Research as Discovery: Practical Experiences of Employing Grounded Theory
|
|
- Abel Cook
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Research as Discovery: Practical Experiences of Employing Grounded Theory Abstract This paper is based on two different pieces of research, which employed grounded theory in different ways and in distinct areas of management research. The first used grounded theory to explore the link between direct marketing and relationship marketing. The second used grounded theory as part of an in-depth case study to inform the complex relationships of corporate social responsibility within a business organisation. Whilst both pieces of research were inherently different, they shared one important aspect. Both aimed to understand what was behind the surface of these key themes. Thus, this paper will contribute to the scarce research on how to apply grounded theory in practice. This is an important contribution especially to research students and academics. Keywords: Grounded Theory, Qualitative Research, Inductive Research, Interviews, Case Study, Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility
2 Introduction Grounded theory is becoming more popular in academia, although still considered to be a niche methodology. This paper discusses two pieces of research, both substantive studies for two doctoral theses and both of which successfully employed grounded theory. These studies suggest that a grounded theory methodology can advance innovative, qualitative research. This paper is structured as follows. First, a brief literature review is presented on grounded theory research. Then, the two research studies, which employed grounded theory, are discussed. The paper ends with implications of using grounded theory. Grounded Theory Grounded theory (GT) was initially developed by Glaser & Strauss (1967) in order to address the discovery of theory from data (p. 1). The main aim of GT is to establish an approach for theory to emerge from the data of social research. It was developed during a time when qualitative data analysis was rather unpopular (Charmaz, 2006, p. 4) and also under scrutiny for a lack of scientific rigour (Turner, 1981, p. 225, 1983, p. 333; Goulding, 2005, p. 295). Hence, Glaser & Strauss had qualitative research in mind for which they wanted to provide a systemization of the collection, coding and analysis in order to generate theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967, p. 18). After their joint publication Glaser & Strauss went on to continue developing GT in different ways that led to a methodological split (Melia, 1996; Charmaz, 2000; Boychuk Duchscher & Morgan, 2004; Goulding, 2005; Kelle, 2005; Charmaz, 2006; Mills et al., 2006). Whereas Glaser was an advocate of conducting GT in the purest form by letting the theory emerge from the data and returning to it for verification, Strauss was in favour of a more structured conceptualisation by using a coding paradigm to guide the analysis. This debate that was subsequently named emergence vs. forcing debate, led to the two main stances of GT (Glaser, 1992; Boychuk Duchscher & Morgan, 2004; Kelle, 2005). Glaser believed in the purely inductive nature of GT to absorb the data as data with preconceptions of forcing results (Glaser, 1992, p. 11). This version of GT is defined as a general methodology of analysis linked with data collection that uses a systematically applied set of methods to generate an inductive theory about a substantive area (Glaser, 1992, p. 16). This strand of GT employs mainly constant comparison, in which the new data is compared with existing data to find similarities and differences. These insights are then used to develop and refine the categories used in the analytical process (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1992; Charmaz, 2006). Strauss & Corbin (1998) followed a different path in carrying the development of GT forward. The main idea of Strauss & Corbin is that while they acknowledged that the researcher allows the theory to emerge from the data, it is still necessary to provide some standardization and rigour to the process (Strauss & Corbin, 1998, p. 13). This is done by a formalisation of the data analysis and theory building process, which they structured into coding (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding), theoretical sampling, and memo writing (Strauss & Corbin, 1998; Boychuk Duchscher & Morgan, 2004; Charmaz, 2006). Despite the vehement criticism of Strauss & Corbin s approach by Glaser (1992), it is the more prominent and used stance of grounded analysis (Bryman & Bell, 2003, p. 428). Naturally, there are also some generic criticisms and pitfalls related to the use of GT. First, it is considered to be more suitable for qualitative data rather than, for instance, looking at 1
3 larger scale aspects of social phenomena (Turner, 1981, p. 227). Second, the quality of the research outcome is more dependent on the quality of data and understanding that is developed during the research project, more than for most other modes of social inquiry. Seldén (2005) pointed out a number of issues that a researcher, who is applying GT, needs to be aware of: technically complicated coding procedures, contextual sensitivity, a priori knowledge and preparation, and level of sophistication of the theories (p. 126). Most of these criticisms lie within the theoretical sensitivity and the view that the concepts are not emerging from the data, but that they depend on the knowledge, experience, and skills of the researcher and also the knowledge that had been acquired beforehand and the preparation of the research. While all of the above mentioned objections are valid, and they need to be taken into consideration, they do not present a major obstacle in applying GT (Turner, 1981; Goulding, 2005). Grounded Theory in Practice Glaser & Strauss (1967) explicitly stated that they do not want to coerce the theory s acceptance and called for readers to use the proposed GT strategies in a flexible way. This is confirmed by Charmaz (2006) and Turner (1981), who both suggested that GT is not a methodology that should be followed dogmatically, but instead just outlines a proposition for a procedure. This is the reason for why a common GT approach may lead to different procedural implementations, noticeable in the following examples. Two research projects were carried out, the first finished in 2009, the second in The way in which GT was applied in each of them will be explained next. Study 1 The main aim of this study was to explore if and how direct marketing (DM) can contribute to the development of relationships with customers in the training sector based in Portugal. Significantly, this study focused only on the customers perspective and experiences. Thus, this research explored qualitatively customers perceptions on the link between DM and relationship marketing (RM), in a business-to-business context, using a GT approach. To the best of our knowledge, no other empirical study was found examining this particular combination. The data comprised thirty semi-structured qualitative interviews. The interviews followed a checklist guide, which was tested in three pilot interviews and then refined for the major data collection. The argument of Clough & Nutbrown (2002) was followed in the sense that the schedule guided the interview but did not dictate the path (p.105). The research sample was purposive, consisting of training customers, specifically 24 training directors and six training participants from 30 different companies in Portugal. The interviews were conducted in Portuguese, transcribed, and then translated into English. Since this study aimed to explore interpretations and meanings of an under-researched topic, specifically how training customers perceive the process on the relationship development through DM, GT was chosen (Stroh, 2000). Furthermore, GT is considered especially adequate and efficient to analyse qualitative data. Thus, the nature of this study seemed to require this type of analysis, grounded in customers data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). The seven stages grounded approach of Easterby-Smith et al. (2002) was employed in the data analysis. This rigorous grounded analysis approach fit closely with the GT type of Strauss & Corbin (1998) since several procedures were followed. Memos, diagrams and tables based on Miles & Huberman (1994) were used, complementing the analysis process. Moreover, GT allowed changes across interviews, some questions being added in certain cases when it was 2
