effect of volitional control between different forms of visual bistability, Meng and Tong [] argued that volitional control should have the same effect if there were a unique, central brain mechanism responsible for the alternances. Our results thus point to the idea that similar perceptual organisation mechanisms are responsible for bistability in the auditory and in the visual modality, but also that at least a subset of these mechanisms may be implemented independently in the different sensory modalities. References [] D.A. Leopold and N.K. Logothetis, Multistable phenomena: changing views in perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 3. pp (999) [2] J.M. Hupé and N. Rubin, The dynamics of bi-stable alternation in ambiguous motion displays: a fresh look at plaids. Vision Research, Vol. 43. pp (23) [3] G.M. Long and T.C. Toppino, Enduring interest in perceptual ambiguity: alternating views of reversible figures. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 3. pp (24)

5 Forum Acusticum 25 Budapest [4] R. Warren and R. Gregory, An auditory analogue of the visual reversible figure., American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 7. pp (958) [5] M. Sato et al., Multistable representation of speech forms: a functional MRI study of verbal transformations, NeuroImage, Vol. 23. pp (24) [6] L.P.A.S. Van Noorden, Temporal Coherence in the Perception of Tone Sequences. Eindhoven University of Technology, doctoral dissertation., (975) [7] A.S. Bregman, Auditory scene analysis, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (99) [8] R. Cusack. The Intraparietal Sulcus and Perceptual Organization, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 7. pp (25) [9] A. Gutschalk et al., Neuromagnetic Correlates of Streaming in Human Auditory Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 25. pp (25) [] Y.H. Zhou et al., Perceptual dominance time distributions in multistable visual perception, Biological Cybernetics, Vol. 9. pp (24) [] M. Meng and F. Tong, Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures Journal of Vision, Vol. 4. pp (24)

Lecture 2, Human cognition

Lecture 2, Human cognition Human Cognition An important foundation for the design of interfaces is a basic theory of human cognition The information processing paradigm (in its most simple form). Human Information Processing The

More information

Tonal Detection in Noise: An Auditory Neuroscience Insight

Tonal Detection in Noise: An Auditory Neuroscience Insight Image: http://physics.ust.hk/dusw/ Tonal Detection in Noise: An Auditory Neuroscience Insight Buddhika Karunarathne 1 and Richard H.Y. So 1,2 1 Dept. of IELM, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology,

More information

Visual area MT responds to local motion. Visual area MST responds to optic flow. Visual area STS responds to biological motion. Macaque visual areas

Visual area MT responds to local motion. Visual area MST responds to optic flow. Visual area STS responds to biological motion. Macaque visual areas Visual area responds to local motion MST a Visual area MST responds to optic flow MST a Visual area STS responds to biological motion STS Macaque visual areas Flattening the brain What is a visual area?

More information

L2 EXPERIENCE MODULATES LEARNERS USE OF CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF L3 TONES

L2 EXPERIENCE MODULATES LEARNERS USE OF CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF L3 TONES L2 EXPERIENCE MODULATES LEARNERS USE OF CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF L3 TONES Zhen Qin, Allard Jongman Department of Linguistics, University of Kansas, United States qinzhenquentin2@ku.edu, ajongman@ku.edu

More information

Video-Based Eye Tracking

Video-Based Eye Tracking Video-Based Eye Tracking Our Experience with Advanced Stimuli Design for Eye Tracking Software A. RUFA, a G.L. MARIOTTINI, b D. PRATTICHIZZO, b D. ALESSANDRINI, b A. VICINO, b AND A. FEDERICO a a Department

More information

PRIMING OF POP-OUT AND CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION

PRIMING OF POP-OUT AND CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION PRIMING OF POP-OUT AND CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION Peremen Ziv and Lamy Dominique Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University zivperem@post.tau.ac.il domi@freud.tau.ac.il Abstract Research has demonstrated

More information

Obtaining Knowledge. Lecture 7 Methods of Scientific Observation and Analysis in Behavioral Psychology and Neuropsychology.

