Nuclear Power World Report 2013

Transcription

1 Nuclear Power World Report 213 Editorial office At the end of the last year 213, there were 435 nuclear power plant units in 31 countries in operation* worldwide. This means that the number of units dropped by 2 units to the key date of the previous year (31 December 212: 437, -2 units, -.5 %) (compare Figure 1) due to the commissioning of 4 new plants, and the final decommissioning of 6 plants. Two power plant units which have been in long-term shutdown were declared permanently shutdown in 213. In the following are the values given on 31 December 213 and change compared to the previous year as a percentage in brackets. There were 7 (68, +3 %) nuclear power plant units under construction in 14 (14) countries, in other words, 2 more than on the previous year s key date. The available total gross capacity 1) of the nuclear plants operating amounted to 398,861 MWe (392,793 MWe, +1.5 %) and the total net capacity * The atw lists nuclear power plants as operating as the time when first criticality was attained as a nuclear criterion. Other sources refer to the 1 st power generation or the start of commercial operation. Nuclear power plants are no longer listed as operating when a long-term cessation, i.e. over several years, has been decided. Should the operator possess a valid framework operating approval or no application for the definitive cessation of the operating plant has been submitted, then the operating status is listed as lay-up. (cf. Spain and Japan). The capacity increase in 213 results mainly from newly defined nominal capacities of operating plants and, as in the previous years, from increased capacities of operating plants. The data for gross and net capacities have been revised with reference to nameplate data (in particular data for U.S. nuclear power plant units, source: U.S. EIA) 1) The data for gross and net capacities have been revised with reference to nameplate data as from 213 (in particular data for U.S: nuclear power plant units, source: U.S. EIA) to 378,7 MWe (372,572 MWe, +.9 %). This equates to an increase of 6,68 MWe gross and 5,498 MWe net. The additional capacity results mainly from newly defined nominal capacities of operating plants (compare Table 1 and Figures 1 to 3). As of the year 213 the base for all capacities, in particular for the U.S. nuclear power plant units, are the nameplate data. Due to cooling water conditions (higher or lower cooling water temperatures with respect to design capacity) actual gross and net capacities may vary by about plus or minus 3 % of the nameplate (design) capacity. In some countries the lower capacity value is used for capacity data due to its relevance for system services. In the past year 213, the nuclear power plant unit Hongyanhe 1 (PWR, type: Chinese Power Reactor CPR-1, 1,119 MWe gross and 1,61 MWe net capacity) in China reached first criticality, was connected to the grid for the first time and put into commercial operation. Likewise in China the power plant units Hongyanhe 2 (PWR, type: Chinese Power Reactor CPR- 1, 1,119 MWe gross and 1,61 MWe net capacity), and Yangjiang 1 (PWR, CPR- 1, 1,86 MWe gross and 1,21 MWe net) reached first criticality and were connected to the grid for the first time. In India the power plant unit Kudankulam 1 (VVER-PWR, 1, MWe gross, 917 MWe net) also reached first criticality and was connected to the grid for the first time. The commissioning program followed. Commercial takeover by the operator is planned for all three units in the first half of 214. In 213 no nuclear power plant unit resumed operations after long-term shutdown. In the previous years in Canada in total 6 units were restarted after more than 1 years of lay-up operations respectively. In the course of the liberalisation of the Canadian electricity market in the mid- 199s, the operator at the time Ontario Hydro ascertained insufficient competitive capacity in the market environment for 4 units at the site Bruce with around 3,1 MW as well as for 4 others at the site Statistics Pickering with approximately 1,85 MW. That is the reason why the 8 CANDU units Bruce A1 to Bruce A4 and Pickering 1 to Pickering 4 were disconnected from the grid and removed from commercial operations between 1995 and Pickering 1 and Pickering 4 were re-commissioned in 23 and 25 by the new operator Ontario Power Generation