Value Based Marketing of Cattle
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1 Value Based Marketing of Cattle Dillon M. Feuz University of Nebraska-Lincoln
2 Presentation Overview What is Value based pricing? Provide pricing examples What is being rewarded/discounted?
3 Packer Bid Process Profit = Total Revenue - Total Cost Profit/head = [(P meat X Q meat ) + (P byproducts X Q byproducts )] - [(P cattle X Q cattle ) - Costs] Bid Price cattle = [(P meat X Q meat ) + (P byproducts X Q byproducts ) - Costs - Profit Target] / Q cattle Price of meat = f(quality grade) Quantity of meat = f(yield grade, dressing %)
4 Marketing Methods Live Weight Average price based on live animal weight All cattle in pen receive the same price All cattle in several pens may receive the same price (show list pricing) Buyer estimates carcass weight (dressing %) Buyer estimates quality grade and yield grade Quality Grade (Prime, Choice, Select, Standard) Yield Grade (1-5)
5 Live Weight Marketing
6 Marketing Methods Dressed Weight Average price based on actual carcass weight Seller bears risk of (dressing %) All cattle in pen receive the same price All cattle in several pens may receive the same price (show list pricing) Buyer estimates quality grade and yield grade Quality Grade (Prime, Choice, Select, Standard) Yield Grade (1-5)
7 Marketing Method Value Based Marketing Price based on individual animal carcass merit Quality Grade Yield Grade Conformance Seller bears risk of Dressing Percent Seller bears risk of quality grade & yield grade
8 Carcass Merit Pricing Quality Grades Marbling Maturity Yield Grades Fat Muscling Weight
9 Example Grid Prices in $/cwt Carcass YG 1 YG 2 YG 3 YG 4 YG 5 Prime CAB Choice Base Select Standard Non-Conforming
10 Premiums Yield Grade 1 & 2 Generally Fixed $0-6 Prime and Upper 2/3 Choice Generally Fixed $0-15
11 Discounts Select Varies with market conditions $0-18 Standard or No Roll Generally fixed from Select $5-20 Yield Grade 4 & 5 Varies with market conditions $10-25
12 Discounts Light Weight or Heavy Weight Carcasses Less than 550 or greater than lbs. Generally fixed $10-25 Out Cattle Dark cutters, bullocks, hard bones Generally fixed $15-25
13 Alternative Base Prices More Important than Premiums/Discounts Based on Plant Averages Base on other markets Last Week s Cash Futures Market Box Beef Negotiated
14 Plant Average Base Prices $8 Choice-Select Spread $100 Dressed Price Plant A 50% Choice Plant B 75% Choice Pen of Cattle Prime +$6 $110 $108 2% CAB +$1 $105 $103 8% Choice $104 $102 55% Select $96 $94 33% Std -$10 $86 $84 2% Plant A Net Price = $ Plant B Net Price = $ 99.20
15 Plant Average Base Prices Same pen of cattle valued differently at different plants Value is established relative to other cattle Creates mistrust between cattle producers and packers
16 Formula Base Prices Are not negotiated Do not contribute to price discovery Add to Captive Supplies
17 Do you know the value of your feeder cattle? Feedlot Performance Carcass Merit
18 Performance Example Low 1/3 Middle 1/3 High 1/3 Profit ADG Final Weight Dress Percent % Choice -$ $ $
19 Performance Example Days 12% Other 8% Quality Grade 33% Dressing % 20% ADG 27%
20 Pricing Example 10 pens of calf fed steers Angus sired - black hided Fed at one feedlot Sales simulated over 2 time period 2 grids dressed price live price
21 Carcass Characteristics Average Maximum Minimum Live Weight Carcass Weight Dressing Percent Percent Choice Yield Grade
22 Revenue Comparison Pricing Method Average Revenue Period 1 Period 2 # of pens most profitable Average Revenue # of pens most profitable Grid A Grid B Dressed Live
