Chapter 10. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

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1 Chapr 10 Chmical Bonding II: Molcular Gomry and Hybridizaion of Aomic Orbials This is h scond chapr on chmical bonding. Chapr 9 inroducd h concps of ionic and covaln bonding and h us of Lwis srucurs. This chapr uss h concps from Chapr 9 o discuss molcular gomris and rlad concps. Upon complion of Chapr 10, h sudn should b abl o: 1. Fill in h following char using h VSEPR modl: AB 6 E 0 AB 5 E 1 AB 4 E 2 AB 3 E 3 AB 2 E 4 AB 5 E 0 AB 4 E 1 AB 3 E 2 AB 2 E 3 AB 4 E 0 AB 3 E 1 AB 2 E 2 AB 3 E 0 AB 2 E 1 AB 2 E 0 Cagory Molcular Gomry Angl(s) Skch of h Shap 2. Idnify using h VSEPR modl, wha cagory (and hus h corrsponding molcular gomry, angl(s) and skch) a molcular or ion blongs givn is formula. 3. Raionaliz h obsrvd dcras in angls for AB 4 E 0, AB 3 E 1, and AB 2 E 2 and for AB 3 E 0 and AB 2 E Apply VSEPR modl o compounds wih mor han on cnral aom. 5. Us h concps of lcrongaiviy, dipol momns, and VSEPR gomris o idnify polar and nonpolar molculs. 6. Us dipol momn concps o prdic propris of cis and rans isomrs. 7. Rla how a microwav ovn funcions and how h yp of chmical bonds prsn ffcs h amoun of nrgy absorbd. 8. Skch and jusify how ponial nrgy changs vrsus h inraomic disanc for a diaomic molcul. 9. Us Valnc Bond hory, hybrid orbials, and hybridizaion o xplain h gomris prdicd by VSEPR modl. 10. Idnify wha yp of hybrid orbials ar in common compounds and ions. 11. Apply h concps of sigma and pi bonds and Valnc Bond hory o xplain propris of doubl and ripl bonds and h concp of rsonanc. 12. Sa wha physical propry of oxygn gas is no accound for by Valnc Bond hory bu is in Molcular Orbial hory. 13. Explain h diffrnc bwn bonding and ani-bonding orbials using h concps of consruciv and dsruciv inrfrnc of wavs. 14. Show molcular orbial nrgy diagrams for firs and scond row diaomic molculs idnifying

2 sigma and pi bonding and ani-bonding molcular orbials. 15. Wri molcular orbial lcron configuraions for simpl diaomics. 16. Rla molcular orbial nrgy diagrams o bond ordr, bond lngh and bond srngh. 17. Dscrib rsonanc using h Molcular Orbial hory. 18. Suggs h significanc of h discovris of fullrns and nonoubs. Scion 10.1 Molcular Gomry In Chapr 9, w usd Lwis srucurs o dscrib h arrangmn of aoms in molculs. Lwis srucurs also can b usd o drmin if doubl or ripl bonds ar likly in a molcul and if h aoms hav lon pairs of lcrons. Lwis srucurs do no, howvr, giv h shap or gomry of h molcul. For xampl, h corrc Lwis srucur of war is which givs no indicaion ha h HOH angl is o. I is for his rason ha VSEPR is usd. Whn discussing molcular gomris wih your sudns, i may b usful o suggs ha wha w ar doing is looking a molculs hrough a spcial microscop ha will allow us o s h aoms wihin a molcul bu no b abl o s h lcrons. Thrfor, vn hough lon H O H pairs of lcrons graly affc h shap of molculs, w do no includ hm in our molcular gomry dscripion. Th firs sp in VSEPR is o hav your sudns undrsand h gomris associad wih AB x E y whr x rangs from wo hrough six and y is zro. Ths corrspond o molculs wih no lon pairs of lcrons on A. AB 1 E y mus b linar bcaus wo aoms will dscrib a lin. Your auhor uss B 2, BF 3, CH 4, P 5, and SF 6 as xampls of AB 2 E 0, AB 3 E 0, AB 4 E 0, AB 5 E 0 and AB 6 E 0, rspcivly. I should b nod ha h angls for h rahdral gomry ar all o. Th AB 5 E 0, rigonal bipyramid, conains axial and quaorial posiions. Evn hough h AB 6 E 0 ocahdral gomry is formd by joining wo squar pyramids, i is calld ocahdral and no squar bipyramid. Th nx sp in VSEPR is o xpand ino hos molculs ha conain lon pairs of lcrons. Th ky poin is o raliz ha saring gomry is dicad by h sum of x and y whn h molcul is wrin in h form AB x E y. If h sum of x and y is six, hn h saring gomry is ocahdral; if fiv, rigonal bipyramid; if four, rahdral; if hr, rigonal planar; and if wo, linar. For xampl, SO 2 is AB 2 E 1 so h sum of x and y is hr; hrfor, h saring gomry is a variaion on rigonal planar. Howvr, sinc SO 2 has a lon pair of lcrons ha our "spcial microscop" canno s, h gomry will includ only h sulfur aom and h wo oxygn aoms. Rcall ha h lon pair of lcrons rquirs a bi mor spac han bonding pairs, hus h OSO angl will b smallr han 120 o (h angl for rigonal planar gomry), prhaps 117 o or so. VSEPR hus prdics SO 2 o b bn and no linar wih an angl of abou 117 o. War has h form AB 2 E 2, and h sum of x and y is four. Thus, war will b a variaion on h rahdral srucur ha has o angls. Onc again, h lon pairs (wo lon pairs his im) rquir a bi mor room so ha HOH angl is lss han o (104.5 o acual masurd angl). Thrfor, war is a bn molcul wih an angl of lss han o. In h guidlins for applying h VSEPR modl, your auhor suggss ha w ra doubl and ripl bonds around a cnral aom as hough hy wr singl bonds. Sudns frqunly find his confusing. Anohr mhod for drmining VSEPR gomris is o follow h sps blow. You should warn your sudns ha his mhod dos NOT follow h ruls s forh by Lwis srucurs and h oc rul and is a diffrn modl ha givs corrc VSEPR gomris. This procdur is: 1) drmin h oal numbr of valnc lcrons in h molcul 2) connc ach rminal aom wih a pair of bonding lcrons o h cnral aom