Obtaining Knowledge. Lecture 7 Methods of Scientific Observation and Analysis in Behavioral Psychology and Neuropsychology. Lecture 7 Methods of Scientific Observation and Analysis in Behavioral Psychology and Neuropsychology 1.Obtaining Knowledge 1. Correlation 2. Causation 2.Hypothesis Generation & Measures 3.Looking into

More information

Reduction of the flash-lag effect in terms of active observation

Reduction of the flash-lag effect in terms of active observation Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2010, 72 (4), 1032-1044 doi:10.3758/app.72.4.1032 Reduction of the flash-lag effect in terms of active observation MAKOTO ICHIKAWA Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

More information

Motion processing: the most sensitive detectors differ in temporally localized and extended noise

Motion processing: the most sensitive detectors differ in temporally localized and extended noise ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 15 May 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00426 Motion processing: the most sensitive detectors differ in temporally localized and extended noise Rémy Allard 1,2,3 * and

More information

Convention Paper Presented at the 118th Convention 2005 May 28 31 Barcelona, Spain

Convention Paper Presented at the 118th Convention 2005 May 28 31 Barcelona, Spain Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 118th Convention 25 May 28 31 Barcelona, Spain 6431 This convention paper has been reproduced from the author s advance manuscript, without editing,

More information

The Information Processing model

The Information Processing model The Information Processing model A model for understanding human cognition. 1 from: Wickens, Lee, Liu, & Becker (2004) An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering. p. 122 Assumptions in the IP model Each

More information

PERSPECTIVE. How Top-Down is Visual Perception?

PERSPECTIVE. How Top-Down is Visual Perception? PERSPECTIVE How Top-Down is Visual Perception? featuring new data (VSS Poster): Attentional Cycles in Detecting Simple Events within Complex Displays Sunday PM Poster #36.301, VSS 2014 Thomas Sanocki,

More information

High School Psychology and its Impact on University Psychology Performance: Some Early Data

High School Psychology and its Impact on University Psychology Performance: Some Early Data High School Psychology and its Impact on University Psychology Performance: Some Early Data John Reece Discipline of Psychology School of Health Sciences Impetus for This Research Oh, can you study psychology

More information

Interpretive Report of WMS IV Testing

Interpretive Report of WMS IV Testing Interpretive Report of WMS IV Testing Examinee and Testing Information Examinee Name Date of Report 7/1/2009 Examinee ID 12345 Years of Education 11 Date of Birth 3/24/1988 Home Language English Gender

More information

Bernice E. Rogowitz and Holly E. Rushmeier IBM TJ Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY USA

Bernice E. Rogowitz and Holly E. Rushmeier IBM TJ Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY USA Are Image Quality Metrics Adequate to Evaluate the Quality of Geometric Objects? Bernice E. Rogowitz and Holly E. Rushmeier IBM TJ Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY USA ABSTRACT

More information

CHAPTER 6 PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL CIRCUITS.

CHAPTER 6 PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL CIRCUITS. CHAPTER 6 PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL CIRCUITS. 6.1. CONNECTIONS AMONG NEURONS Neurons are interconnected with one another to form circuits, much as electronic components are wired together to form a functional

More information

Research. Investigation of Optical Illusions on the Aspects of Gender and Age. Dr. Ivo Dinov Department of Statistics/ Neuroscience

Research. Investigation of Optical Illusions on the Aspects of Gender and Age. Dr. Ivo Dinov Department of Statistics/ Neuroscience RESEARCH Research Ka Chai Lo Dr. Ivo Dinov Department of Statistics/ Neuroscience Investigation of Optical Illusions on the Aspects of Gender and Age Optical illusions can reveal the remarkable vulnerabilities

More information

Picture Memory Improves with Longer On Time and Off Time

Picture Memory Improves with Longer On Time and Off Time Journal ol Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 197S, Vol. 104, No. 2, 114-118 Picture Memory mproves with Longer On Time and Off Time Barbara Tversky and Tracy Sherman The Hebrew University

More information

The Binding Problem Solutions to the spatial binding problem

The Binding Problem Solutions to the spatial binding problem The Binding Problem Objects have different features such as color, shape, sound, and smell. Some, such as color and sound, are represented separately from the instant they hit our sensory receptors. Other

More information

Chapter 5. The Sensual and Perceptual Theories of Visual Communication

Chapter 5. The Sensual and Perceptual Theories of Visual Communication Chapter 5. The Sensual and Perceptual Theories of Visual Communication Sensual Theories of Visual Communication Gestalt & Constructivism Gestalt=form or shape Max Wertheimer (1910) the whole is different

More information

Problem-Based Group Activities for a Sensation & Perception Course. David S. Kreiner. University of Central Missouri

Problem-Based Group Activities for a Sensation & Perception Course. David S. Kreiner. University of Central Missouri -Based Group Activities for a Course David S. Kreiner University of Central Missouri Author contact information: David Kreiner Professor of Psychology University of Central Missouri Lovinger 1111 Warrensburg

More information

EFFECTS OF AUDITORY FEEDBACK ON MULTITAP TEXT INPUT USING STANDARD TELEPHONE KEYPAD

EFFECTS OF AUDITORY FEEDBACK ON MULTITAP TEXT INPUT USING STANDARD TELEPHONE KEYPAD EFFECTS OF AUDITORY FEEDBACK ON MULTITAP TEXT INPUT USING STANDARD TELEPHONE KEYPAD Sami Ronkainen Nokia Mobile Phones User Centric Technologies Laboratory P.O.Box 50, FIN-90571 Oulu, Finland sami.ronkainen@nokia.com

More information

The Capacity of Visual Short- Term Memory Is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects G.A. Alvarez and P.

