Seismic Design, Assessment and Retrofitting of Concrete Buildings
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1 Seismic Design, Assessment and Retrofitting of Concrete Buildings Based on EN-Eurocode8 by MICHAEL N. FARDIS Department ofcivil Engineering, University ofpatras, Greece ~ Springer
2 Contents 1 General Principles for the Design ofconcrete Buildings fur Earthquake Resistance. 1.1 Seismic Performance Requirements for Concrete Buildings Tbe Current Situation: Emphasis on Life Safety Performance-Based Requirements Performance-Based Seismic Design, Assessment or Retrofitting According to Eurocode Performance-Based Design Aspects of Current US Codes. 1.2 Force-Based Seismic Design Force-Based Design for Energy-Dissipation and Ductility Force-Based Dimensioning of Ductile "Dissipative Zones" and of Other Regions of Members. 1.3 Control of Tnelastic Seismic Response Through Capacity Design The Rationale of Capacity Design The Importance of a Stiff and Strong Vertical Spine in a Building. Overview of Capacity-Design-Based Seismic Design Procedure. Capacity Design of Co1umns in Flexure Design of Ductile Walls in Flexure... Capacity Design of Members Against Pre-emptive Shear Failure The Options of Strength or Ductility in Earthquake-Resistant Design Ductility as an Alternative to Strength The Trade-Off Between Strength and Ductility - Ductility Classification in Seismic Design Codes Behaviour Factor q of Concrete Buildings Designed for Energy Dissipation ] ] xvii
3 xviii Contents 2 Conceptual Design of Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Resistance Principles and Rules for the Conceptual Design of Building Structures The lmportance of Conceptual Design for Earthquake Resistance Fundamental Attributes of a Good Structural Layout Clear Lateral-Load-Resisting System Simplicity and Unifonnity in the Geometry of the Lateral-Load-Resisting System Symmetry and Regularity in Plan Torsional Stiffness About a Vertical Axis Geometry, Mass and Lateral Stiffness Regular in Elevation Lateral Resistance Characterised by Regularity in Elevation Redundancy of the Lateral Load Resisting System Continuity of the Force Path, Without Local Concentrations of Stresses and Deformation Demands Effective Horizontal Connection of Vertical Elements by Floor Diaphragms at All Floor Levels Minimal Total Mass Absence of Adverse Effects of Elements Not Considered As Part of the Lateral-Load Resisting System and of Masonry Infills in Particular Frame, Wall or Dual Systems for Concrete Buildings Seismic Behaviour and Conceptual Design of Frame Systems Seismic Behaviour and Conceptual Design of Wall Systems Dual Systems offrames and Walls The Special Case of Flat-Slab Frames Conceptual Design of Shallow (Spread) Foundation Systems for Earthquake-Resistance lntroduction Foundation of the Entire Building at the Same Level The Options for Shallow Foundation Systems Capacity Design of the Foundation A Look into the Future for the Seismic Design of Foundations Examples of Seismic Performance of Buildings with Poor Structural Layout Introductory Remarks Collapse of Wing of Apartment Building in the Athens 1999 Earthquake
4 Contents xix Collapse of Four-Storey Hotel Building in the Aegio (GR) 1995 Earthquake. Collapse of Six-Storey Apartment Building in the Aegio (GR) 1995 Earthquake Concrete Members Under Cyclic Loading The Materials and Their Interaction Reinforcing Steel The Concrete Interaction Between Reinforcing Bars and Concrete Concluding Remarks on the Behaviour of Concrete Materials and Their Interaction Under Cyclic Loading Concrete Members The Mechanisms of Force Transfer in Concrete Members: Flexure, Shear and Bond Flexura1 Behaviour at the Cross-Sectional Level Flexural Behaviour at the Member Level Behaviour of Members Under Cyc1ic Shear Cyclic Behaviour of Squat Members, Controlled by Flexure-Shear Interaction Joints in Frames Force Transfer Mechanisms in Concrete Joints: Bond and Shear The Bond Mechanism of Force Transfer in Joints Force Transfer Within Joints Through the Shear Mechanism Analysis and Modelling for Seismic Design or Assessment of Concrete Buildings Scope of Analysis in Codified Seismic Design or Assessment Analysis for the Purposes ofseismic Design Analysis for Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting The Seisrnic Action fot the Analysis Elastic Spectra Design Spectrum for Forced-Based Design with Linear Analysis Linear Static Analysis Fundamentals and Conditions of Applicability Fundamental Period and Base Shear Pattern of Lateral Forces Modal Response Spectrum Analysis Modal Analysis and lts Results 31 (i
