Entropy of Telugu. Introduction. Venkata Ravinder Paruchuri Computer Science Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
|
|
- Cuthbert Eaton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Entropy of Telugu Venkata Ravinder Paruchuri Computer Science Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Abstract: This paper presents an investigation of the entropy of the Telugu script. Since this script is syllabic, and not alphabetic, the computation of entropy is somewhat complicated. Introduction Indian languages are highly phonetic; i.e. the pronunciation of new words can be reliably predicted from their written form. A background to Indian scripts is given in [1]-[6]. Indian scripts are highly systematic in their arrangement of sounds, and the milieu in which they arose is provided in papers on early Indian science [7]-[11]. From the evidence available at this time it may be assumed that the 3 rd millennium BC Indus script evolved into the Brahmi script of late centuries BC which, in turn, evolved into the different Indian modern Scripts. Structurally, all the Indian scripts are thus closely related although their forms may look quite different. The Brahmi script is also the parent to Southeast Asian scripts. The alphabets of Indian languages are classified into consonants, vowels and other symbols. An akshara or syllable consists of 0, 1, 2 or 3 consonants and a vowel or other symbol. Each akshara can be pronounced independently. Alphabets of all the Indian languages are derived from the Brahmi script. In all the Indian languages there are 33 common consonants and 15 common vowels. In addition, there are 3-4 consonants and 2-3 vowels that are specific to each language, but not very significant in practice. Words are made up of one or more aksharas. If an akshara consists of more than one consonant, they are called samyuktakshara. The similarity in alphabet is not extended in graphical form which is used for printing. Each language uses different scripts, which consists of different graphemes. There are about major scripts in India among which Devanagari is the most widely used. Different languages have different statistical characteristics. Some have an over line for the entire word, while some have not touching graphemes. The vowels and the supporting consonants in samyuktakshara can appear on the left, right, above, below or in combinations to the main consonant.
2 Examples: Over line Non Touching जम म -कश म र పద మవ భ షణ Entropy Entropy of the language is the measure of disorder associated with the system. For a random variable X with n outcomes, the Shannon entropy, a measure of uncertainty and denoted by H(X), is defined as Entropy of the English language is calculated by taking into consideration, the 26 alphabets and space character and leaving out the punctuation. Entropy of Telugu language is computed by converting the Telugu language into English language using some software s and then using the above mentioned formula to compute it. The entropy in Telugu language is computed in two ways. By converting it to English and then considering them as English letters By converting it to English and then considering them as Telugu letters. To understand the conversion of Telugu into English font, here are some of the examples: క ర లయ౦ ప రత ప ద ౦చ నట ల ప ద మవ భ షణ వయస స pratipadimcinatlu padmavibhushan^ vayassu స ధ మ న౦త sadhyamainamta In the first method, after converting them into English font, they are considered as English alphabets, i.e. padmavibhushan^ is considered as a sequence of characters containing p, a, d, m, a, v, i, b, h, U, S, h, a, N, ^. In the Telugu language, the alphabets
3 are case sensitive as each has different meaning. The frequencies of each letter are shown in the table 1. Table 1: Frequencies of alphabets in Telugu language Alphabets Frequencies (%) Alphabets Frequencies (%) A A 6.13 B 0.99 B 0.00 C 1.98 C 0.00 D 2.47 D 1.35 E 1.30 E 1.77 F 0.04 F 0.00 G 1.52 G 0.00 H 3.31 H 0.00 I 6.81 I 1.03 J 0.78 J 0.04 K 3.92 K 0.00 L 3.57 L 0.69 M 2.01 M 3.67 N 4.66 N 0.25 O 0.49 O 1.46 P 2.68 P 0.04 Q 0.00 Q 0.01 R 3.31 R 0.06 S 2.46 S 0.29 T 2.97 T 1.41 U 5.65 U 0.07
4 V 2.43 V 0.01 W 0.00 W 0.00 X 0.00 X 0.00 Y 1.86 Y 0.00 Z 0.00 Z 0.00 Space ^ 0.46 The above results are calculated based on 10,000 characters and the frequencies are rounded off to 2 decimal points. In the next method, after converting them to English font, they are considered as Telugu syllables as opposed to English alphabets in method one. In this approach, the words are partitioned on the basis of Telugu syllables. Some examples are shown below. padmavibhushan^ sadhyamainamta pa, dma, vi, bhu, Sha, N^ ka, rya, la, yam sa, dhya, mai, nam, ta The frequencies of each syllable according to the given text are computed and then the entropy of the language is calculated. In this case we are considering one syllable at a time and the entropy of the language calculated is approximately 5.98 for the 10,000 characters that I have considered. We have continued this method for finding the entropy of Telugu language by considering two syllables at a time to decrease the entropy of the language. In this approach, the words are partitioned on the basis of Telugu syllables. Some examples are shown below. padmavibhushan^ sadhyamainamta padma, dmavi, vibhu, bhusha, ShaN^ karya, ryala, layam sadhya, dhyamai, mainam, namta In this case the entropy of the language is calculated to be 3.98 approximately for the same 10,000 characters. In the next step, we found the entropy of Telugu language by considering three syllables at a time. In this approach, the words are partitioned on the basis of Telugu syllables. Some examples are shown below.