The Capacity of Visual Short- Term Memory Is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects G.A. Alvarez and P. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article The Capacity of Visual Short- Term Memory Is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects G.A. Alvarez and P. Cavanagh Harvard University ABSTRACT

More information

Measuring and modeling attentional functions

Measuring and modeling attentional functions Measuring and modeling attentional functions Søren Kyllingsbæk & Signe Vangkilde Center for Visual Cognition Slide 1 A Neural Theory of Visual Attention Attention at the psychological and neurophysiological

More information

Designing eye tracking experiments to measure human behavior

Designing eye tracking experiments to measure human behavior Designing eye tracking experiments to measure human behavior Eindhoven, The Netherlands August, 2010 Ricardo Matos Tobii Technology Steps involved in measuring behaviour 1. Formulate and initial question

More information

Brain Maps The Sensory Homunculus

Brain Maps The Sensory Homunculus Brain Maps The Sensory Homunculus Our brains are maps. This mapping results from the way connections in the brain are ordered and arranged. The ordering of neural pathways between different parts of the

More information

AN EXTENSION TO THE CNV STUDY AND AN EVALUATION. J.W. Hartwell University of Utrecht

AN EXTENSION TO THE CNV STUDY AND AN EVALUATION. J.W. Hartwell University of Utrecht 358 A CNV STUDY AN EXTENSION TO THE CNV STUDY AND AN EVALUATION J.W. Hartwell University of Utrecht (Original publication: European Journal of Parapsychology, 1979, Volume 2, No. 4, pp. 358-364) (Available

More information

The Effects of Reading Speed on Visual Search Task

The Effects of Reading Speed on Visual Search Task The Effects of Reading Speed on Visual Search Task Masaharu Kato (pieko@abmes.twmu.ac.jp) Tokyo Women s Medical University 8-1, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8666, JAPAN Mitsugu Kuriyama (kuri@cs.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp)

More information

L OCUTOUR. Get Ready to Spell! MULTIMEDIA COGNITIVE REHABILITATION

L OCUTOUR. Get Ready to Spell! MULTIMEDIA COGNITIVE REHABILITATION L OCUTOUR MULTIMEDIA COGNITIVE REHABILITATION Get Ready to Spell! Get Ready to Spell! Why Use This Program? This program is based on the observation that we learn by repetition. Many of the activities

More information

Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) Continuous Performance Test

Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) Continuous Performance Test DISCLAIMER The information contained within this document does not constitute medical advice or diagnosis and is intended for education and information purposes only. It was current at the time of publication

More information

Convention Paper Presented at the 133rd Convention 2012 October 26 29 San Francisco, USA

Convention Paper Presented at the 133rd Convention 2012 October 26 29 San Francisco, USA Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 133rd Convention 2012 October 26 29 San Francisco, USA This paper was peer-reviewed as a complete manuscript for presentation at this Convention.

More information

Alerting attention and time perception in children

Alerting attention and time perception in children J. Experimental Child Psychology 85 (2003) 372 384 Journal of Experimental Child Psychology www.elsevier.com/locate/jecp Alerting attention and time perception in children Sylvie Droit-Volet * Laboratoire

More information

Classical and Operant Conditioning as Roots of Interaction for Robots

Classical and Operant Conditioning as Roots of Interaction for Robots Classical and Operant Conditioning as Roots of Interaction for Robots Jean Marc Salotti and Florent Lepretre Laboratoire EA487 Cognition et Facteurs Humains, Institut de Cognitique, Université de Bordeaux,

More information

219 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

219 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee sychonomic Bulletin Review 00, 1 (1), 1- doi:10./br.1.1.1 Both exogenous and endogenous target salience manipulations support resource depletion accounts of the attentional blink: A reply to Olivers, Spalek,

More information

SPEECH AUDIOMETRY. @ Biswajeet Sarangi, B.Sc.(Audiology & speech Language pathology)

SPEECH AUDIOMETRY. @ Biswajeet Sarangi, B.Sc.(Audiology & speech Language pathology) 1 SPEECH AUDIOMETRY Pure tone Audiometry provides only a partial picture of the patient s auditory sensitivity. Because it doesn t give any information about it s ability to hear and understand speech.