4 necessary to follow some new paths/ideas. The way in which these seven stages were followed in practice was based on Elliott (1998) and is explained in Table 1. Familiarisation with data Reflection on the interview data In this first stage transcripts were read while listening to the tapes. The aim was to check carefully if transcripts were correctly made by the company in charge of them. Some word errors were corrected and some spaces filled in. Total confidence on the interview transcripts was achieved. This stage was done at same time as the first. While reading the transcripts and listening to the tapes, some notes in a memo were taken, namely about impressions on interviewees meanings, voice tones, limitations and other general observations. Conceptualisation Many concepts appeared at this stage. All the interviews transcripts were codified, 46 codes being developed. Some pieces of data were in more than one code. The most interesting ideas were underlined and key quotes highlighted in green. Cataloguing concepts Re-Coding Linking Re-Evaluation Table 1: Data analysis of study 1. At this stage data were grouped by code in the computer (word programme). This enabled a close familiarisation with the data. Data were re-read and re-grouped by code, cutting some of them and making some changes in codification of some pieces of data. At this stage codes were reduced to 28. In this phase, tables based on Miles & Huberman (1994) were constructed, with all the codes in the columns, and the interviewees summarised answers in the rows. GT includes the constant comparison method (Goulding, 2005, p. 297), which was followed at this stage, comparing the answers of each interviewee by code. Several patterns and relationships were found at this stage. The tables done in the previous stage, reducing data based on Miles & Huberman (1994) proved to be particularly useful in order to compare interviewees answers and to have a complete picture of the whole data. Transcripts were read for the last time. Some points of the analysis were improved, some details and quotes being added. At this final stage, four main areas emerged distributed by 10 themes (representing four parts in the two findings chapters). A diagram with these main findings was designed, which was then followed in the data analysis chapters. This diagram was a crucial element in the GT process, being extremely helpful in facilitating writing the findings. Complementary analysis tools were used, proving to be really helpful in facilitating and complementing the Easterby-Smith et al. (2002) seven stages grounded analysis approach. More specifically, the list of codes, the tables based in Miles & Huberman (1994), the memos (Goulding, 2002) and the diagram (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) were used. The key findings that emerged from the GT research were that DM appeared to have two key roles: (1) to establish a relationship between customers and training companies, this being dependent on the relevance of DM to the recipients jobs/activities combined with the credibility of the DM source; and (2) DM has a conditional role in the relationship development between customers and training companies. DM only has a role in developing relationships if it is relevant to customers training needs combined with positive perceptions of the past training performance in customers minds. These perceptions are linked to quality and satisfaction, 3
5 customers making an immediate association between the DM source and past training performance. Moreover, other findings emerged, namely two different customer segments, one more relational, the other more transactional-oriented, the key difference between them being the like/dislike for personal contacts. Finally, completely different customer perceptions regarding DM received either in a BTB or in a BTC context strongly and unexpectedly emerged. These findings demonstrate clearly the immense advantages of employing GT, mainly that of allowing the researcher to go further than envisaged, contributing significantly to the DM and RM literature and practices. Study 2 The second study investigated the current state and past development of CSR practices in a UK utility company. There are calls to look at CSR from a different perspective (Gladwin et al., 1995; Bebbington, 2007) and Gladwin et al. (1995) suggested that the very nature of CSR forces management research toward interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary modes of inquiry. The study consisted of a two-phased single case study approach. The first phase was an indepth case study in a business organisation with recognised CSR credentials. This organisation was a UK water business, which operates in an industry characterised both by a high level of regulation and a significant ecological relevance. This phase consisted predominantly of semi-structured interviews, yet also considered some documentary evidence. For the second research phase stakeholders of the case study company were interviewed in order to gain a more holistic perspective of the dynamics of implementing CSR. In order to provide a significant contribution to the existing research a grounded research approach was chosen. This provided the possibility of taking a broader perspective than previous research, which employed existing theoretical frameworks like stakeholder theory or legitimacy theory, which have frequently been used in researching CSR. The GT research process was a cyclical one and included the stages as illustrated in Table 2. Preparation Data collection and initial coding Data collection and coding The first stage included the development of the research questions. The main role of the research questions is to direct the research and set the boundaries. Strauss & Corbin (1998) pointed out that for doing that, the research questions need to be formulated in a way that they are setting the frame in order to develop a theory and to investigate a phenomenon in depth. In directing the research, the research questions are also constantly guiding the literature review that is necessary to build a basis of knowledge in the substantive area and also contribute to the theoretical sensitivity, i.e. the researcher s ability to generate the theory and see relevant data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967, p. 46; Kelle, 2005). The first set of codes was based on the literature review and consciously kept as generic as possible in order to avoid preconceptions limiting analysis. In the initial coding (or open coding according to Strauss & Corbin) the data is used to identify concepts and their properties and dimensions are discovered (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). In this stage the data collection and analysis continued simultaneously. After conducting the interviews, they were subsequently transcribed and coded line by line as described for the initial coding. As the number of interviewees increased, the codes were constantly refined. An essential tool in applying GT is constant comparison. 4