3 3) plac six mor lcrons around ach rminal aom (h xcpion is hydrogn whr h on pair of bonding lcrons is sufficin) 4) if, upon placing a oal of igh lcrons around all h rminal aoms, hr ar sill addiional valnc lcrons lf ovr, hy ar placd around h cnral aom (No ha h cnral aom may or may no follow h oc rul). I may b usful o us lins o rprsn pairs of lcrons and no dos so ha your sudns raliz ha his is a diffrn modl han Lwis do. L us us T 4 as an xampl. Th procdur would b: Sp A T has six valnc lcrons, and ach has svn valnc lcrons. Toal numbr of valnc lcrons is 6 + 4(7) = 34 Sp B T is h cnral aom and h four chlorin aoms ar rminal aoms. Th placmn of h 's a his poin do no giv us informaion on gomry. Sp C Each lin rprsns wo valnc lcrons, hus w hav accound for 32 valnc lcrons. T T p D = 2 v a l n

4 c l c r o n s o b p l a c d o n h c n r a l a o m, T

5 . Thrfor, his molcul has h form AB 4 E 1. I is a variaion on rigonal bipyramid. Rcall ha h lon pair will b placd in h quaorial posiion, hus his molcul will hav a disord rahdron gomry. On mor xampl would b I - 3 Sp A (3)(7) + 1 = 22 valnc lcrons Sp B І І І Sp C І І І Sp D = 6 valnc lcrons lf o b placd on cnral aom І І І This molcul is AB 2 E 3, so again i is a variaion on rigonal bipyramid. W nd hr pairs of non-bonding lcrons (all in h quaorial posiion) so w hn hav I3 - as a linar molcul. Scion 10.2 Dipol Momns Thr ar wo criria ha mus b m for a molcul o hav a n dipol momn. Th firs is ha hr mus b polar covaln bonds in h molcul and h scond is ha h gomry mus b such ha h vcor sum of h individual dipol momns do no cancl. Molculs wih h form AB x E y whr y is zro will b nonpolar bcaus hir symmry will cancl h dipol momns. In addiion, AB 4 E 2 (squar planar) will also b nonpolar. Homonuclar molculs or ions will b nonpolar bcaus hy do no conain polar covaln bonds. Scion 10.3 Valnc Bond Thory In ordr o xplain h molcular gomris dscribd by VSEPR hory, wo quanum mchanical bonding horis hav arisn. Thy ar h Valanc Bond hory and h Molcular Orbial hory. Th Valnc Bond hory suggss ha h ovrlap of aomic orbials rsuls in h formaion of chmical bonds. This hory, for xampl, xplains T h obsrvd chang in ponial nrgy as wo hydrogn aoms approach ach ohr. Th sam concps can b usd o dscrib bond formaion in ohr molculs. Molcular Orbial hory is dscribd in Scion 10.6.