More information

CALCULATIONS & STATISTICS

CALCULATIONS & STATISTICS CALCULATIONS & STATISTICS CALCULATION OF SCORES Conversion of 1-5 scale to 0-100 scores When you look at your report, you will notice that the scores are reported on a 0-100 scale, even though respondents

More information

Long-term Memory for 400 Pictures on a CommonTheme

Long-term Memory for 400 Pictures on a CommonTheme Long-term Memory for 400 Pictures on a CommonTheme Stine Vogt a* and Svein Magnussen, a,b a Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway b Centre for Advanced Study, The Norwegian Academy of Science

More information

MEASURING BRAIN CHANGES IN HEARING LOSS AND ITS REMEDIATION

MEASURING BRAIN CHANGES IN HEARING LOSS AND ITS REMEDIATION MEASURING BRAIN CHANGES IN HEARING LOSS AND ITS REMEDIATION Blake W Johnson 1,3, Stephen Crain 2,3 1 Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University 2 Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University

More information

Psychology. Draft GCSE subject content

Psychology. Draft GCSE subject content Psychology Draft GCSE subject content July 2015 Contents The content for psychology GCSE 3 Introduction 3 Aims and objectives 3 Subject content 4 Knowledge, understanding and skills 4 Appendix A mathematical

More information

Introducing Social Psychology

Introducing Social Psychology Introducing Social Psychology Theories and Methods in Social Psychology 27 Feb 2012, Banu Cingöz Ulu What is social psychology? A field within psychology that strives to understand the social dynamics

More information

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Research Article

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Research Article Research Article ATTRIBUTION OF DISPOSITIONAL STATES BY 12-MONTH-OLDS Yale University Abstract The ability to interpret the behavior of other individuals is essential for effective social functioning.

More information

Service courses for graduate students in degree programs other than the MS or PhD programs in Biostatistics.

Service courses for graduate students in degree programs other than the MS or PhD programs in Biostatistics. Course Catalog In order to be assured that all prerequisites are met, students must acquire a permission number from the education coordinator prior to enrolling in any Biostatistics course. Courses are

More information

Curriculum Vitae Michael A. Pitts, Ph.D. Psychology Department Phone: (503) 517-7721

Curriculum Vitae Michael A. Pitts, Ph.D. Psychology Department Phone: (503) 517-7721 Curriculum Vitae Michael A. Pitts, Ph.D. Psychology Department Phone: (503) 517-7721 Reed College Email: mpitts@reed.edu 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd Office: Psychology 120 Portland, OR 97202 Web: www.reed.edu/psychology/scalp

More information

Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Investment Fraud! Brian Knutson Stanford University"

Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Investment Fraud! Brian Knutson Stanford University Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Investment Fraud Brian Knutson Stanford University" Gregory Samanez-Larkin" Yale University" April 2014 RESEARCH ON FRAUD SUSCEPTIBILITY 04/2014 1 Overview"

More information

Early vs. Late Onset Hearing Loss: How Children Differ from Adults. Andrea Pittman, PhD Arizona State University

Early vs. Late Onset Hearing Loss: How Children Differ from Adults. Andrea Pittman, PhD Arizona State University Early vs. Late Onset Hearing Loss: How Children Differ from Adults Andrea Pittman, PhD Arizona State University Heterogeneity of Children with Hearing Loss Chronological age Age at onset Age at identification

More information

Artificial Neural Network for Speech Recognition

Artificial Neural Network for Speech Recognition Artificial Neural Network for Speech Recognition Austin Marshall March 3, 2005 2nd Annual Student Research Showcase Overview Presenting an Artificial Neural Network to recognize and classify speech Spoken

More information

MANAGING QUEUE STABILITY USING ART2 IN ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT FOR CONGESTION CONTROL

MANAGING QUEUE STABILITY USING ART2 IN ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT FOR CONGESTION CONTROL MANAGING QUEUE STABILITY USING ART2 IN ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT FOR CONGESTION CONTROL G. Maria Priscilla 1 and C. P. Sumathi 2 1 S.N.R. Sons College (Autonomous), Coimbatore, India 2 SDNB Vaishnav College

More information

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Module Descriptions

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Module Descriptions Bachelor of Science in Psychology Module Descriptions Modul A: Physiologische Grundlagen des Verhaltens Module A: Physiological Bases of Behavior Structure and functions of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitter

More information

2 Neurons. 4 The Brain: Cortex

2 Neurons. 4 The Brain: Cortex 1 Neuroscience 2 Neurons output integration axon cell body, membrane potential Frontal planning control auditory episodes soma motor Temporal Parietal action language objects space vision Occipital inputs

More information

Stream Boost: All About That Bass

Stream Boost: All About That Bass Carreen Pederson, M.A., & Alyson Gruhlke, Au.D. Stream Boost is an automatic feature that activates hearing aid settings optimized for high-quality streamed audio. Stream Boost settings are not part of

More information

Time Window from Visual Images to Visual Short-Term Memory: Consolidation or Integration?