due to changes in the market and after a retrofitting program. Bruce 3 and Bruce 4 were re-commissioned at the end of 23/beginning of 24. With the re-commissioning of both units Bruce A-1 and Bruce A-2 in 212, the operator of the site BrucePower has completed his investment program successfully. The site is intended to secure the power supply in the region in the longterm during the coming decades. With a gross capacity of approximately von 6,74 MWe Bruce is also the nuclear power site with highest output worldwide. Worldwide 8 nuclear power units were definitively taken out of commission in 213. In Canada, the CANDU units Pickering 2 and Pickering 3 (each 542 MWe gross, 515 MWe net capacity, first criticality 1971/1972) definitively terminated operations. The units have been in lay-up operations since 1997 and Units 2 and 3 remain in a safe shutdown state. In Japan the operator of the Fukushima Daiichi site, TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Corporation), announced the termination of operation for the Fukushima Daiichi 5 (784 MWe gross and 76 MWe net) and Fukushima Daiichi 6 (1,1 MWe gross and 1,67 MWe net) units. Both units have not been seriously affected by the 211 Tohoku Seaquake. But due to the clear-up activities at the Fukushima Daiichi site with 3 reactor units seriously damaged after the March 11, 211 seaquake and the public discussion about continuing nuclear power plant operation in Japan, TEPCO decided the final shut-down. In the USA four nuclear power plants units have been taken out of commission in 213 due to economic reasons. The two units San Onofre 2 and San Onofre 3 (each PWR, 1,127 MWe gross and 1,8 MWe net) in California have been permanently shutdown by the operator Southern California Edison (SONGS) mainly due to problems with the new replaced steam generators. The steam generators have been replaced during an upgrade programme in 29 to 211. In January 212 both reactors had to be shut down due to premature wear found in steam generator tubes. SONGS announced on 7 June 213 that it would permanently retire Unit 2 and Unit 3, citing continuing uncertainty about when or if SONGS might return to service and noting that ongoing regulatory and administrative processes and appeals would likely cause any tentative restart plans to be delayed for more atw Vol. 59 (214) Issue 7 July 445

2 Mexico 2 Canada 19 USA 1 5 Slovak Republic 4 2 Czech Republic 6 Hungary 4 Finland 4 1 Slovenia 1 Sweden 1 Belarus - 1 Netherlands 1 United Kingdom 16 Russia 33 1 Belgium 7 Germany 9 Switzerland 5 France 58 1 Spain 7 Bulgaria 2 Ukraine 15 Romania 2 Armenia 1 Iran 1 UAE - 2 Pakistan 3 2 China 2 29 India 21 6 Rep. Korea 23 5 Taiwan 6 2 Japan 49 2 Brazil 2 1 Argentina 2 1 South Africa 2 Nuclear power plant units in operation: 435, location with units ( first number) Nuclear power plant units under construction: 7, location with units ( second number) As of: atw - atomwirtschaft, 6/214 Fig. 1. World map nuclear power plants. Number of nuclear power plant units in operation (first number) and number of nuclear power plant units under construction (second number). At the end of 213 there were 435 nuclear power plant units in 31 countries in operation worldwide. In 15 countries 7 units have been under construction. (set date: 31 December 213, all data as of June 214). 446 atw Vol. 59 (214) Issue 7 July

3 Country In operation Under construction Net nuclear Capacity Capacity electricity production Number gross net Number gross net Tab. 1. Nuclear power plant units worldwide in operation and under construction (set date: 31 December 213), nuclear electricity production and share of nuclear power of total electricity production in 213 [Source: plant operators, IAEO, atw]. Nuclear share total [MWe] [MWe] [MWe] [MWe] [TWh] [%] Argentina 2 1, Armenia Belarus [1] ,194 1, Belgium 7 6,28 5, Brazil 2 1,99 1, ,3 1, Bulgaria 2 2, 1, Canada [2] 19 14,385 13, China [3] 2 16,937 15, ,291 29, Czech Republic 6 4,112 3, Finland 4 2,86 2, ,6 1, France 58 65,88 63,13 1 1,6 1, Germany 9 12,696 12, Hungary 4 2, 1, India [4] 21 5,78 5,32 6 4,3 3, Iran, Islamic Republic of 1 1, Japan [5] 49 44,744 42, ,76 2, Korea, Republic of [6] 23 21,654 2, ,6 6, Mexico 2 1,64 1, Netherlands, The Pakistan Romania 2 1,412 1, Russia 33 25,242 23, ,5 8, Slovak Republic 4 1,95 1, Slovenia South Africa 2 1,94 1, Spain [7] 7 7,398 7, Sweden 1 9,859 