6 Scion 10.4 Hybridizaion of Aomic Orbials Thr ar fiv hybrid aom orbials ha your auhor considrs. Thy ar sp, sp 2, sp 3, sp 3 d, and sp 3 d 2. Th rason ha hybrid orbials ar ndd is o xplain such obsrvaions as rahdral gomry and h fac ha all four CH bonds ar idnical in mhan. To drmin wha yp of hybrid orbial a givn aom has, on couns h numbr of lon pairs and h numbr of conncions (singl, doubl or ripl bonds ar all considrd as on conncion) associad wih h aom bing discussd. Th sum of h lon pairs and conncions giv h numbr of qual hybridizd aomic orbials or nrgy boxs ha ar rquird. For xampl, CH 4 has four conncions and zro lon pairs around h cnral C aom, hus i nds four qual hybridizd aomic orbials or nrgy boxs sp 3 (on s aomic orbial and hr p aomic orbials rsuling in four qual sp 3 orbials) Bcaus carbon has four valnc lcrons, on lcron from carbon is placd in ach sp 3 orbial. Each hn combins wih h lcrons from h four hydrogns rsuling in h rahdral gomry. Using h sam mhod for ammonia, NH 3, suggss ha nirogn will rquir sp 3 hybrid orbials also bcaus h nirogn has hr conncions and on lon pair. Sinc nirogn has fiv valnc lcrons, h sp 3 nrgy boxs will hav on lon pair of lcrons in hm sp 3 which givs ris o h singl lon pair of non-bonding lcrons and hr lcrons availabl o bond wih h hr hydrogn aoms o form h xpcd rigonal pyramid gomry of NH 3. Anohr xampl is acyln, C 2 H 2, which uss sp hybrid orbials on ach of h carbons. This is drmind by couning wo conncions around ach C aom (h ripl bond is on conncion) hus wo qual nrgy boxs ar rquird and wo p orbials ar lf unhybridizd. Carbon has four valnc lcrons hus wo lcrons nr h sp orbials and wo rmain in h unhybridizd p orbials p y, p z sp Th rsul is on of h sp hybrid orbials is filld by h lcron from h H aom and h ohr from h adjoining C aom ach forming sigma bonds. Th wo lcrons in h p orbials combin wih lcrons in similar p orbials from h ohr carbon aom o form h wo pi bonds. Ths wo pi bonds, along wih h sigma bond, rsuls in h carbon-carbon ripl bond. Th final xampl is I3 - which has wo conncions and hr lon pairs of lcrons surrounding h

7 cnral aom. This would rquir fiv nrgy boxs or sp 3 d hybrid orbials wih a oal of svn valnc lcrons placd in hm. sp3 d On of h hr lcrons ha is availabl pairs wih h xra lcron o giv h ion a ngaiv on charg and rsuls in hr pairs of non-bonding lcrons on h cnral iodin. Th ohr wo lcrons ar usd o bond o ach of h rminal iodin aoms. I should b nod ha sp, sp 2, and sp 3 ar h only hr hybrid orbials availabl for scond-priod lmns sinc 2d orbials do no xis. Thrfor, sp 3 d and sp 3 d 2 ar no accpabl for scond-priod lmns. Scion 10.5 Hybridizaion in Molculs Conaining Doubl and Tripl Bonds Singl bonds ar almos always sigma bonds. Doubl bonds ar usually composd of a sigma bond and on pi bond. Tripl bonds ar always a sigma bond and wo pi bonds. Sigma bonds hav h lcron dnsiy concnrad bwn h wo nucli whil pi bonds hav h lcron dnsiy concnrad abov and blow h plan of h nucli. S h prvious scion of his manual for a discussion on h formaion of mulipl bonds using hybrid orbials. Scion 10.6 Molcular Orbial Thory An obsrvaion ha is no adqualy xplaind by hybrid aomic orbials is ha oxygn molculs ar paramagnic. On mhod o amp o xplain his obsrvaion is h us of Molcular Orbial hory. Th prmis of his hory is ha h wav characrisics of lcrons giv ris o consruciv inrfrnc (bonding molcular orbials) and dsruciv inrfrnc (ani-bonding molcular orbials). As in Valanc Bond hory, Molcular Orbial hory dscribs h formaion of sigma and pi bonds. Howvr, i should b undrsood ha h combinaion of a bonding orbial wih a corrsponding ani-bonding orbial rsuls in no n chmical bond formaion. Scion 10.7 Molcular Orbial Configuraions Many similariis xis bwn lcron configuraion for aoms and molcular orbial configuraions from Molcular Orbial hory. For xampl, Hund's rul and h Pauli xclusion principl hold in boh cass. In Molcular Orbial hory, bond ordr is dfind as h numbr of lcrons in bonding molcular orbials minus h numbr of lcrons in ani-bonding molcular orbials - ha quaniy ims on half. I is, hrfor, possibl for bond ordrs o b a fracion. Bond ordr, in a gnral sns, corrsponds o singl, doubl, and ripl bonds for bond ordrs of 1, 2, and 3, rspcivly. Th nrgy box diagrams for homonuclar diaomic molculs of h scond-priod lmns ar shown in Tabl I is imporan o show ha oxygn molculs ar prdicd o b paramagnic as xprimnally obsrvd. Scion 10.8 Dlocalizd Molcular Orbial Dlocalizd molcular orbials rfr o h sprading ou of molcular orbials ovr svral aoms wihin

8 a molcul. This concp is usd o dscrib rsonanc in such molculs as bnzn and ozon. Ths dlocalizd molcular orbials do no hav h sam raciviy as normal doubl bonds. This can b shown by h classical racion of cyclohxn wih aquous KMnO 4 which urns h purpl KMnO 4 soluion o a brown prcipia. Tolun, on h ohr hand, dos no rac wih KMnO 4 bcaus h bnzn ring dos no hav doubl bonds as cyclohxn dos. A similar racion is o us h yllow soluion composd of Br 2 dissolvd in C 4, which clars in h prsnc of a ru doubl bond, bu rmains yllow whn mixd wih olun. Boh of hs racions can b dmonsrad o fairly larg classs or can b shown asily in a laboraory sing.

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