Time Window from Visual Images to Visual Short-Term Memory: Consolidation or Integration? Time Window from Visual Images to Visual Short-Term Memory: Consolidation or Integration? Yuhong Jiang Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Abstract. When two dot arrays are briefly

More information

WHAT IS NLP: A MODEL OF COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY

WHAT IS NLP: A MODEL OF COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY WHAT IS NLP: A MODEL OF COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY By Tad James, M.S., Ph.D. Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) began as a model of how we communicate to ourselves and others which was developed by

More information

Serial Recall Memory Effects of Distractors on Memory

Serial Recall Memory Effects of Distractors on Memory Serial Recall Memory Effects of Distractors on Memory Charles R. O Neill Oklahoma State University Abstract The multistore model for memory can predict Serial Recall Effects. Two free serial recall trials

More information

Vision: Receptors. Modes of Perception. Vision: Summary 9/28/2012. How do we perceive our environment? Sensation and Perception Terminology

Vision: Receptors. Modes of Perception. Vision: Summary 9/28/2012. How do we perceive our environment? Sensation and Perception Terminology How do we perceive our environment? Complex stimuli are broken into individual features, relayed to the CNS, then reassembled as our perception Sensation and Perception Terminology Stimulus: physical agent

More information

Binocular Vision and The Perception of Depth

Binocular Vision and The Perception of Depth Binocular Vision and The Perception of Depth Visual Perception How one visually interprets a scene 4 forms of perception to be studied: Depth Color Temporal Motion Depth Perception How does one determine

More information

CORTICAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

CORTICAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Idaho Project for Children and Youth with Deaf-Blindness Fact Sheet CORTICAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT Definition: Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is a temporary or permanent visual impairment caused by the disturbance

More information

Doppler. Doppler. Doppler shift. Doppler Frequency. Doppler shift. Doppler shift. Chapter 19

Doppler. Doppler. Doppler shift. Doppler Frequency. Doppler shift. Doppler shift. Chapter 19 Doppler Doppler Chapter 19 A moving train with a trumpet player holding the same tone for a very long time travels from your left to your right. The tone changes relative the motion of you (receiver) and

More information

CELL PHONE INDUCED PERCEPTUAL IMPAIRMENTS DURING SIMULATED DRIVING

CELL PHONE INDUCED PERCEPTUAL IMPAIRMENTS DURING SIMULATED DRIVING CELL PHONE INDUCED PERCEPTUAL IMPAIRMENTS DURING SIMULATED DRIVING David L. Strayer, Frank A. Drews, Robert W. Albert, and William A. Johnston Department of Psychology University of Utah Salt Lake City,

More information

Simple linear regression

Simple linear regression Simple linear regression Introduction Simple linear regression is a statistical method for obtaining a formula to predict values of one variable from another where there is a causal relationship between

More information

The Effects of Moderate Aerobic Exercise on Memory Retention and Recall

The Effects of Moderate Aerobic Exercise on Memory Retention and Recall The Effects of Moderate Aerobic Exercise on Memory Retention and Recall Lab 603 Group 1 Kailey Fritz, Emily Drakas, Naureen Rashid, Terry Schmitt, Graham King Medical Sciences Center University of Wisconsin-Madison

More information

Agent Simulation of Hull s Drive Theory

Agent Simulation of Hull s Drive Theory Agent Simulation of Hull s Drive Theory Nick Schmansky Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems Boston University March 7, 4 Abstract A computer simulation was conducted of an agent attempting to survive

More information

Skill acquisition. Skill acquisition: Closed loop theory Feedback guides learning a motor skill. Problems. Motor learning practice

Skill acquisition. Skill acquisition: Closed loop theory Feedback guides learning a motor skill. Problems. Motor learning practice Motor learning theories closed loop theory schema theory hierarchical theory Skill acquisition Motor learning practice Fitt s three stages motor imagery physical changes Skill acquisition: Closed loop

More information

Frequency, definition Modifiability, existence of multiple operations & strategies

Frequency, definition Modifiability, existence of multiple operations & strategies Human Computer Interaction Intro HCI 1 HCI's Goal Users Improve Productivity computer users Tasks software engineers Users System Cognitive models of people as information processing systems Knowledge