6 Writing up and presentation Table 2: Data analysis of study 2. Incidents and statements were compared within the same interview and also with different interviews, which then allowed identification, linking, and focusing on the important aspects in order to extract them into the theory generation, but also to use these for the generation of new codes. What followed was the focused/selective coding, in which the codes were identified that produced the most amount of data but also the most relevant data. This guided the structure of the analysis and made the work more focused and goal directed. The codes that produced data to a lesser extent were by no means discarded, hoping that they might at some point produce interesting and relevant insights as well. The end of the data collection and analysis cycle is determined by the theoretical saturation of the codes (Glaser & Strauss, 1967, p. 111). This means if after analysing different interviews, codes become saturated, meaning that collecting more data does not provide new theoretical insights (Charmaz, 2006, p. 113), it is unnecessary to continue. At the end, the resulting data needed to be transformed into an analytical text, which proved challenging, as the analysis resulted in a very large document. The key findings that emerged from the GT research were related to the conceptualisation of corporate social responsibility. A number of different theories and perspectives have been applied to the implementation of CSR practices in organisations. For instance, institutional theory, legitimacy theory, organisational theory and stakeholder theory are popular among researchers. Moreover, the different perspectives that were used to analyse CSR include, among others, accounting, marketing, human resources. While all these approaches have led to valuable insights in their own right, they have also obstructed finding new approaches to unsolved problems. As pointed out previously, this is mirrored by academics calling for new perspectives. Specifically, this research identified a systemic complexity and that it is necessary to take a more comprehensive research approach to reflect such complexity. The internal organisational dynamics and the external stakeholder pressures and interactions were important in shaping the CSR implementations. Particularly in terms of the organisational value system, which is determined by the societal perception, the complex interdependencies are evident. Conclusions and Implications Both studies discussed in this paper are quite different in topic, scope and the GT implementation process. The first study looked at the perceptions and feelings of training customers, from different companies across Portugal, regarding the link between DM and RM. The second research employed GT in an in-depth one case study scenario, analysing CSR practices in a UK utility business. Despite the different research designs the advantages of a GT research approach strongly emerged. In both cases, the use of GT allowed the conduct of innovative research, with new perspectives and approaches, leading to novel, interesting and rich research findings. Thus, we suggest that for both research topics that are novel (as in the first study) and established (as in the second) GT can equally result in new findings and indicate further directions for future research. 5
7 References Bebbington, J. (2007). Changing organizational attitudes and culture through sustainability accounting. In: Unerman, J., Bebbington, J. & O'Dwyer, B. (Eds.) Sustainability accounting and accountability. London: Routledge. Boychuk Duchscher, J. E. & Morgan, D. (2004). Grounded theory: reflections on the emergence vs. forcing debate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48, Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2003). Business research methods, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods. In: Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory, London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif., Sage Publications. Clough, P. & Nutbrown, C. (2002). A student s guide to methodology, London, Sage. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. & Lowe, A. (2002). Management research - An Introduction, London, Sage. Elliott, D. (1998). Organisational learning from crisis: an examination of the UK football industry Doctoral Thesis, UK: University of Durham Business School. Gladwin, T. N., Kennelly, J. J. & Krause, T.-S. (1995). Shifting Paradigms for Sustainable Development: Implications for Management Theory and Research. Academy of Management Review, 20, Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research, Hawthorne, N.Y, Aldine de Gruyter. Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis : emergence vs forcing, Mill Valley, Ca, Sociology Press. Goulding, C. (2002). Grounded theory: a practical guide for management, business and market researchers, London, Sage. Goulding, C. (2005). Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenology: A comparative analysis of three qualitative strategies for marketing research. European Journal of Marketing, 39, Kelle, U. (2005). "Emergence" vs. "Forcing" of Empirical Data? A Crucial Problem of "Grounded Theory" Reconsidered. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6. Melia, K. M. (1996). Rediscovering Glaser. Qualitative Health Research, 6, Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook, Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; London, Sage. Mills, J., Bonner, A. & Francis, K. (2006). The Development of Constructivist Grounded Theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5, Seldén, L. (2005). On Grounded Theory - with some malice. Journal of Documentation, 61, Strauss, A. L. & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; London, Sage Publications. Stroh, M. (2000). Qualitative interviewing. In: Burton, D. (Ed.) Research training for social scientists: A handbook for postgraduate researchers. London: Sage. Turner, B. A. (1981). Some practical aspects of qualitative data analysis: One way of organising the cognitive processes associated with the generation of grounded theory. Quality and Quantity, 15, Turner, B. A. (1983). The Use of Grounded Theory for the Qualitative Analysis of Organizational Behaviour. Journal of Management Studies, 20,
What is Grounded Theory? Dr Lynn Calman Research Fellow School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work
What is Grounded Theory? Dr Lynn Calman Research Fellow School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work Grounded theory The aim of grounded theory is: to generate or discover a theory (Glaser and Strauss,
More informationGrounded Theory. 1 Introduction... 1. 2 Applications of grounded theory... 1. 3 Outline of the design... 2
Grounded Theory Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Applications of grounded theory... 1 3 Outline of the design... 2 4 Strengths and weaknesses of grounded theory... 6 5 References... 6 1 Introduction This
More informationThe Relevance of Glaserian and Straussian Grounded Theory Approaches in Researching Human Resource Development
2011 International Conference on Financial Management and Economics IPEDR vol.11 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore The Relevance of Glaserian and Straussian Grounded Theory Approaches in Researching
More informationthrough Portugal Martina McGuinness Dominic Elliott Management School, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK d.elliott@liverpool.ac.