5 xx Contents Minimum Number of Modes Combination of Modal Results Linear Analysis for the Vertical Seisrnic Action Component When is the Vertical Component Important and Should Be Taken Into Account? Special Linear Static Analysis Approach for the Vertical Component... Nonlinear Analysis Nonlinear Static ("Pushover") Analysis Nonlinear Dynamic (Response- or Time-History) Analysis Concluding Remarks on the Nonlinear Analysis Methods Combination of the Maximum Effects of the Individual Seismic Action Components The Two Options: The SRSS and the Linear Approximation Combination of the Effects of the Seismic Action Components in Dimensioning for Vectorial Action Effects Analysis for Accidental Torsional Effects Accidental Eccentricity Estimation of the Effects of Accidental Eccentricity Through Linear Static Analysis Combination of Accidental Eccentricity Effects Due to the Two Horizontal Components of the Seismic Action for Linear Analysis., Simplitied Estimation of Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Eurocode 8 for Planwise Symmetric Lateral Stiffness and Mass., Accidental Eccentricity in Nonlinear Analysis. Modeling of Buildings for Linear Analysis The Level of Discretisation Effective Elastic Stiffness of Concrete Members Modelling of Beams and Columns Special Modelling Aspects for Walls Modelling of Floor Diaphragms A Special Case in Modelling: Concrete Staircases nd-Order (P-A) Effects Modelling of Masonry Intills Modelling of Foundation Elements and of Soil Compliance..... Modelling of Buildings for Nonlinear Analysis Nonlinear Models for Concrete Members Nonlinear Modelling of Masonry Intills Modelling offoundation Uplift
6 Contents Special Provisions of Eurocode 8 for Nonlinear Analysis Example Applications of Nonlinear Analysis in 3D and Comparison with Measured Dynamic Response Calculatiun of Displacement and Deformation Demands Estimatiun uf Inelastic Displacements and Deformations Through Linear Analysis Evaluation of the Capability uf Linear Analysis to Predict Inelastic Deformation Demands... "Primary" V "Secondary Members" for Earthquake Resistance Definition and Roje of "Primary" and "Secondary Members" Constraints on the Designation of Members as "Secondary" Special Design Requirements for "Secondary Members" in New Buildings Guidance on the Use of the Facility of "Secondary Members" Modelling of "Secondary Members" in the Analysis xxi Detailing and Dimensioning of New Buildings in Eurocode Introduction "Critical Regions" in Ductile Elements Geometry, Detailing and Special Dimensioning Rules in Eurocode 8: An Overview. 5.2 Curvature Ductility Requirements According to Eurocode Detailing Rules for Local Ductility of Concrete Members Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement Throughout a Beam Maximum Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio in "Critical Regions" of Beams Confining Reinforcement in "CriticaJ Regions" of Primary Columns and Ductile Walls Boundary Elements at Section Edges in "Critical Regions" of Ductile Walls Detailing and Dimensioning of Beam-Column Joints Maximum Diameter of Longitudinal Beam Bars Crossing or Anchored at Beam-Column Joints Verification of Beam-Column Joints in Shear 5.5 Special Dimensioning Rules far Shear...' Dimensioning of Shear Reinforcement in "Critical Regions" of Beams or Columns Inclined Reinforcement Against Sliding Shear in "Critical Regions" of DC H Beams Shear Verification of Ductile Walls uf DC H
7 xxii Contents 5.6 Systems of "Large Lightly Reinforced Walls" in Eurocode Definitions Dimensioning of "Large Lightly Reinforced Walls" for the ULS in Bending and Axial Force Dimensioning of "Large Lightly Reinforced Walls" for the ULS in Shear Detailing of the Reinforcement in "Large Lightly Reinforced Walls" Implementation of Detailed Design of a Building Structure The Sequence of Operations in Detailed Design for Ductility Detailed Design of Beam and Joints Detailed Design of Columns Detailed Design of Ductile Walls Application Examples Storey Frame Building on Spread Footings Storey Wall Building with Box Foundation and Flat Slab Frames Taken as Secondary Elements Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Concrete Buildings 6.1 Introduction Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Concrete Buildings System and Layout Aspects and Deficiencies Common Deficiencies and Failure Modes of Concrete Members The Predicament of Force-Based Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting Seismic Performance Requirements and Criteria for Existing or Retrofitted Buildings. 6.5 Performance- and Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting in Eurocode Introduction Performance Requirements Information on the As-Built Geometry, Materials and Reinforcement Seismic Analysis and Models Estimation of Force Demands by Capacity Design In Lieu of Linear Analysis Verification Criteria for Existing, Retrofitted, or New Members Masonry Infills in Assessment and Retrofitting Force-Based Assessment and Retrofitting (the "q-factor Approach") Liability Questions in Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting
8 Contents xxiii 6.7 Retrofitting Strategies General Guidelines Reduction of Seismic Action Effects Through Retrofitting Upgrading ofmember Capacities Completeness of the Load-Path Retrofitting Techniques far Concrete Members Repair of Damaged Members Concrete Jacketing Jackets of Extemally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) Steel Jacketing Stiffening and Strengthening uf the Structure as a Whole Introduction Addition of New Concrete Walls Addition of a New Bracing System in Steel Application Case Studies Seismic Retrofitting of SPEAR Test-Structure with RC or FRP Jackets Seismic Retrofitting of Theatre Building with RC and FRP Jackets and New Walls Epilogue: Some Ideas for Performance- and Displacement-Based Seismic Design ofnew Buildings References.. Colour Plates. Index
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