More information

Reinstating effortful encoding operations at test enhances episodic remembering

Reinstating effortful encoding operations at test enhances episodic remembering Reinstating effortful encoding operations at test enhances episodic remembering Stephen A. Dewhurst Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, England Karen R. Brandt School of Psychology, University

More information

Modul A: Physiologische Grundlagen des Verhaltens Module A: Physiological Bases of Behavior (8 Credit Points)

Modul A: Physiologische Grundlagen des Verhaltens Module A: Physiological Bases of Behavior (8 Credit Points) Bachelor of Science in Psychology Abbreviated Module Descriptions Modul A: Physiologische Grundlagen des Verhaltens Module A: Physiological Bases of Behavior (8 Credit Department of Experimental Psychology

More information

Does In-Store Marketing Work? Effects of the Number and Position of Shelf Facings on Brand Attention and Evaluation at the Point of Purchase

Does In-Store Marketing Work? Effects of the Number and Position of Shelf Facings on Brand Attention and Evaluation at the Point of Purchase Does In-Store Marketing Work? Effects of the Number and Position of Shelf Facings on Brand Attention and Evaluation at the Point of Purchase Discussion of eye-tracking experiment presented by: Boram Nam

More information

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科 目 簡 介

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科 目 簡 介 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科 目 簡 介 COURSES FOR 4-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES PSY2101 Introduction to Psychology (3 credits) The purpose of this course is to introduce fundamental concepts and theories in psychology

More information

History of eye-tracking in psychological research

History of eye-tracking in psychological research History of eye-tracking in psychological research In the 1950s, Alfred Yarbus showed the task given to a subject has a very large influence on the subjects eye movements. Yarbus also wrote about the relation

More information

Chapter Seven. Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS

Chapter Seven. Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS Chapter Seven Multiple regression An introduction to multiple regression Performing a multiple regression on SPSS Section : An introduction to multiple regression WHAT IS MULTIPLE REGRESSION? Multiple

More information

SOURCE MEMORY AND THE PICTURE SUPERIORITY EFFECT. A Thesis

SOURCE MEMORY AND THE PICTURE SUPERIORITY EFFECT. A Thesis SOURCE MEMORY AND THE PICTURE SUPERIORITY EFFECT A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements

More information

Jonathan Robert Folstein, Ph.D. jonathan.r.folstein@gmail.com. 1992-1996 Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota B.A., Philosophy

Jonathan Robert Folstein, Ph.D. jonathan.r.folstein@gmail.com. 1992-1996 Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota B.A., Philosophy Jonathan Robert Folstein, Ph.D. Address: 2137 Fairfax Ave. #12 Nashville, TN 37212 email: Citizenship: jonathan.r.folstein@gmail.com USA Education 1992-1996 Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota B.A.,

More information

Driver Distraction is Greater with Cell Phone Conversation than with Passenger Conversation -- A Social Cybernetic Interpretation

Driver Distraction is Greater with Cell Phone Conversation than with Passenger Conversation -- A Social Cybernetic Interpretation Driver Distraction is Greater with Cell Phone Conversation than with Passenger Conversation -- A Social Cybernetic Interpretation Zhezi Yang and Thomas J. Smith University of Minnesota May 20, 2015 26th

More information

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LABORATORY. and. A.I. Memo No. 1415 October, 1994. Pattern motion perception: feature tracking or.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LABORATORY. and. A.I. Memo No. 1415 October, 1994. Pattern motion perception: feature tracking or. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LABORATORY and CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL LEARNING DEPARTMENT OF BRAIN AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES A.I. Memo No. 11 October, 199 C.B.C.L.

More information

Auditory memory and cerebral reorganization in post-linguistically deaf adults

Auditory memory and cerebral reorganization in post-linguistically deaf adults Auditory memory and cerebral reorganization in post-linguistically deaf adults Implications for cochlear implantation outcome D Lazard, HJ Lee, E Truy, AL Giraud Ecole Normale Supérieure, Inserm U960,

More information

Subjects: Fourteen Princeton undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to

Subjects: Fourteen Princeton undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to Supplementary Methods Subjects: Fourteen Princeton undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to participate in the study, including 9 females and 5 males. The mean age was 21.4 years, with standard

More information

WCAG 2.0 for Designers: Beyond Screen Readers and Captions

WCAG 2.0 for Designers: Beyond Screen Readers and Captions WCAG 2.0 for Designers: Beyond Screen Readers and Captions Loretta Guarino Reid 1 and Andi Snow-Weaver 2, 1 Google, Inc 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy Mountain View, CA 94043 LorettaGuarino@google.com 2 IBM 11501