Developing relationships through direct marketing in a business-to-business context: the training sector in Portugal Raquel Reis Faculty of Management and Economics Sciences, Universidade Lusíada de Vila
More informationInterview studies. 1 Introduction... 1. 2 Applications of interview study designs... 2. 3 Outline of the design... 3
Interview studies Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Applications of interview study designs... 2 3 Outline of the design... 3 4 Strengths and weaknesses of interview study designs... 6 5 References... 7 1
More informationA critique of using grounded theory as a research method
A critique of using grounded theory as a research method George Allan Department of Information Systems and Computer Applications, Portsmouth University, UK George.Allan@port.ac.uk Abstract: Grounded Theory
More informationResearch Methods: Qualitative Approach
Research Methods: Qualitative Approach Sharon E. McKenzie, PhD, MS, CTRS, CDP Assistant Professor/Research Scientist Coordinator Gerontology Certificate Program Kean University Dept. of Physical Education,
More informationAnalysing Interview Data
Analysing Interview Data Dr Maria de Hoyos & Dr Sally-Anne Barnes Warwick Institute for Employment Research 15 February 2012 Show of hands Aims of the session To reflect on the nature and purpose of interviews
More informationModernization of Library and Information Science Education through the Enhancement of Intercultural Communication
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML) 4: 359 364, 2013 Modernization of Library and Information Science Education through the Enhancement of Intercultural Communication Sirje Virkus
More informationUsing Grounded Theory in Writing Assessment
Using Grounded Theory in Writing Assessment todd migliaccio and dan melzer california state university, sacramento in What We Really Value: Beyond Rubrics in Teaching and Assessing Writing, Bob Broad (2003)
More informationUse of Grounded Theory in Information Systems Area: An Exploratory Analysis
Use of Grounded Theory in Information Systems Area: An Exploratory Analysis Use of Grounded Theory in Information Systems Area: An Exploratory Analysis José Esteves. Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya,
More informationQUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DR. PRASHANT KUMAR ASTALIN Department of education, DDE, Madurai kamaraj university, Madurai-625021, india. Abstract The design of qualitative research
More informationDYNAMIC SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: APPLYING THE QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
DYNAMIC SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: APPLYING THE QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE Shatina Saad 1, Zulkifli Mohamed Udin 2 and Norlena Hasnan 3 1 Faculty of Business Management, University Technology MARA,
More information3.1 Grounded theory methodology - an overview
Thesis title: An analysis of the relationship between individuals perceptions of privacy and mobile phone location data - a grounded theory study. Andrea Gorra, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK Comments
More informationGrounded Theory and Qualitative Research
Grounded Theory and Qualitative Research DEBORAH R. DILLON What Is Grounded Theory? Grounded theory (GT) is a term used by many researchers to describe a general method of developing theoretical constructs
More informationFrom sampling and choosing cases to analysis in qualitative research
From sampling and choosing cases to analysis in qualitative research Nick Emmel Thinking Critically About Analysis Overview A brief history of sampling in qualitative research Some key lessons for sampling
More informationAssessment: Getting Started with Interviewing Dave Baca, PhD University of Arizona ALA Annual 2006 Why Interview? When interpersonal contact is important When you need more in-depth data When you need
More informationInductive theory generation: A grounded approach to business inquiry
Inductive theory generation: A grounded approach to business inquiry Dr. David Douglas, Business School, Staffordshire University, UK. d.j.douglas@staffs.ac.uk Abstract: Grounded theory has frequently
More informationThe Conditional Relationship Guide and Reflective Coding Matrix - A Review
Article Clarifying Analysis and Interpretation in Grounded Theory: Using a Conditional Relationship Guide and Reflective Coding Matrix Karen Wilson Scott, PhD State University Idaho, USA Dana Howell, PhD,
More informationQUALITATIVE RESEARCH. [Adapted from a presentation by Jan Anderson, University of Teesside, UK]
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH [Adapted from a presentation by Jan Anderson, University of Teesside, UK] QUALITATIVE RESEARCH There have been many debates around what actually constitutes qualitative research whether
More informationThe Impact of Market Orientation and IT Management Orientation on Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Technology Adoption
The Impact of Market Orientation and IT Management Orientation on Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Technology Adoption James E. Richard, Peter C. Thirkell and Sid L. Huff, Victoria University of
More informationOn the attributes of a critical literature review. Saunders, Mark N. K. 1 & Rojon, Céline 2. United Kingdom.