5 padmavibhushan^ sadhyamainamta padmavi, dmavibhu, vibhusha, bhushan^ karyala, ryalayam sadhyamai, dhyamainam, mainamta In this case the entropy of the language is calculated to be approximately for the same 10,000 characters. In the next step, we found the entropy of Telugu language by considering four syllables at a time. In this approach, the words are partitioned on the basis of Telugu syllables. Some examples are shown below. padmavibhushan^ sadhyamainamta padmavibhu, dmavibhusha, vibhushan^ sadhyamainam, dhyamainamta In this case the entropy of the language is calculated to be approximately for the same 10,000 characters. We continued this process for up to six syllables and the entropy of the language when 5 syllables and 6 syllables are considered is calculated. The entropy of language for 5 syllables is The entropy of language for 6 syllables is All the results are represented diagrammatically using graphs in the results section. Results This graph compares the entropies of English and Telugu language. Entropy of the English language is calculated by taking into consideration, the 26 letters and space character and leaving out the punctuation. The entropy in Telugu language is computed in two ways. By converting it to English and then considering them as English alphabets (Telugu 1). By converting it to English and then considering them as Telugu alphabets (Telugu 2).
6 Graph 1: Comparison of entropies calculated. The next section is about Telugu 2 where the alphabets are considered as in Telugu language. We have considered one syllable at a time, two syllables at a time etc till we have reached a value which doesn t change much. Entropy decreases as the number of syllables considered increases. Graph 2: Entropy of language when considered according to syllables. The next graph shows the comparison of entropies of English language for the original text and the jumbled text [12] with first and last letters kept constant. This graph shows that there is much less difference in the entropies of original text and the jumbled one and hence people are able to read the jumbled text with not much difficulty.
7 Graph 3: Entropies of English language for original text and jumbled text. Graph 4: Entropies of English language for original text and jumbled text. The above graph shows the comparison of entropies of Telugu language for the original text and the jumbled text with first and last letters kept constant. This graph shows that there is much less difference in the entropies of original text and the jumbled one and hence people are able to read the jumbled text with not much difficulty. The difference is very little in Telugu language compared to that of English is because of the word length in Telugu language. In jumbling process we only consider the words of length greater than three, but the graph shows that approximately 70% of the words in Telugu are of length less than four.
8 Graph 22: Percentage of words based on word length Conclusions For Indian languages like Hindi and Telugu, which are phonetic so that the pronunciation of new words can be reliably predicted from their written form, consonants carry more information than the vowels. This can be inferred from both the time taken to read the text and also from the percentage of correctness. The words can be read with much ease if the first and last letters are left in their places. The entropy of Telugu is higher than that of English, which means that Telugu is more succinct than English and each syllable in Telugu (as in other Indian languages) contains more information compared to English. The comparison of entropies of the language for original and jumbled texts confirms that the users can read jumbled text with not much difficulty.