More information

Adaptive information source selection during hypothesis testing

Adaptive information source selection during hypothesis testing Adaptive information source selection during hypothesis testing Andrew T. Hendrickson (drew.hendrickson@adelaide.edu.au) Amy F. Perfors (amy.perfors@adelaide.edu.au) Daniel J. Navarro (daniel.navarro@adelaide.edu.au)

More information

Cognitive Neuroscience. Questions. Multiple Methods. Electrophysiology. Multiple Methods. Approaches to Thinking about the Mind

Cognitive Neuroscience. Questions. Multiple Methods. Electrophysiology. Multiple Methods. Approaches to Thinking about the Mind Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches to Thinking about the Mind Cognitive Neuroscience Evolutionary Approach Sept 20-22, 2004 Interdisciplinary approach Rapidly changing How does the brain enable cognition?

More information

Summary Table Voluntary Product Accessibility Template

Summary Table Voluntary Product Accessibility Template Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT) Name of Product: Canon EOS 50D (EF 28-135 IS USM KIT) Date: June 29, 2009 e: This document was prepared based on normal walk-up functionality. It does not

More information

Instant Messaging: Effects of Relevance and Timing

Instant Messaging: Effects of Relevance and Timing Instant Messaging: Effects of Relevance and Timing Mary Czerwinski, Edward Cutrell and Eric Horvitz Microsoft Research One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 9852 USA marycz@microsoft.com ABSTRACT Instant messaging

More information

TIMESTORM " MIND AND TIME: INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPORAL TRAITS OF HUMAN-MACHINE CONVERGENCE"

TIMESTORM  MIND AND TIME: INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPORAL TRAITS OF HUMAN-MACHINE CONVERGENCE FETPROACT-2-2014: Knowing, doing, being: cognition beyond problem solving ACTION ACRONYM TIMESTORM ACTION FULL TITLE " MIND AND TIME: INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPORAL TRAITS OF HUMAN-MACHINE CONVERGENCE"

More information

Processing the Image or Can you Believe what you see? Light and Color for Nonscientists PHYS 1230

Processing the Image or Can you Believe what you see? Light and Color for Nonscientists PHYS 1230 Processing the Image or Can you Believe what you see? Light and Color for Nonscientists PHYS 1230 Optical Illusions http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_mib/index.html Vision We construct images unconsciously

More information

PSYCHOLOGY COURSES IN ENGLISH (2013-2014)

PSYCHOLOGY COURSES IN ENGLISH (2013-2014) PSYCHOLOGY COURSES IN ENGLISH (2013-2014) Most of the study units possible to do in English are so called literature examinations or book exams (marked BE), which include independent reading and a written

More information

Congenitally Deaf Children Generate Iconic Vocalizations to Communicate Magnitude

Congenitally Deaf Children Generate Iconic Vocalizations to Communicate Magnitude Congenitally Deaf Children Generate Iconic Vocalizations to Communicate Magnitude Marcus Perlman (mperlman@wisc.edu) Department of Psychology, 1202 W. Johnson Street University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison,

More information

Running Head: DYSLEXIA: CAUSES, PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES Dyslexia 1

Running Head: DYSLEXIA: CAUSES, PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES Dyslexia 1 Running Head: DYSLEXIA: CAUSES, PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES Dyslexia 1 Dyslexia: Causes, Performance Differences, and Treatment Jordan L. Walker Angelo State University 1 Dec 2014 Dyslexia 2 Introduction Dyslexia

More information

Workshop Perceptual Effects of Filtering and Masking Introduction to Filtering and Masking

Workshop Perceptual Effects of Filtering and Masking Introduction to Filtering and Masking Workshop Perceptual Effects of Filtering and Masking Introduction to Filtering and Masking The perception and correct identification of speech sounds as phonemes depends on the listener extracting various

More information

Usability Testing Jeliot 3- Program Visualization Tool: Evaluation Using Eye-Movement Tracking

Usability Testing Jeliot 3- Program Visualization Tool: Evaluation Using Eye-Movement Tracking Usability Testing Jeliot 3- Program Visualization Tool: Evaluation Using Eye-Movement Tracking Roman Bednarik University of Joensuu Connet course 281: Usability in Everyday Environment February 2005 Contents

More information

ALTERING THE NEAR-MISS EFFECT IN SLOT MACHINE GAMBLERS MARK R. DIXON, BECKY L. NASTALLY, JAMES E. JACKSON, AND REZA HABIB