9, Switzerland 5 3,46 3, Taiwan 6 5,213 5,28 2 2,712 2, Ukraine 15 13,818 13, United Arab Emirates [8] ,8 2, United Kingdom 16 1,96 9, United States of America [9] 1 11,335 14, ,24 5, Total , ,7 7 73,814 69,279 2, Remarks: The additional capacity results from the efficient new and re-commissioned plants and, as in the previous years, also from increased capacities and newly defined nominal capacities of operating plants. The data for gross and net capacities have been revised with reference to nameplate data as from 213 (in particular data for U.S.: nuclear power plant units, source: U.S. EIA). The atw lists nuclear power plants as operating as the time when first criticality was attained as a nuclear criterion. Other sources refer to the 1st power generation or the commercial operation. Nuclear power plants are no longer listed as operating when a long-term cessation, i.e. over several years, has been decided. Should the operator possess a valid framework operating approval or no application for the definitive cessation of the operating plant has been submitted, then the operating status is listed as lay-up. (cf. Spain and Japan). [1] Belarus, Belarusian 1 (1,194 MWe gross, 1,19 MWe net, VVER-PWR): First concrete was poured in 213. The construction of two units is planned at this site. [2] Canada, Pickering 2 and Pickering 3 (each 542 MWe gross and 515 MWe net): permanent shutdown after long-term shutdown. The units have been shut-down in 1995 and In 213 the operator decided to shut down both units permanently. [3] China, Hongyanhe 1 (PWR, CPR-1, 1,119 MWe gross and 1,61 MWe net): first criticality, first grid connection and start of commercial operation in 213. China, Hongyanhe 2 (PWR, CPR-1, 1,119 MWe gross and 1,61 MWe net), and Yangjiang 1 (PWR, CPR-1, 1,86 MWe gross and 1,21 MWe net): first criticality and first grid connection in 213. [4] India, Kudankulam (VVER- PWR, 1, MWe gross, 917 MWe net): Kudankulam is the first VVER type nuclear power plant for electricity production in operation in India; first criticality and first grid connection in 213. [5] Japan, Fukushima Daiichi 5 (784 MWe gross and 76 MWe net) and Fukushima Daiichi 6 (1,1 MWe gross and 1,67 MWe net): in 214 the operator of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant site, TEPCO, decided to declare both units as permanently shutdown backdated to December 213. [6] Korea, Shin Hanul 2 (PWR, APR-14, 1,4 MWe gross and 1,34 MWe net): start of construction in 213 [7] Spain, Santa Maria de Garoña (BWR, 466 MWe gross and 446 MWe net): long-term shutdown, taken out of service officially on 6 July 213. [8] United Arab Emirates, Barakah 2 (PWR, 1,4 MWe gross and 1,345 MWe net): official start of construction in 212; four nuclear power plant units are planned to be build at this site. [9] USA, in general: new data for gross and net generation capacity: official nameplate data (U.S. Energy Administration). Crystal River 3 (PWR, 9 MWe gross and 838 MWe net), Kewaunee (PWR, 581 MWe gross and 556 MWe net), San Onofre 2 and San Onofre 3 (each PWR, 1,127 MWe gross and 1,8 MWe net): permanently shutdown atw Vol. 59 (214) Issue 7 July 447

4 Station name Country Reactor type Capacity gross [MWe] Capacity net [MWe] Operator/ Owner Supplier Construction start/ First criticality/ Long-term shutdown 1 st Criticality, 1 st Grid connection and Start of commercial operation in 213 Construction date Hongyanhe 1 China PWR/CPR-1 1,119 1,61 LHNPC CNNC 27 1 st Grid connection and Start of commercial operation in st Criticality and 1 st Grid connection in 213 Construction date Hongyanhe 2 China PWR/CPR-1 1,119 1,61 LHNPC CNNC 27 Yangjiang 1 China PWR/CPR-1 1,86 1,21 GNPJVC CNNC 28 Kudankulam 1 India PWR/VVER V-412 1, 917 NPCIL AES 22 1 st Criticality in 213 Construction date Restart after long-term shutdown in 213 Long-term shutdown Construction starts (first concrete in 213) Construction start Belarusian 1 Belarus PWR/VVER V-491 1,194 1,19 SIDNPPC AES 213 Tianwan 4 China PWR/VVER V-428M 1,6 1, CNNC AES 213 Yangjiang 5 China PWR/ACPR-1 1,87 1, CNNC CNNC 213 Yangjiang 5 China PWR/ACPR-1 1,87 1, CNNC CNNC 213 Shin Hanul 2 Korea, Rep. PWR/APR-14 1,4 1,34 KHNP KHNP 213 Barakah 2 Unit. Arab Emirates PWR/APR-14 1,4 1,345 ENEC KHNP 213 Permanent shutdowns in 213 First criticality Pickering 2 Canada CANDU OPG AECL 1971 Pickering 3 Canada CANDU OPG AECL 1972 Fukushima Daiichi 