9 REFERENCES 1. A.K. Singh, Development of Nagari Script. Parimal Publications, Delhi. 2. S. Kak, A frequency analysis of the Indus script. Cryptologia, vol. 12, pp , S. Kak, Indus and Brahmi further connections. Cryptologia, vol. 14, pp , S. Kak, The evolution of early writing in India. Indian Journal of History Of Science, vol. 28, pp , P.G. Patel, P. Pandey and D. Rajgor (eds.), The Indic scripts. D.K. Printworld, New Delhi, S. Kak, Knowledge of planets in the third millennium BC, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 37, pp , S. Kak, The astronomy of the age of geometric altars, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 36, pp , S. Kak, The Paninian approach to natural language processing, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, vol. 1, pp , S. Kak, Astronomy of the Vedic altars. Vistas in astronomy, vol. 36, pp , S. Kak, The structure of the Rig Veda. Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 28, pp , S. Kak, The nature of physical reality, Peter Lang, New York, V.R. Paruchuri, Information retrieval of jumbled words. arxiv:
TEXT TO SPEECH SYSTEM FOR KONKANI ( GOAN ) LANGUAGE
TEXT TO SPEECH SYSTEM FOR KONKANI ( GOAN ) LANGUAGE Sangam P. Borkar M.E. (Electronics)Dissertation Guided by Prof. S. P. Patil Head of Electronics Department Rajarambapu Institute of Technology Sakharale,
More informationThe Sacred Letters of Tibet
The Sacred Letters of Tibet TIBET IS another arena of confluence of two ancient cultures. Tibet adopted government organization and social standards from China. But its spiritual guidance came from Buddhism.
More informationIndexing Properties of Primitive Pythagorean Triples for Cryptography Applications
Indexing Properties of Primitive Pythagorean Triples for Cryptography Applications Yashwanth Kothapalli Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK-74078 yashwanth.kothapalli@okstate.edu Abstract: This paper
More informationKeywords : complexity, dictionary, compression, frequency, retrieval, occurrence, coded file. GJCST-C Classification : E.3
Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Software & Data Engineering Volume 13 Issue 4 Version 1.0 Year 2013 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals
More informationRendering/Layout Engine for Complex script. Pema Geyleg pgeyleg@dit.gov.bt
Rendering/Layout Engine for Complex script Pema Geyleg pgeyleg@dit.gov.bt Overview What is the Layout Engine/ Rendering? What is complex text? Types of rendering engine? How does it work? How does it support
More informationThai Pronunciation and Phonetic Symbols Prawet Jantharat Ed.D.
Thai Pronunciation and Phonetic Symbols Prawet Jantharat Ed.D. This guideline contains a number of things concerning the pronunciation of Thai. Thai writing system is a non-roman alphabet system. This
More informationImpact of Supply Chains Agility on Customer Satisfaction
2010 International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics IPEDR vol.3 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Hong Kong Impact of Supply Chains Agility on Customer Satisfaction Dr. Akhilesh Barve Assistant
More informationStrand: Reading Literature Topics Standard I can statements Vocabulary Key Ideas and Details
Strand: Reading Literature Key Ideas and Craft and Structure Integration of Knowledge and Ideas RL.K.1. With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text RL.K.2. With prompting
More informationGujarati Indic Input 3 - User Guide
Gujarati Indic Input 3 - User Guide Contents 1. WHAT IS GUJARATI INDIC INPUT 3?... 2 1.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS... 2 1.2. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS... 2 2. TO INSTALL GUJARATI INDIC INPUT 3... 2 3. TO USE
More informationINTEGRATING THE COMMON CORE STANDARDS INTO INTERACTIVE, ONLINE EARLY LITERACY PROGRAMS
INTEGRATING THE COMMON CORE STANDARDS INTO INTERACTIVE, ONLINE EARLY LITERACY PROGRAMS By Dr. Kay MacPhee President/Founder Ooka Island, Inc. 1 Integrating the Common Core Standards into Interactive, Online
More informationPoints of Interference in Learning English as a Second Language
Points of Interference in Learning English as a Second Language Tone Spanish: In both English and Spanish there are four tone levels, but Spanish speaker use only the three lower pitch tones, except when
More informationTRANSLATION OF TELUGU-MARATHI AND VICE- VERSA USING RULE BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION OF TELUGU-MARATHI AND VICE- VERSA USING RULE BASED MACHINE TRANSLATION Dr. Siddhartha Ghosh 1, Sujata Thamke 2 and Kalyani U.R.S 3 1 Head of the Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
More informationThings to remember when transcribing speech
Notes and discussion Things to remember when transcribing speech David Crystal University of Reading Until the day comes when this journal is available in an audio or video format, we shall have to rely
More informationEasy Bangla Typing for MS-Word!
