Simple Machines. Lesson 19

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1 Simple Machines Lesson 19

2 What You Will Learn How can you make doing a job, such as lifting a heavy box, easier? In this lesson, you will investigating a number of simple machines and learn how they make work easier. You will identify the six simple machines. You will also determine the amount of work needed to do work using the simple machines.

3 Work and Force In science, work is defined as a force moving an object over a distance. A force is a push or pull. When you push a shopping cart, kick a ball, or lift a heavy box, you are doing work.

4 Work Work is done only if an object moves. If you hold a heavy object steady above the ground, you are not doing work, even though your arms may get tired. If you lift the box a fraction of an inch, you are doing work.

5 The 6 Simple Machines- a simple machine is a device that makes work easier and that has few or no moving parts. Inclined Plane Screw Wedge Lever Pulley Wheel and Axle

6 Simple Machines Simple machines make work easier by changing the size or direction or both of the force used to do the work. A simple machine does not allow you to do less work. It just makes the work easier for you to do. The equation for work is Work=force X distance W=Fd

7 W=Fd In this equation, work will stay the same while force is reduced as distance increases. A simple machine can decrease the force needed to move an object, but force must be applied over a greater distance.

8 Definitions: Energy: Ability to do work Work: Force x Distance Force: A Push or a Pull

9 Inclined Plane

10 Inclined Planes An inclined plane is a flat surface that is higher on one end Inclined planes make the work of moving things easier A ramp is an example of an inclined plane

11 Inclined Plane It is easier to push an object up a ramp than it is to lift the same object straight up to the same height. Increasing the distance decreases the force needed to so the same amount of work.

12 Screw When a screw is turned, a small force is applied over the long distance of the screw s threads. This makes the work of moving the screw into a board easier. This is similar to driving around a mountain to get to the top as opposed to driving straight up.

13 Wedges Two inclined planes joined back to back. Wedges are used to split things. A wedge changes the direction of a force. Wedges transfer force in one direction into a force in two directions.

14 Levers A lever is a simple machine made up of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum. The force applied to a lever is called the effort. The object moved is the load. A lever allows a person to move a large load with relatively little force. As force is applied to one end, the other end moves in the opposite direction.

15 Levers. Common examples of levers include crowbars, scissors, pliers, tin snips, and seesaws.

16 Levers Other examples of levers include wheel barrows, doors, and bottle openers.

17 Pulleys A pulley is a rope wrapped around a wheel. A pulley needs a rope, chain or belt around a groove to make it do work. A load is attached to one end of the rope. A force is applied to the other end.

18 WHEEL AND AXLE A wheel and axle consists of two connected cylindershaped objects with different diameters. The wheel is always larger than the axle. When an applied force turns the wheel, the axle turns too. The axle moves a shorter distance than the wheel, so the axle turns with greater force. A doorknob and a screwdriver are examples of a wheel and axle.

19 Review Name the six simple machines Find three examples of each. How does each one make work easier? Sally has an ax that she uses to chop wood. The metal part chops through the wood, pushing it apart into two smaller sections. Which simple machine is found on the head of the ax? A wedge

20 Sally and Sue are across the street on the seesaw. The center of the seesaw is used to balance the board with the seats. The two girls can easily move up and down without much force. The seesaw is an example of which simple machine? A lever

21 The cap on Sam s water bottle has a spiral shape. When he places it on the bottle and twists, the cap pulls itself toward the bottle. The bottle cap is an example of which simple machine? A screw

22 When you turn the large knob on a door, a rod on the inside releases a latch that holds the door closed. It would be difficult to turn the rod if the knob wasn't attached to it. The door knob and rod make up which simple machine? A wheel and axle.

23 A wheel with a rope is used to hoist a flag up to the top of a tall flagpole. The simple machine can also be used to help lift heavy objects with less force. The wheel and rope make up which simple machine? A pully

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