LIVING SYSTEMS. Overview: Objectives: Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Vocabulary:

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1 LIVING SYSTEMS Overview: Organs working together to perform a specialized role in the body form body systems. Body systems are interdependent on other body systems to maintain body function. Objectives: The student will: name and describe the function of five systems of the human body; explain how those body systems are interconnected; and relate the concept of interconnectedness to an indigenous community. Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Science [8] SC2.3 The student demonstrates an understanding of the structure, function, behavior, development, life cycles, and diversity of living organisms by describing the functions and interdependence of human body systems (i.e., circulatory, respiratory, nervous). [8] SA1.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by asking questions, predicting, describing, measuring, classifying, making generalizations, inferring, and communicating. Vocabulary: body system a group of organs working together to perform a certain task brain the part of the nervous system in vertebrates that is enclosed within the skull, is connected with the spinal cord, and is composed of gray matter and white matter; it receives and interprets impulses from sense organs, and it coordinates and controls body functions and activities, such as walking and talking; the brain is also the center of memory, thought, and feeling cardiovascular system (see circulatory system) circulatory system the system of organs that circulates blood through the body carrying nutrients, gases, hormones, and blood cells; includes the heart and blood vessels; in all vertebrates and certain invertebrates, the circulatory system is completely contained within a network of vessels digestive system the system of organs that processes and digests nutrients, breaking them down by mechanical and chemical processes; includes salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus endocrine system the organ system of glands that regulates communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid glands, and adrenals esophagus the tube of the digestive tract through which food passes from the throat to the stomach heart the hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the body of a vertebrate animal by contracting and relaxing; in humans and other mammals it has four chambers, consisting of two atria and two ventricles; the right side of the heart collects blood with low oxygen levels from the veins and pumps it to the lungs, the left side receives blood with high oxygen levels from the lungs and pumps it into the aorta, which carries it to all of the arteries of the body; the heart in other vertebrates functions similarly, but often has fewer chambers immune system the organ system that defends the body against disease-causing agents, consisting of leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen (also see lymphatic system) integumentary system the organ system that covers and protects the body from damage, consisting of skin, hair, fat and nails, scales, feathers large intestine the wide lower section of the intestine that extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus

2 LIVING SYSTEMS liver a large, glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrate animals that is essential to many metabolic processes; the liver secretes bile, stores fat and sugar as reserve energy sources, coverts harmful substances to less toxic forms, and regulates the amount of blood in the body lung either of two spongy organs in the chest of air-breathing vertebrate animals that serve as the organs of gas exchange; takes in oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide lymphatic system the system of organs that transfers lymph (fluid that carries bacteria to be destroyed) between tissues and the blood stream, consisting of nodes and vessels; includes the immune system kidney either of a pair of organs that are located in the rear of the abdominal cavity of vertebrate animals; regulates the amount of water in the body and filters out waste from the bloodstream in the form of urine muscular system the system of organs that allows the body to move, controlled through the nervous system; some muscles can be completely autonomous (such as the heart muscle) nervous system the organ system, made of specialized cells called neurons, that collects and transfers information using the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and nerves organ a distinct part of an organism that performs one of more particular functions; examples of organs are the eyes, ears, lungs, and heart of an animal, and the roots, stems and leaves of a plant pancreas a long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrate animals that is located behind the stomach; it secretes insulin and produces enzymes needed for digestion, which are secreted into the gut or small intestine reproductive system the system of organs that work together for the purpose of reproduction (creating offspring); includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis respiratory system the system of organs used for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (breathing), including the lungs, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, larynx and pharynx skeletal system the system of organs that provides structural support to the body, including bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons small intestine the long, narrow, coiled section of the intestine that extends from the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine; nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine stomach the sac-like, muscular organ in vertebrate animals that receives and stores swallowed food and is a main organ of digestion trachea tube-shaped structure in vertebrate animals that leads from the larynx to the bronchi and carries air to the lungs urinary system the system of organs responsible for fluid balance and the excretion of urine; includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra vertebrate any of a large group of animals having a backbone, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical and have an internal skeleton of bone or cartilage, a nervous system along the back that is divided into brain and spinal cord, and not more than two pairs of limbs Whole Picture: Students should be familiar with the idea that cells are the basic building blocks of all life. Cells form tissues with very specific roles in the body. In turn, tissues form organs. A group of organs, working in concert to perform specific tasks, is called a body system. Athabascan culture is perfect example of interdependence of systems. Each of these cultural values are interdependent: hard work care and provision for the family love for children honor honesty