On the attributes of a critical literature review Saunders, Mark N. K. 1 & Rojon, Céline 2 1 School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; 2 Department of Psychology &
More informationFramework Analysis: A Qualitative Methodology for Applied Policy Research. Aashish Srivastava 1. S. Bruce Thomson 2
Framework Analysis: A Qualitative Methodology for Applied Policy Research Aashish Srivastava 1 S. Bruce Thomson 2 Abstract Policies and procedures govern organizations whether they are private or public,
More informationUnderstanding challenges of information security culture: a methodological issue
Understanding challenges of information security culture: a methodological issue Abstract Omar Zakaria Information Security Group, Royal Holloway, University of London E-mail: o.b.zakaria@rhul.ac.uk Although,
More informationPrinciples of Qualitative Research: Designing a Qualitative Study
Principles of Qualitative Research: Designing a Qualitative Study John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Vicki L. Plano Clark, M.S. Objectives As a group activity, to plan a qualitative study on the topic of leadership
More informationQualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis Sample Lecture Pack Code: REM050 Postgraduate Study in Educational and Social Research by Distance Learning This is an extract from a lecture pack for a module offered as part
More informationUsing Case Studies in Research
Biographical Note Professor Jennifer Rowley can be contacted at the School of Management and Social Sciences, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England L39 4QP. by Jennifer Rowley
More informationUsing QSR-NVivo to facilitate the development of a grounded theory project: an account of a worked example
International Journal of Social Research Methodology Vol. 13, No. 4, October 2010, 283 302 Using QSR-NVivo to facilitate the development of a grounded theory project: an account of a worked example Andrew
More informationGrounded Theory Methodology and Its Implications for Human Resources Management Research
Grounded Theory Methodology and Its Implications for Human Resources Management Research Autoria: Eduardo Angonesi Predebon, Cláudia Mônica Ritossa, Paulo Daniel Batista de Sousa, Fabiane Cortez Verdu,
More informationQualitative research: An overview and general issues by Stephanie Tierney (stephanie.tierney@manchester.ac.uk)
Qualitative research: An overview and general issues by Stephanie Tierney (stephanie.tierney@manchester.ac.uk) Enquiry into service users opinions has been denoted as an important area to examine because
More informationIntroduction to Research Methods and Applied Data Analysis Online module
MODULE SPECIFICATION KEY FACTS Module name Introduction to Methods and Applied Data Analysis Online module Module code HRM011 School School of Health Sciences Department or equivalent Health Services and
More informationFINANCE AND ACCOUNTING OUTSOURCING AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THEIR CLIENTS IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING OUTSOURCING AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THEIR CLIENTS IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. Graham Ray, Accounting Lecturer, School of Commerce and Management, Southern
More informationAnalysing Qualitative Data
Analysing Qualitative Data Workshop Professor Debra Myhill Philosophical Assumptions It is important to think about the philosophical assumptions that underpin the interpretation of all data. Your ontological
More informationPost-Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE) Module 3: Individual Project. (Part-time)
Post-Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE) Module 3: Individual Project (Part-time) Page 1 of 7 ifs School of Finance MODULE SPECIFICATION 1. Title Individual Project 2. Start date September
More informationIntroduction to Research Methods and Applied Data Analysis
MODULE SPECIFICATION KEY FACTS Module name Introduction to Research Methods and Applied Data Module code HRM001 School School of Health Sciences Department or equivalent Health Services Research and Management
More informationQualitative Research.
Qualitative Research. What is qualitative research? The goal of qualitative research is the development of concepts which help us to understand social phenomena in natural (rather than experimental) settings,
More informationInterview methods for what purpose? Interviewing for research and analysing qualitative data: An overview (revised May, 2011) The interview method
Interviewing for research and analysing qualitative data: An overview (revised May, 2011) The interview method is a conversation with a purpose Martin Woods School of Health & Social Services Massey University
More information4. Is the study design appropriate for the research question and objectives?
Guidelines for Critical Review of Qualitative Studies Based on Guidelines for Critical Review Form-Qualitative Studies by Law, M., Stewart, D., Letts, L., Pollock, N., Bosch, J., & Westmorland, M., 1998
More informationOverall Module Pass Mark if other than 40% (subject to approval) %
MODULE TITLE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 MODULE LEVEL 7 MODULE CREDIT POINTS 15 SI MODULE CODE 24-7011-00S MODULE JACS CODE L300 SUBJECT GROUP Sociology, Politics and Policy MODULE DELIVERY PATTERN ( as applicable
More informationSSS 955 ADVANCED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA CUA National Catholic School of Social Service Washington, DC 20064 202-319-5458 Fax 202-319-5093 SSS 955 ADVANCED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES I. COURSE PURPOSE
More informationQualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators
The Qualitative Report Volume 15 Number 3 May 2010 754-760 http://www.nova.edu/ssss/qr/qr15-3/qid.pdf Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators Daniel W. Turner, III Nova
More informationInterviews and Focus Groups in Advertising, Public relations and Media
1 Your topic: an essay about interviews and focus groups which has to be from the point of view of my course specialism which is ADVERTISING PUBLIC RELATIONS AND MEDIA! Your desired style of citation:
More informationMeasurement and measures. Professor Brian Oldenburg
Measurement and measures Professor Brian Oldenburg Learning objectives 1. To identify similarities/differences between qualitative & quantitative measures 2. To identify steps involved in choosing and/or
More informationQualitative data acquisition methods (e.g. Interviews and observations) -.