ALTERING THE NEAR-MISS EFFECT IN SLOT MACHINE GAMBLERS MARK R. DIXON, BECKY L. NASTALLY, JAMES E. JACKSON, AND REZA HABIB JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2009, 42, 913 918 NUMBER 4(WINTER 2009) ALTERING THE NEAR-MISS EFFECT IN SLOT MACHINE GAMBLERS MARK R. DIXON, BECKY L. NASTALLY, JAMES E. JACKSON, AND REZA HABIB SOUTHERN

More information

The Visual Cortex 0 http://www.tutis.ca/neuromd/index.htm 20 February 2013

The Visual Cortex 0 http://www.tutis.ca/neuromd/index.htm 20 February 2013 T he Visual Cortex 0 Chapter contents Contents Chapter 2... 0 T he Visual Cortex... 0 Chapter Contents... 1 Introduction... 2 Optic Chiasm... 2 Where do the eye's ganglion cells project to?... 3 To where

More information

The Use of Directional Sound to Aid Aircraft Evacuation

The Use of Directional Sound to Aid Aircraft Evacuation The Use of to Aid Aircraft Evacuation Professor Deborah Withington, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9NQ, U.K. & Sound Alert Technology plc. The ability to safely evacuate passengers

More information

HEARING. With Your Brain

HEARING. With Your Brain HEARING With Your Brain Better Hearing with Both Ears Experience A NEW FREEDOM Your brain is responsible for processing everything you hear and needs accurate sound information from both ears. When you

More information

Factorial Design. A factorial design. 9.63 Laboratory in Visual Cognition. Effect of Attraction x Emotion

Factorial Design. A factorial design. 9.63 Laboratory in Visual Cognition. Effect of Attraction x Emotion 9.63 aboratory in Visual Cognition Fall 29 Factorial Design & Interaction Factorial Design Two or more independent variables Simplest case: a 2 x 2 design (2 factors and 2 conditions per factor) A factorial

More information

Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions

Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions Prepared by Daniel HERLEMONT 1 PART I - QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 3 Chapter 1 - Bunds Fundamentals 3 Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Probability 7 Chapter 3 Fundamentals

More information

HOW TO TRANSLATE TRENDS INTO FUTURE-PROOF EVENTS

HOW TO TRANSLATE TRENDS INTO FUTURE-PROOF EVENTS Inspiration for event organisers and exhibitors HOW TO TRANSLATE TRENDS INTO FUTURE-PROOF EVENTS RAI INSIGHTS STEP AHEAD TOWARDS FUTURE-PROOF EVENTS BY 2017 EVENTS WILL HAVE CHANGED AS PEOPLE S NEEDS AND

More information

Intuitive Navigation in an Enormous Virtual Environment

Intuitive Navigation in an Enormous Virtual Environment / International Conference on Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence 98 Intuitive Navigation in an Enormous Virtual Environment Yoshifumi Kitamura Shinji Fukatsu Toshihiro Masaki Fumio Kishino Graduate

More information

Laboratory Guide. Anatomy and Physiology

Laboratory Guide. Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Guide Anatomy and Physiology TBME04, Fall 2010 Name: Passed: Last updated 2010-08-13 Department of Biomedical Engineering Linköpings Universitet Introduction This laboratory session is intended

More information

Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions/Answers

Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions/Answers Financial Risk Management Exam Sample Questions/Answers Prepared by Daniel HERLEMONT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Statistics FRM-99, Question 4 Random walk assumes that returns from one time period

More information

Tue 5.1 Shoppers Attention to Packaging and In-Store Media

Tue 5.1 Shoppers Attention to Packaging and In-Store Media Tue 5.1 Shoppers Attention to Packaging and In-Store Media Tue 5.1 Shoppers Attention to Packaging and In-Store Media Siv Lindberg 1, Annika Lindström 1, Caroline Cederström 1, Anders From 2 & ChristinaWesterlind

More information

Anna Martelli Ravenscroft

Anna Martelli Ravenscroft Left vs Right processing of & Place in fovea & periphery Psych204b Background: Anna Martelli Ravenscroft Vision depends on multiple regions of the brain, from the specialized photoreceptors of the retina,

More information

Macroaudiology a Working Model of Hearing Presented at XXI International Congress of Audiology Morioka, Japan, 1992 R.

Macroaudiology a Working Model of Hearing Presented at XXI International Congress of Audiology Morioka, Japan, 1992 R. Macroaudiology a Working Model of Hearing Presented at XXI International Congress of Audiology Morioka, Japan, 1992 R. Bishop MNZAS I would like to present a model of hearing which gives a theoretical

More information