Easy Bangla Typing for MS-Word! W ELCOME to Ekushey 2.2c, the easiest and most powerful Bangla typing software yet produced! Prepare yourself for international standard UNICODE Bangla typing. Fully integrated
More informationSelecting Research Based Instructional Programs
Selecting Research Based Instructional Programs Marcia L. Grek, Ph.D. Florida Center for Reading Research Georgia March, 2004 1 Goals for Today 1. Learn about the purpose, content, and process, for reviews
More informationA Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm For Web Applications
Computing For Nation Development, February 25 26, 2010 Bharati Vidyapeeth s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi A Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm For Web Applications 1 Sameena
More informationRhode Island College
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development
More informationText Processing for Text-to-Speech Systems in Indian Languages
Text Processing for Text-to-Speech Systems in Indian Languages Anand Arokia Raj 1, Tanuja Sarkar 1, Satish Chandra Pammi 1, Santhosh Yuvaraj 1, Mohit Bansal 2, Kishore Prahallad 1 3, Alan W Black 3 1 International
More informationGujarati Indic Input 2 - User Guide
Gujarati Indic Input 2 - User Guide Gujarati Indic Input 2 - User Guide 2 Contents WHAT IS GUJARATI INDIC INPUT 2?... 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS... 3 TO INSTALL GUJARATI INDIC INPUT 2... 3 TO USE GUJARATI INDIC
More informationInterpreting areading Scaled Scores for Instruction
Interpreting areading Scaled Scores for Instruction Individual scaled scores do not have natural meaning associated to them. The descriptions below provide information for how each scaled score range should
More informationKeyboards for inputting Japanese language -A study based on US patents
Keyboards for inputting Japanese language -A study based on US patents Umakant Mishra Bangalore, India umakant@trizsite.tk http://umakant.trizsite.tk (This paper was published in April 2005 issue of TRIZsite
More informationVOL. 2, NO. 11, November 2012 ISSN 2222-9833 ARPN Journal of Systems and Software 2009-2012 AJSS Journal. All rights reserved
Straight flavor of Binary Number in Decimal Number System 1 MD. Abdul Awal Ansary, 2 Sushanta Acharjee Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, Sylhet International University, Bangladesh ABSTRACT Different
More informationReading IV Grade Level 4
Reading IV Reading IV introduces students to a variety of topics to enrich their reading experience including: a review of consonant and vowel sounds using phonetic clues and diacritical marks to identify
More informationContinued Fractions. Darren C. Collins
Continued Fractions Darren C Collins Abstract In this paper, we discuss continued fractions First, we discuss the definition and notation Second, we discuss the development of the subject throughout history
More informationCalculator Notes for the TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire CAS
INTRODUCTION Calculator Notes for the Getting Started: Navigating Screens and Menus Your handheld is like a small computer. You will always work in a document with one or more problems and one or more
More informationDATA VERIFICATION IN ETL PROCESSES
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Engineering, Principles and Techniques, KEPT2007 Cluj-Napoca (Romania), June 6 8, 2007, pp. 282
More informationMother Tongue Influence on Spoken English
Mother Tongue Influence on Spoken English Shruti Pal Central Institute of Education (India) palshruti27@gmail.com Abstract Pronunciation is not a major problem in a language classroom until it hinders
More informationThe Decipherment Process
The Decipherment Process The story of the decipherment of Linear B begins with its first discovery at Knossos on Crete. A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at
More informationIntroduction to Unicode. By: Atif Gulzar Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing
Introduction to Unicode By: Atif Gulzar Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing Introduction to Unicode Unicode Why Unicode? What is Unicode? Unicode Architecture Why Unicode? Pre-Unicode Standards
More informationBayesian Network Modeling of Hangul Characters for On-line Handwriting Recognition
Bayesian Network Modeling of Hangul haracters for On-line Handwriting Recognition Sung-ung ho and in H. Kim S Div., EES Dept., KAIS, 373- Kusong-dong, Yousong-ku, Daejon, 305-70, KOREA {sjcho, jkim}@ai.kaist.ac.kr
More informationInternationalization & Localization
Internationalization & Localization Of OpenOffice.org - The Indian Perspective Comprehensive Office Suite for Multilingual Indic Computing Bhupesh Koli, Shikha G Pillai
More informationThirukkural - A Text-to-Speech Synthesis System
Thirukkural - A Text-to-Speech Synthesis System G. L. Jayavardhana Rama, A. G. Ramakrishnan, M Vijay Venkatesh, R. Murali Shankar Department of Electrical Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012,