Qualitative data acquisition methods (e.g. Interviews and observations) -. Qualitative data acquisition methods (e.g. Interviews and observations) ( version 0.9, 1/4/05 ) Code: data-quali Daniel K. Schneider,
More informationAppraising qualitative research articles in medicine and medical education
Medical Teacher, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2005, pp. 71 75 Appraising qualitative research articles in medicine and medical education LUC CÔTÉ & JEAN TURGEON Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval
More informationSUBJECT-SPECIFIC CRITERIA
SUBJECT-SPECIFIC CRITERIA Relating to the accreditation of Bachelor s and Master s degree programmes in industrial engineering (as of 09 December 2011) The following specifications complement the ASIIN
More informationHow To Understand The Role Of A Nurse As An Advocate
The Nurse as Advocate: A Grounded Theory Perspective PENNIE SESSLER BRANDEN, PHD, CNM, RN P S B R A N D E N @ A O L. C O M 2 What is a Nurse Advocate? 3 In one sentence, describe the role of the nurse
More informationDr Elspeth McFadzean Elspeth McFadzean 2007
Dr Elspeth McFadzean Strauss and Corbin s coding methodology consists of the following stages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gathering Qualitative Data Organising the Data Fragmenting the Data Categorising the Data Linking
More informationUnderstanding the importance of collecting qualitative data creatively
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2016 Understanding the importance of collecting qualitative data creatively
More informationQualitative Critique: Missed Nursing Care. Kalisch, B. (2006). Missed Nursing Care A Qualitative Study. J Nurs Care Qual, 21(4), 306-313.
Qualitative Critique: Missed Nursing Care 1 Qualitative Critique: Missed Nursing Care Kalisch, B. (2006). Missed Nursing Care A Qualitative Study. J Nurs Care Qual, 21(4), 306-313. Gina Gessner RN BSN
More informationQualitative Data Analysis Week 8 Andre S amuel Samuel
Qualitative Data Analysis Week 8 Andre Samuel Introduction Qualitative research generates a large and cumbersome amount of data Data is usually yg generated from field notes, interview transcripts, focus
More informationGUIDELINES FOR PROPOSALS: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Human Development and Family Studies
Drafted by Lynet Uttal using the Quantitative Research Proposal Guidelines and in consultation with GPC (5/99) GUIDELINES FOR PROPOSALS: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Human Development and Family Studies Overview:
More informationIntercoder reliability for qualitative research
Intercoder reliability for qualitative research You win some, but do you lose some as well? TRAIL Research School, October 2012 Authors Niek Mouter, MSc and Diana Vonk Noordegraaf, MSc Faculty of Technology,
More informationADVANCED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS 7KNIP041. Level: 7KNIP041 M. Credits: Module leader. Dr. Janet Anderson. Tel: 020 7848 3788
ADVANCED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS 7KNIP041 Level: 7KNIP041 M Credits: 30 Module leader Dr. Janet Anderson Tel: 020 7848 3788 Email: janet.anderson@kcl.ac.uk Teaching staff Dr Sarah Donetto Dr. Trish
More informationQualitative methods for analyzing process data. How do we research processes? But then what? Process data (after Mintzberg, 1979)
Qualitative methods for analyzing process data Ann Langley, HEC Montréal AOM PDW, Atlanta Saturday August 12th 2006 How do we research processes? Simple answer: we go out and look Observations in vivo
More informationSTRATEGIC DECISION-MAKING IN A PROFESSIONAL SERVICE FIRM
STRATEGIC DECISION-MAKING IN A PROFESSIONAL SERVICE FIRM Paul Mark Wilson Currie and Brown, St. Brandons House, 29 Great George Street, Bristol, BS1 5QT, UK Mintzberg et al. s (1976) general model of the
More informationIdentifying Risk Factors for Suicide and Barriers to Behavioral Health Care in Military Populations Using Focus Groups
Identifying Risk Factors for Suicide and Barriers to Behavioral Health Care in Military Populations Using Focus Groups Christine Lagana-Riordan, PhD, LCSW-C Shelley Schmissrauter, MPH Alexis Bender, PhD
More informationThe Analysis of Qualitative Data Jane F. Gilgun University of Minnesota, Twin Cities jgilgun@umn.edu March 2004 Revised March 2007
The Analysis of Qualitative Data Jane F. Gilgun University of Minnesota, Twin Cities jgilgun@umn.edu March 2004 Revised March 2007 Learning how to analyze qualitative data is on-going. Those who are just
More informationApplied Interpretation: A Review of Interpretive Description by Sally Thorne
The Qualitative Report Volume 15 Number 6 November 2010 1624-1628 http://www.nova.edu/ssss/qr/qr15-6/stgeorge.pdf Applied Interpretation: A Review of Interpretive Description by Sally Thorne Sally St.