5 Japan BWR TEPCO GE 1978 Fukushima Daiichi 6 Japan BWR 1,1 1,67 TEPCO GE 1979 Crystal River 3 USA PWR PE B&W 1977 Kewaunee USA PWR DE West 1974 San Onofre 2 USA PWR 1,127 1,8 SCE CE 1982 San Onofre 3 USA PWR 1,127 1,8 SCE CE 1983 Long-term shutdowns in 213 First criticality St. Maria de Garoña* Spain BWR Nuclenor GE 197 Project finally suspended in 213 Construction start Tab. 2. Nuclear power plant units commissioned in 213 (first criticality, first grid connection, and start of commercial operation), restart after long-term shutdown, start of construction, permanent shutdowns, long-term shutdowns and cancellation of project (in brackets: original start of construction if project was suspended for a longer period). AECL: Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (Canada) LHNPC: Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Co. Ltd. (China) AES: Atomstroyexport NPCIL: Nuclear Power Company of India Ltd (India) B&W: Babcock & Wilcox Nuclenor: Joint Venture, Endesa, Iberdrola (5:5, Spain) CE: Combustion Engineering OPG: Ontario Power Generation (Canada) CNNC: China National Nuclear Company (China) PE: Progress Energy DE: Dominion Energy SCE: Southern California Edison ENEC: Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation SIDNPPC: State Institution Directorate For Nuclear Power Plant GNPJVC: Guandong Nuclear Power Joint Venture Company Ltd (China) Construction (Belarus) KHNP: Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd (Republik Korea) West: Westinghouse ACPR: Advanced Chinese Nuclear Power Unit of 1 MW CNP: Chinese Nuclear Power Unit of 1 MW APR-14: Advanced Power Reactor 14 MWe (KHNP) PWR: Pressurised Water Reactor BWR: Boiling Water Reactor VVER V-: transcription of water-cooled water-moderated energy reactor, Candu: CANada Deuterium Uranium advanced model 412, 491, 428) than a year. The Crystal River 3 (PWR, 9 MWe gross and 838 MWe net) and Kewaunee (PWR, 581 MWe gross and 556 MWe net) nuclear power units have been permanently shut-down due to missing economical prospects, difficult market conditions with low electricity prices driven by falling natural gas prices ( unconventional natural gas, fracking ). In Spain the nuclear power plant operator Nuclenor decided to disconnect the unit 448 atw Vol. 59 (214) Issue 7 July

5 Santa Maria de Garoña** (SWR, 466 MWe gross and 446 MWe net capacity) from the grid at the end of December 212. On 6 July 213 the plant status changed to longterm shutdown. Uncertainties regarding the further operational approval, granted in Spain for limited periods and a potential unprofitable operation of the plant due to new electricity taxes introduced by the Spanish government at the beginning of 213 were the reasons for this step. The nuclear power plant started nuclear operations in November 197 and was the oldest Nuclear power plant units in operation [-] Fig Year atw 6/214 Development of the number of nuclear power plants in operations since commissioning of the first commercial plant unit Calder Hall 1 in the United Kingdom in At the end of 213 there were 435 nuclear power plant units in operation. (set date: 31 December 213, all data as of June 214). Installed nuclear power plant capacity worldwide [gross, GW = 1 3 MW] 4 operating reactor in Spain. In contrast to the usual legal practice, the former socialist government had only extended the operational permit for 4 years in July 29. The responsible Spanish supervisory and approving authority Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN) had recommended a 1-year extension of the operating approval with requirements for retrofitting. After the new elections in Spain in 212, the conservative government announced an extension of the operating approval of 5 years. Nuclenor decided to temporarily terminate operations already in 212 also in the light of the unfavourable tax climate, in order to avoid the tax burdens and so possibly unprofitable operations, due to the tax that would take effect as of the beginning of 213. There were 7 (68, +3 %) plants with 73,814 MWe (7,933 MWe, +4 %) gross and 69,279 MWe (66,244 MWe, +4 %) net capacity under construction in 15 countries worldwide at the end of the last year 213. That means that in comparison to the figure of the previous year, there were 2 nuclear power units more under construction worldwide, since 6 projects have been newly started and 4 