3 LIVING SYSTEMS sharing caring cooperation practice of traditions respect of Elders and others, for the land, and for nature It is impossible to provide and care for family without hard work, sharing, honor and cooperation. In a wider sense, community members are also interdependent. For example, Elders rely on others to share food and other resources. If part of the system fails, many are affected. The same concept applies to human body systems. For a healthy body, each system must work to its full potential. In addition, if any system fails completely, the whole body fails. Materials: Tape Scissors VISUAL AID: Circulatory System VISUAL AID: Respiratory System VISUAL AID: Digestive System VISUAL AID: Muscular System VISUAL AID: Skeletal System VISUAL AID: Nervous System VISUAL AID: Urinary System VISUAL AID: Other Body Systems STUDENT INFORMATION SHEET: Body Systems Descriptions STUDENT WORKSHEET: Diagramming Body Systems Activity Preparation: Make enough copies of STUDENT WORKSHEET: Diagramming Body Systems for each small group. (See Activity Procedure 8.) Activity Procedure: 1. Ask students to discuss the concept of interdependence in the community. (See Whole Picture; share relevant concepts.) Ask students for examples of community interdependence. Explain many systems, including communities, are interdependent. In fact, the human body is made up of interdependent systems. 2. Ask students how many human body systems they can name. Write responses on the board. If they name an organ (rather than a system), ask them to name the system the organ belongs in. For example, The heart is an organ. It works with other organs in what system? (The circulatory system.) Give students hints until all 10 systems in this lesson have been named and recorded. Ask student, If any one of these systems fail, can the body still survive? 3. Ask students to stand then hold one arm straight in the air while letting the other arm fall to the side. Time students for one minute, then ask students to look at both hands side by side. The hand that was raised up high is much paler than the one hanging down. Ask students to explain. (Gravity works against flow of blood through veins and arteries. Blood is heavy! Gravity made it harder for your heart to pump blood to the hand over your head.) The circulatory system works hard 24 hours a day distributing blood, with nutrients and gases, throughout the body. 4. Show VISUAL AID: Circulatory System. Discuss. Ask students, What other organs and body systems are dependent on the circulatory system? (All of them.) Body systems are interdependent, meaning they function with the assistance of other body systems.

4 LIVING SYSTEMS 5. Ask students, How does the circulatory system obtain oxygen and other gases in order be able to distribute them throughout the body? (By passing through the lungs.) Show VISUAL AID: Respiratory System. Discuss. Again, the two systems are dependent on one another. The lungs need the circulatory system to help distribute the oxygen they take in. The circulatory system needs the respiratory system to provide it with oxygen. 6. Ask students, How does the circulatory system obtain nutrients to feed the body what it needs to grow and repair itself? (The digestive system breaks down the food we eat into usable forms before it enters the bloodstream.) Show VISUAL AID: Digestive System. Discuss. Ask, Do any other body systems need the digestive system? (Yes, all of them need nutrients to maintain, repair and grow.) 7. Show VISUAL AID: Muscular System. Ask students to flex their arm. Now ask them to just think about flexing, but don t actually move. Both involve thinking. What is the difference? Ask students, How do your muscles know to move? (Most muscles are controlled by the nervous system; some, like the heart, is autonomous.) Again, the muscular system is dependent on all the systems named so far and more. Muscles would not be able to do their work if they weren t attached to a structure. Ask, What is that structure? (The skeletal system.) We would be like jellyfish without it. 8. Repeat the process with VISUAL AIDS: Skeletal System, Nervous System, Urinary System, and Other Body Systems. Hand out STUDENT INFORMATION SHEET: Body Systems Descriptions. Discuss the function and interdependence of each system. 9. Divide students into small groups. Explain groups will research a body system, including what the system does, what organs are involved in the system and how it is interdependent with other systems. (NOTE: Depending on class size, groups may need to research more than one body system.) Hand out STUDENT WORKSHEET: Diagramming Body Systems. Groups will need one copy of page 1 for each body system. Groups will need multiple copies of page 2 and page 3 for each body system. In addition, allow students to use the corresponding visual aid for each body system researched. Students should use the information sheet as well as other classroom resources such as textbooks and the Internet to describe the body system, name the organs involved, illustrate the organs and be ready to describe how the system is interdependent. 10. Once students have completed research on body systems, ask each group to share their findings. Display student work. Extension Idea: The website BBC Science: Human Body and Mind offers interactive games about human body systems. Using an Internet search engine, enter the search terms, BBC Science interactive games. Answers: STUDENT LAB: Diagramming Body Systems Student diagrams will vary, but should reflect the information on corresponding visual aids, as well as STUDENT INFORMATION SHEET: Body System Description.