More informationExamining Washback in Multi exam Preparation Classes in Greece: (A Focus on Teachers Teaching practices)
Examining Washback in Multi exam Preparation Classes in Greece: (A Focus on Teachers Teaching practices) Irini Papakammenou EALTA CONFERENCE TURKEY 2013 24 May 2013 Structure of the Presentation Introduction
More informationReview of Literature
Topic 3 Review of Literature LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define what is review of literature; 2. Identify the importance of a good literature review; 3. List the
More informationDissertation Concept Paper. Timothy M. Eklin. Antioch University. Ph.D. in Leadership and Change Program. Submitted. March 2, 2011
Running head: DISSERTATION CONCEPT PAPER 1 Dissertation Concept Paper Timothy M. Eklin Antioch University Ph.D. in Leadership and Change Program Submitted March 2, 2011 DISSERTATION CONCEPT PAPER 2 Dissertation
More informationCHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY. 3.1. Introduction. emerging markets can successfully organize activities related to event marketing.
Event Marketing in IMC 44 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction The overall purpose of this project was to demonstrate how companies operating in emerging markets can successfully organize activities
More informationGrounded theory methodology
Chapter 7 Grounded theory methodology Learning objectives After reading this chapter, you will have an understanding of: the aims and objectives of grounded theory methodology the basic principles that
More informationPerceptions of participants on the certificate course for distance education practitioners: Botswana Case Study R. K. Masalela, University of Botswana
Perceptions of participants on the certificate course for distance education practitioners: Botswana Case Study R. K. Masalela, University of Botswana kmasalela@gmail.com Abstract This study qualitatively
More informationQualitative Data Analysis
Trent Focus for Research and Development in Primary Health Care Qualitative Data Analysis ANNE LACEY DONNA LUFF TRENT FOCUS QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS AUTHORS: Anne Lacey School of Health and Related Research
More informationGuidelines for Critical Review Form: Qualitative Studies (Version 2.0)
Guidelines for Critical Review Form: Qualitative Studies (Version 2.0) Letts, L., Wilkins, S., Law, M., Stewart, D., Bosch, J., & Westmorland, M., 2007 Introduction These guidelines accompany the Critical
More informationDeveloping Critical Thinking: Student Perspectives LILAC 10 Discussion Paper Dr Angus Nurse, University of Lincoln
Developing Critical Thinking: Student Perspectives LILAC 10 Discussion Paper Dr Angus Nurse, University of Lincoln SUMMARY/ABSTRACT This discussion paper relates to the interim findings of a research project
More informationMgt 540 Research Methods Section 2 Qualitative Research
Mgt 540 Research Methods Section 2 1 How do you see the world? I and the Village Chagall, Marc, 1911 2 Web sites for qualitative research http://www.qualitative-research.net/ http://www.nova.edu/ssss/qr/qualres.html
More informationFormal and informal feedback in management accounting
Hanna Pitkänen Turku School of Economics, Finland Kari Lukka Turku School of Economics, Finland Formal and informal feedback in management accounting Taking a look beyond the balanced scorecard Research
More informationMRS Diploma in Market & Social Research Practice Full Syllabus & Assessment Guidelines
MRS Diploma in Market & Social Research Practice Full Syllabus & Assessment Guidelines Effective from June 2012 Assessment With members in more than 60 countries, MRS is the world s leading authority on
More informationHow organisational idenities slowed down speedy requisitions
Prepublication draft document for oral presentation at the BSA Medical Sociology Conference, York Sept. 2002. Please do not cite without prior permission of the authors. JetRek How organisational idenities
More information38 Int. J. Voc. Tech. Educ.
Vol. 5(3), pp. 37-41, September, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/IJVTE2013.0119 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/ijvte International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education Full Length Research
More informationSchool of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Health Administration. DHA 003 Requirements
School of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Health Administration The mission of the Doctor of Health Administration degree program is to develop healthcare leaders by educating them in the areas of active inquiry,
More informationCase study as a research strategy: Investigating extreme weather resilience of construction SMEs in the UK
Case study as a research strategy: Investigating extreme weather resilience of construction SMEs in the UK Gayan Wedawatta School of the Built Environment, the University of Salford, UK g.s.d.wedawatta@edu.salford.ac.uk
More informationGrounded Theory in Medical Education Research
Tavakol M, Torabi S, Zeinaloo AA. Grounded theory in medical Grounded Theory in Medical Education Research Mohsen Tavakol, PhD *, Sima Torabi, PhD, Ali Akbar Zeinaloo, MD * * Educational Development Centre,
More informationTHE STANDARD FOR DOCTORAL DEGREES IN LAW AT THE FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ
THE FACULTY OF LAW THE STANDARD FOR DOCTORAL DEGREES IN LAW AT THE FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ Guidelines for the Faculty of Law in Tromsø, adopted by the Faculty Board on 31 May 2010. 1 Background
More informationThis article is the fourth in a series that aims to assist nurses working. Research and diabetes nursing. Part 4: Qualitative designs.