plants have attained first criticality. No project was suspended in 213. The additional gross capacity amounts to 2,881 MWe, the additional net capacity to 3,35 MWe. In China, a total of 3 construction projects have started with Tianwan 4 (PWR, VVER V- 428M, 1,6 MWe gross and 1, MWe net capacity), and Yangjiang 5 and Yangjiang 6 (PWR, ACPR-1, each 1,87 MWe gross and 1, MWe net capacity). Due to the finalised safety inspections in the course of the post-fukushima measures for existing nuclear power plants and also for new construction projects the Chines newbuild programme was resumed in 213. A nuclear power plant project has been initiated for the first time in Belarus and is in the active construction phase since 213. In the long-term, up to 2 nuclear power units are to be built and commissioned at the site Belarusian. Work started for the first unit Belarusian 1 (PWR VVER V-491, 1,194 MWe gross and 1,19 MWe net capacity) by the supplier Atomstroyexport last year. In Korea the construction for the second nuclear power plant unit started at the Shin Hanul site (former site name: Shin Ulchin). The unit Shin Hanul 2 is designed for an capacity of 1,4 MWe gross and 1,34 MWe net. In the United Arab Emirates the nuclear power plant construction programme was continued. During the first construction phase, 2 pressurized-water reactors of the type APR-14 Advanced Power Reactor each with 1,4 MWe gross and 1,345 MWe net capacity 1 Fig Year atw 6/214 Development of the gross nuclear power plant capacity in operation since commissioning of the first commercial plant unit Calder Hall 1 in the United Kingdom in At the end of 213 the available gross capacity amounted to 398,861 MW. (set date: 31 December 212, all data as of June 214, gross and net capacities revised as from 213: nameplate data). ** New plant status: The Spanish nuclear power plant unit Santa Maria de Garona is listed in the category long-term shutdown due to the decision of the operator Nuclenor, to stop power generation at the end of 212. The stop of power generation was performed due to uncertain marginal regulatory and fiscal conditions. In 213 a discussion was initiated to create marginal conditions that enable the operator to continue operations. These activities are driven mainly by the overall economic and energy-relevant situation in Spain. atw Vol. 59 (214) Issue 7 July 449

6 Fig. 4. Electricity production in nuclear power plants [TWh = 1 9 kwh/a] 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Unit capability factor [%] Year atw 6/214 Development of the nuclear electricity production since commissioning of the first commercial plant unit Calder Hall 1 in the United Kingdom in In 213 the net electricity production achieved about 2,364 billion (1 9 ) kwh. (set date: 31 December 213, all data as of June 214). are to be built. In 213 construction started for the unit Barakah 2 (PWR, 1,4 MWe gross and 1,345 MWe net). Active construction projects (number in brackets) are therefore in Argentina (1), Belarus (1), Brazil (1), China (29), Finland (1), France (1), India (6), Japan (2), the Republic of Korea (5), Pakistan (2), Russia (1), the Slovak Republic (2), Taiwan (2), the United Arab Emirates (2) and the USA (5). Worldwide there were about 125 projects (1, +25 %) in the concrete planning or application phase at the turn of the year 213/214. In addition, there are a further approx. 1 (1, %) declarations of intent by companies or government offices in other countries. Looking at the structural impact of the incidents in Japan and Fukushima on 11 March 211, it can be ascertained that, in the meantime, they do not have an effect on the number of new construction project and plans worldwide, with the exception of political reactions in Germany, Italy and Switzerland. The development of the number of the commercially operated nuclear power plants worldwide, in addition to the available gross nuclear power plant capacity is depicted in Figure 2 and Figure 3 for the years 1956 to 213 (1956: year of commissioning the first commercial nuclear power plant, Calder Hall 1, in Great Britain. The first nuclear-generated electricity occurred on 2 December 1951 in the US-American Experimental Breeder Reactor EBR-1.) Also worth noting is the continued capacity increase (Figure 3) in the 198s, as the nuclear power plants, ordered due the impact of the first oil crisis at the