5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM image courtesy of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, wikimedia commons

6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM image courtesy of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, wikimedia commons

7 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM image courtesy of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, wikimedia commons

8 MUSCULAR SYSTEM Dannyphoto80 Dreamstime.com

9 SKELETAL SYSTEM Skull Cranium Spinal Column Cervical Vertebrae (I-VII) Thoracic Vertebrae (T I - T XII) Mandible Clavicle Manubrium Scapula Sternum Ribs Lumbar Vertebrae (L I - L V) Humerus Sacrum Coccyx Ulna Radius Pelvic Girdle Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges image courtesy of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, wikimedia commons

10 NERVOUS SYSTEM brain cerebellum spinal cord Dannyphoto80 Dreamstime.com

11 URINARY SYSTEM inferior vena cava kidney abdominal aorta ureter bladder urethra Maryna Melnyk Dreamstime.com

12 OTHER BODY SYSTEMS Endocrine System hypothalmus pituitary gland pineal gland Gnanavel Subramani Dreamstime.com larynx Integumentary System hair shaft thyroid gland epidermis trachea Guniita Dreamstime.com dermis hair follicle Lymph Node Structure hypodermis Get4net Dreamstime.com Legger Dreamstime.com

13 NAME: BODY SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS body system a group of organs working together to perform a certain task organ a distinct part of an organism that performs one of more particular functions; examples of organs are the eyes, ears, lungs, and heart of an animal, and the roots, stems and leaves of a plant Circulatory System the system of organs that circulates blood through the body carrying nutrients, gases, hormones, and blood cells; in all vertebrates and certain invertebrates, the circulatory system is completely contained within a network of vessels Organs involved: heart, veins, arteries and capillaries Digestive System the system of organs that processes and digests nutrients, breaking them down by mechanical and chemical processes Organs involved: salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus Lymphatic System the system of organs that transfers lymph (fluid that carries bacteria to be destroyed) between tissues and the blood stream; includes the immune system which defends the body against disease-causing agents Organs involved: lymph nodes and vessels, tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen Respiratory System the system of organs used for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (breathing) Nervous System the organ system, made of specialized cells called neurons, that collects and transfers information Organs involved: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and nerves Endocrine System the organ system of glands that regulates communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands Organs involved: hypothalamus glands, pituitary glands, pineal glands, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands Muscular System the system of organs that allows the body to move, controlled through the nervous system; some muscles can be completely autonomous (such as the heart muscle) Organs involved: muscles; cardiac muscle and smooth muscle Skeletal System the system of organs that provides structural support to the body Organs involved: bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons Organs involved: lungs, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, larynx and pharynx Urinary System the system of organs responsible for fluid balance and the excretion of urine Organs involved: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

14 NAME: DIAGRAMMING BODY SYSTEMS Body System What it s responsible for:

15 NAME: DIAGRAMMING BODY SYSTEMS Organ Function: Illustration: Organ Function: Illustration:

16 NAME: DIAGRAMMING BODY SYSTEMS