23 Pricing Example 6 Pens of Cattle (Net Grid Prices, $/cwt) HCW Com Grid YG Grid $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $97.52 $ $93.69 $95.72 %Choice %YG1-2 %Outs QG Grid $ $ $ $ $95.84 $91.55
24 Research Question What economic signals are being sent to producers who are selling on alternative value based grid pricing systems? 3 value based pricing systems analyzed over 6 marketing dates
25 Methodology Profit Showlist = Dressed Price X Dressed Weight - Feeding Costs - Feeder Price X Feeder Weight Profit Grid = Grid Price f(carcass Characteristics) X Dressed Weight - Feeding Costs - Feeder Price X Feeder Weight Grid Price = Dressed Price + Price Premium/Discount f(carcass Characteristics)
26 Methodology Profit Grid - Profit Showlist = Price Premium/Discount f(carcass Characteristics) X Dressed Weight Profit Differential = Price Premium/Discount f(carcass Characteristics) Dressed Weight This is a short-run analysis
27 Methodology Profit Grid - Profit Showlist = [Grid Price f(carcass Characteristics) X Dressed Weight f(mgmt) - Feeding Costs f(mgmt) - Feeder Price f(mgmt) X Feeder Weight f(mgmt)] -[Dressed Price X Dressed Weight f(mgmt) - Feeding Costs f(mgmt) - Feeder Price f(mgmt) X Feeder Weight f(mgmt) This would be the long-run situation
28 Data 85 pens of cattle (5,520 head) Individual carcass data weight, marbling, fat, rib eye, KPH, outs Three different value based pricing systems Six different marketing dates Choice - Select price spread
29 Prices & Grading 2/6/98 2/21/97 6/20/97 12/19/97 10/24/97 12/6/96 Nebraska Dressed Price $98.47 $ $ $ $107.85$ Choice-Select Carcass Spread $1.15 $3.26 $5.62 $7.85 $10.13 $15.81 US Carcass % Grading Choice USDA Rg7-8 % Grading Choice USDA Rg7-8 % Yield Grade USDA Rg7-8 % Yield Grade
30 Premiums & Discounts ($/cwt.) 2/6/98 2/21/97 6/20/97 12/19/97 10/24/97 12/6/96 Nebraska Dressed Price Grid A Base Average Premium/Discount Maximum Premium/Discount Minimum Premium/Discount Grid B Base Average Premium/Discount Maximum Premium/Discount Minimum Premium/Discount Grid C Base Average Premium/Discount Maximum Premium/Discount Minimum Premium/Discount
31 Procedure VBP ' b 0 % b 1 Marbling % b 2 Marbling 2 % b 3 Marbling 3 % b 4 Fat % b 5 Fat 2 % b 6 Ribeye % b 7 KPH % b 8 Weight % b 9 Out % e Estimated this equation for each grid and each time period Used Seemingly Unrelated Regression Procedure to correct for contemporaneously correlated errors across grids
32 Regression Results Marbling Significant, Positive, Non-linear Varies across grid Varies over time
33 Impact of Marbling on Premiums/Discounts 40 Premium/Discount ($/cwt.) B C A Marbling Score
34 Current Grading System Premium/Discount ($/cwt) Impact of Marbling on Price Predicted Response vs Grid Prices Standard Low Choice Select Upper 2/3 Choice Prime Marbling and Quality Grade
35 Regression Results Fat Thickness Significant, Negative, Non-linear Fairly stable over time Varies across grids
36 Impact of Fat on Premiums/Discounts 5 Premiun/Discount ($/cwt) Grid C Grid A Grid B Inches of Fat
37 Regression Results Rib Eye Area Significant (grid B & C), Positive Stable over time Varies across grid
38 Regression Results Kidney-Pelvic-Heart Fat Non-Significant
39 Regression Results Carcass Weight Statistically Significant (some of the time) This analysis looked at Price Differences, not Revenue or Profit Differences Carcass Weight very important in Revenue and Profit comparisons
40 Regression Results Out Cattle (Non-Conformance) Significant, Negative Stable over time Grid B different than Grids A & C
41 Summary Are value based pricing systems the answer? They do send the appropriate signals Signals vary over time and across systems Increase risk to cattle sellers If base is not negotiated, contributes to captive supply
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