beginning and end of the 197s, started operations with high capacities per plant averaging 1, MWe. Worldwide and in Germany, the commissioning of the nuclear power unit Biblis A in 1974 with 1,225 MWe gross represented an important milestone in the development of high-capacity plants, which were from the beginning designed also technically for a longer operating period of several decades previously, the pilot plants were also built with the focus on technical feasibility and practicability. Since about 1993, a developmental stagnation can be observed with the number of nuclear power plants and capacity and this is due, on the one hand to the de-commissioning of older, prototypical and no longer profitable plants in the USA, Europe and the GUS states and, on the other, the compensatory expansion of capacities in the Asian region and capacity increases of operating plants. Since the mid 199s, remarkable increases in capacity have been achieved. With further optimised turbines alone, an increase in capacity of around 5 % can be gained without increasing the reactor capacity. If a construction measure also makes increasing the thermal reactor capacity possible, then the generating capacity in countries such as Mexico, Sweden, the Slovak Republic, the USA and Hungary that are already approved and realised would increase by around 2 %. Until the middle of this decade, a further capacity increase totalling 5, MW is estimated. This equates to the new construction of about 4 large nuclear power units. In the USA alone, capacity increases totalling approx. 6,938 MWe net have been realised or approved, a further 982 MWe currently to be realised until 217 have been applied for. In Sweden, the operators estimate a capacity increase program totalling 1,5 MWe net. In Mexico the nuclear power plant units Laguna Verde 1 and Laguna Verde 2 have been upgraded from 7 MWe gross to 84 MWe gross each; this is an capacity increase of about 2 %. With the 435 operating plants at the end of 213, there were a total of 1 less units in operation than in the hitherto record year 1997 with 445 nuclear power plants. The nuclear power plants worldwide have achieved a approx. 1 % higher result in 213 compared to the previous year in the net electricity generation with approx. 2, billion (1 9 ) kwh (2,35.8 billion kwh, provision details and calculations, cf. Table 1 and Figure 4). In Japan, with the exception if two reactor units, all other 47 plants were not connected to the grid for the whole year. The previous best result of nuclear electricity production accounted for 2,658 billion kwh in 26. Good operating results were reported from the power plants in Belgium, China, Finland, Germany, Russia, Switzerland and the USA. The overall operational reliability of the plants is underlined by the average mean availability for work of all nuclear power plants worldwide (cf. Figure 4). Their average had increased since the mid 199s. The strong decrease in availability at the beginning of the 199s is due to the large drop in the availability of plants in the East European states and the GUS states, whose operating data were included consistently in the statistics for the first time. The long-term cessation of individual profitable nuclear power plant, and the quasi whole nuclear power park of Japan as of 211, also influence the lower average availability in the years 26 to 29 as well as 211 to 213. Worldwide around 7,31 billion (1 9 ) kwh net electricity have cumulatively been produced in nuclear power plants since electricity was first generated from nuclear power. The experience in the nuclear power plant operations amount to approx. 15,4 reactor years. Regarding climate protection, nuclear power plants have avoided about 2.4 billion (1 9 ) t carbon dioxide emisisons 2) in 213. The emissions avoided through nuclear energy correspond to some 6 % of the current annual emissions worldwide of CO 2, in the meanwhile over, approx. 33 billion tons. The emissions avoided each year through nuclear power are distinctly higher than the worldwide reduction targets contained in the existing international protocols and agreements on climate protection (Kyoto protocol) for the period 28 to 212! 2) The CO 2 reduction factor is based on the average worldwide CO 2 emissions of fossile-fired power plants in countries with NPPs in operation. 45 atw Vol. 59 (214) Issue 7 July