Outlook on the Power to Gas Research Roadmap. Robert Judd GERG The European Gas Research Group

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1 Outlook on the Power to Gas Research Roadmap Robert Judd The European Gas Research Group

2 A Roadmap? Where are we now and where do want to get to? Where are the gaps and can they be filled? What are the alternative routes to our destination? What are costs? Are there any barriers? How long will it take? Can we get there in time? 2

3 Where are we now? Mature natural gas grids carry much more energy than electricity grids, and extra capacity is already available. In the UK the gas network carries three times as much energy as the electricity grid, comparable with energy consumed by road transport End use of gas can be over 90% efficient with low transmission losses The German Energy system Electricity Natural gas Consumption TWh /a Average power GW Storage capacity TWh Cal. operating range h

4 Where are we now? Wind Power production volatile increasing maximum power grid capacity more wind power than power network capacity 4

5 Where do we want to be? An efficient use of all energy resources Maximised efficiency of renewables A flexible, secure, competitive energy supply system A low carbon energy system An integrated SMART Energy System Minimum cost for the the energy transformation! A long term hydrogen based energy system? 5

6 R&D Context 2010 EC Strategic Energy Technology Plan The SET Plan recognises the need for initiatives on: > CCS > Fuels Cells and Hydrogen > Solar, Wind, Nuclear > Energy Efficiency > Bioenergy > Improvement of the electricity grid The role of other gas technologies is not so clear 6

7 What are the alternatives for maximising renewables integration? Hydrogen production and energy storage by injection in the existing natural gas grid Hydrogen production followed by methanation and injection into the existing natural gas grid Extensive reinforcement of the electricity grid Development of cost effective electricity storage 7

8 What are the gaps and barriers Is the gas network able to cope with hydrogen What are the limits? Are there any showstoppers? What about end users, power generation? Regulation? 8

9 What are the gaps and barriers Is the gas network able to cope with hydrogen What are the limits? Are there any showstoppers? What about end users, power generation? Regulation? Can we fill these gaps in time? 9

10 Challenges and Bottlenecks for hydrogen injection Is all storage hydrogen ready? Modern gas turbines with pre-mixed burners Steel tanks in NGVs The existing appliance population. Engines? Electrolyser scale and costs What are the limits? What needs to be done? What technology advances need to be supported? What are the economics for the competing routes?.the Power to Gas Research roadmap 10

11 Hydrogen, fuel of the future? Our gas infrastructure was designed to transport and use hydrogen blends and did so for over 150 years Hydrogen content up to 63% Since the introduction of natural gas, the network and applications have been developed for an assumed hydrogen concentration close to 0%. Towns gas is still produced for domestic use in cities such as Hong Kong and Singapore, using natural gas as a source Towns gas produced from coal,

12 Hydrogen in Pipelines Annual balance (UK): If renewables were 20% of current electricity generation And all this energy is converted to hydrogen at 100% efficiency This would equate to 15 % of total gas transmission volume or 5% of the transmitted energy Local balance: Example alpha ventus: Conversion of the entire power production (60 MW at peak) would lead to a flow of H 2 m³/h Injection into a large transmission pipeline (entry cap: 3.3 mcm) would create a 0.4% content of H 2 But - Injection into a distribution pipeline at low demand would have more issues

13 Hydrogen Projects Hydrogen in the Natural Gas Grid Domestic and commercial appliances and distribution grids Admissible Hydrogen A DomHydro (running) B Hygrid C SMARTSim D Power to Gas Platforms Concentration in Natural gas systems Coordination of program DVGW/GWI ERG E.ON GL (UK) KIWA Common publication Part 1 : Basics, Theory and Lab investigation Part 2: Injection of H 2 Planning, Installation, operation of injection site Field tests up to 10%: compilation of appliances and components, measurement evaluation Cooperation and Monitoring partners of Project of PC D running E.ON Project North Sea Power to Gas Mediterranean Power to Gas (Establishing scenarios for priority investigation) (DNV KEMA) Establishing and analysing the level of existing knowledge 34 and non- partners Reports in June 2013 Managed.: KIWA, Managed.: E.ON

14 Admissable Concentrations of Hydrogen in Pipelines : 34 members Formal H 2 constraints from manufactures (e.g. CNG tanks, gas turbines, engines) 2% limit on old CNG tanks, 1-5% for turbines rate of change is an issue Some underground storage may be sensitive to H 2 (R&D necessary) Further understanding of appliances under extreme conditions Project is providing a gap analysis of current constraints on introduction of hydrogen into natural gas pipelines A hydrogen methane mixture (up to 15% H 2 ) meets all significant quality requirements for natural gas (technical code DVGW) In UK 0.1% H2 is outside allowed GSMR limit Followsfrom EU FP6 NATURALHY project () 14

15 Economic Considerations Electrolysis for H 2 production is key ITM Power s Hfuel electrolyser Essential parameters: known technology; flexibility to be optimised for greater economic viability to be placed at strategic locations in the grid But where are these locations? Ultimately more affordable than electricity grid expansions - if existing infrastructure is used costs of electrolyser costs of electricity number of operating hours benefit through avoided power grid extension Costs of making gas network hydrogen ready vs cost of methanation 15

16 Alternative routes: Methanation CO 2 re-use ideally coupled with biomethane plant (Audi e-gas) Process integration needed Biocatalyst developments 16

17 Regulatory Considerations Only elements of the Power-to-Gas value proposition that could be monetized today are the energy content of the gas produced and seasonal storage (Source: Hydrogenics) Integrate Renewables Renewable Gas Load-Following Renewables Surplus RE Energy Content Hydrogen SNG Relieve Congestion + Defer Tx Capex Conversion by Electrolysis Seasonal Storage GHG Abatement Renewable H2 Renewable Gas 17

18 R&D Requirements A Europe wide energy system model which incorporates the natural gas infrastructure as a key element SMART Grid concepts should incorporate gas generation, transport, storage and use R&D provisions to reduce the cost and improve efficiency of peak and flexible power provision Support for injection of renewable gases standards and low cost technology (supported by positive regulatory messages) Options assessments and demonstrations of power to gas hydrogen and methanisation, electrolysis. Making the natural gas network H 2 ready Power to Gas and repurposing for the future Make appliances, turbines, etc H 2 ready beyond GasQual and NaturalHy Invest in advanced end use technology and hybrid systems for end use efficiency gains EU and International Government support 18

19 The Road? Smart energy grids Low cost electrolysis hydrogen and renewable gas distribution Power to Gas Fuel cells and hydrogen infrastructure Renewable gas Increasing renewables integration 19

20 Thank you for listening! 20

21 Domhydro: project outline Project objective: to gather insight in performance, emissions and safety of domestic gas appliances when hydrogen is mixed in natural gas Project scope: new and existing domestic appliances GAD appliances different H 2 / natural gas mixtures reliable operation, emissions, efficiency Project goal: extreme practical conditions to be addressed durability tests to contribute to the preparation of future decisions concerning technical limits to the hydrogen content in natural gas Thermal Efficiency (%) Erdgas H G20 95% G20 5% H2 ηtherm full load 90% G20 10% H2 85% G20 15% H2 ηtherm partial load 80% G20 20% H2 λ full load G222 70% G20 30% H2 λ partial load G21 G ,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1 Air Factor 2 1