Research and diabetes nursing. Part 4: Qualitative designs Article points 1. Qualitative research is a broad term that covers a number of diverse approaches which seek to understand by means of exploration,
More informationResearch Methods Carrie Williams, (E-mail: Carrie.Williams@nnsa.doe.gov), Grand Canyon University
Research Methods Carrie Williams, (E-mail: Carrie.Williams@nnsa.doe.gov), Grand Canyon University ABSTRACT This paper discusses three common research approaches, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods,
More informationCase study research design
Case study research design Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Applications of case study design... 3 3 Outline of the design... 3 4 Strengths and weaknesses of case study designs... 9 5 References... 10 1
More informationUsing Qualitative Methods for Monitoring and Evaluation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this
More informationSchool of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Education In Educational Leadership With A Specialization In Educational Technology. EDD/ET 003 Requirements
School of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Education In Educational Leadership With A Specialization In Educational Technology The mission of the Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership degree program
More informationMethodological Issues for Interdisciplinary Research
J. T. M. Miller, Department of Philosophy, University of Durham 1 Methodological Issues for Interdisciplinary Research Much of the apparent difficulty of interdisciplinary research stems from the nature
More informationQualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering. by Carolyn B. Seaman
Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering by Carolyn B. Seaman Overview topics of the paper qualitative methods data collection methods participant observation interviewing coding
More informationA General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data. David R. Thomas University of Auckland
10.1177/1098214005283748 American Thomas / Analyzing Journal of Qualitative Evaluation / Evaluation June 2006Data Method Notes This section includes shorter papers (e.g., 10-15 double-spaced manuscript
More informationSchool of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Management In Organizational Leadership. DM 004 Requirements
School of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Management In Organizational Leadership The mission of the Doctor of Management in Organizational Leadership degree program is to develop the critical and creative
More informationTHE ACCEPTANCE AND ADOPTION OF DATA ANALYTICS BY EXTERNAL AUDITORS
THE ACCEPTANCE AND ADOPTION OF DATA ANALYTICS BY EXTERNAL AUDITORS : A view from practice Master Thesis Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Accountancy and Control
More informationSocial Media Marketing Strategy in Organizations: A South African Case Study
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) GlobDev 2014 Proceedings Annual Workshop of the AIS Special Interest Group for ICT in Global Development 12-14-2014 Social Media Marketing
More informationTOOL D14 Monitoring and evaluation: a framework
TOOL D14 Monitoring and evaluation: a framework 159 TOOL D14 Monitoring and evaluation: a framework TOOL D14 For: About: Purpose: Use: Resource: Commissioners in primary care trusts (PCTs) and local authorities
More informationUSING CONCEPT MAPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology Proc. the First Int. Conference on Concept Mapping Pamplona, Spain 2004 USING CONCEPT MAPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Barbara J. Daley, University Wisconsin Milwaukee
More informationSTAGE 1 COMPETENCY STANDARD FOR PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
STAGE 1 STANDARD FOR PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER ROLE DESCRIPTION - THE MATURE, PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER The following characterises the senior practice role that the mature, Professional Engineer may be expected
More informationLONDON SCHOOL OF COMMERCE. Programme Specifications for the. Cardiff Metropolitan University. MSc in International Hospitality Management
LONDON SCHOOL OF COMMERCE Programme Specifications for the Cardiff Metropolitan University MSc in International Hospitality Management 1 Contents Programme Aims and Objectives 3 Programme Learning Outcomes
More informationSyllabus for course at advanced level
Syllabus for course at advanced level Master's Dissertation in Marketing Masteruppsats i marknadsföring 30.0 Higher Education Credits 30.0 ECTS credits Course code: FE5957 Valid from: Autumn 2015 Date
More informationIHTE-1800 Research methods: Case and action research. Sari Kujala, spring 2007
IHTE-1800 Research methods: Case and action research Sari Kujala, spring 2007 Contents Introduction Case study research - What it is? When to apply? - Process - Improving the quality Action study - What
More informationLess is more: the executive coach s experience of working on the telephone. Moira McLaughlin
Less is more: the executive coach s experience of working on the telephone Moira McLaughlin This presentation focuses on: Background and rationale to the study (why) Methodology (what and how) Main findings
More informationInternational Review of Business Research Papers Vol. 4 No.3 June 2008 Pp.246-255
International Review of Business Research Papers Vol. 4 No.3 June 2008 Pp.246-255 Mixing Methods to Investigate the Effective Engagement of Management Consultants Tim O Shannassy This paper recognizes
More informationDoctor of Education - Higher Education
1 Doctor of Education - Higher Education The University of Liverpool s Doctor of Education - Higher Education (EdD) is a professional doctoral programme focused on the latest practice, research, and leadership
More informationCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Dr. Joseph C. Blankenship, Youngstown State University, joe.blankenship@comcast.net, ABSTRACT Today s competitive business environments require
More informationLoyalty. Social. Listening
Loyalty Social Listening Listen Understand Engage We integrate Social Listening data with existing research and other data to help our clients drive brand preference and customer loyalty Loyalty Social
More informationQualitative Research. A primer. Developed by: Vicki L. Wise, Ph.D. Portland State University
Qualitative Research A primer Developed by: Vicki L. Wise, Ph.D. Portland State University Overview In this session, we will investigate qualitative research methods. At the end, I am hopeful that you
More information