More informationDegree Reduction of Interval SB Curves
International Journal of Video&Image Processing and Network Security IJVIPNS-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 1 Degree Reduction of Interval SB Curves O. Ismail, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract Ball basis was introduced
More informationSample Paper (It is not a full paper. Could be used as a template only)
Sample Paper (It is not a full paper. Could be used as a template only) Geopolitics and its impacts on international business decisions: A framework for a geopolitical paradigm of international business
More informationA Determination of g, the Acceleration Due to Gravity, from Newton's Laws of Motion
A Determination of g, the Acceleration Due to Gravity, from Newton's Laws of Motion Objective In the experiment you will determine the cart acceleration, a, and the friction force, f, experimentally for
More informationThe sound patterns of language
The sound patterns of language Phonology Chapter 5 Alaa Mohammadi- Fall 2009 1 This lecture There are systematic differences between: What speakers memorize about the sounds of words. The speech sounds
More informationThe Indian National Bibliography: Today and tomorrow
Submitted on: June 22, 2013 The Indian National Bibliography: Today and tomorrow Shahina P. Ahas Central Reference Library, Kolkata, India E-mail : shahinaprashob@gmail.com Swapna Banerjee Department of
More informationMARYCREST COLLEGE THE CONE LIBRARY Davenport, Iowa
INFLUENCE OF READING MATERIALS ON RESPONSE TO PRINTED WORDS Rebecca Barr a University of Chicago MARYCREST COLLEGE THE CONE LIBRARY Davenport, Iowa Abstract. Beginning reading materials differ considerably
More informationPrinciples of Instruction. Teaching Letter-Sound Associations by Rebecca Felton, PhD. Introduction
Teaching Letter-Sound Associations by Rebecca Felton, PhD. Introduction In order to become proficient readers, students must learn to recognize and name the letters of the English alphabet. Students must
More informationTibetan For Windows - Software Development and Future Speculations. Marvin Moser, Tibetan for Windows & Lucent Technologies, USA
Tibetan For Windows - Software Development and Future Speculations Marvin Moser, Tibetan for Windows & Lucent Technologies, USA Introduction This paper presents the basic functions of the Tibetan for Windows
More informationLuitPad: A fully Unicode compatible Assamese writing software
LuitPad: A fully Unicode compatible Assamese writing software Navanath Saharia 1,3 Kishori M Konwar 2,3 (1) Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India (2) University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
More informationTyping Devanagari on Mac OS X compiled by José C. Rodriguez, Emory College Language Center, Emory University 2009
Typing in the Devanagari script on Mac OS X can be done with either the Devanagari-QWERTY keyboard or standard Devanagari keyboard layouts. These are provided free with the Mac OS, but must be installed
More informationWhite Paper. Translation Quality - Understanding factors and standards. Global Language Translations and Consulting, Inc. Author: James W.
White Paper Translation Quality - Understanding factors and standards Global Language Translations and Consulting, Inc. Author: James W. Mentele 1 Copyright 2008, All rights reserved. Executive Summary
More informationHybrid Approach to English-Hindi Name Entity Transliteration
Hybrid Approach to English-Hindi Name Entity Transliteration Shruti Mathur Department of Computer Engineering Government Women Engineering College Ajmer, India shrutimathur19@gmail.com Varun Prakash Saxena
More informationGrade Level Year Total Points Core Points % At Standard 9 2003 10 5 7 %
Performance Assessment Task Number Towers Grade 9 The task challenges a student to demonstrate understanding of the concepts of algebraic properties and representations. A student must make sense of the
More informationCHAPTER 7 GENERAL PROOF SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 7 GENERAL PROOF SYSTEMS 1 Introduction Proof systems are built to prove statements. They can be thought as an inference machine with special statements, called provable statements, or sometimes
More information1(a). How many ways are there to rearrange the letters in the word COMPUTER?
CS 280 Solution Guide Homework 5 by Tze Kiat Tan 1(a). How many ways are there to rearrange the letters in the word COMPUTER? There are 8 distinct letters in the word COMPUTER. Therefore, the number of
More informationAdvertising is a paid, non personal communication about an organization and its
Central : A - * - ** - *** This is a comparative study of coverage of various types of advertisements given in Hindi and English newspapers of region (published from Dehradun). The Comparison has been
More informationFocus: Reading Unit of Study: Research & Media Literary; Informational Text; Biographies and Autobiographies
3 rd Grade Reading and Writing TEKS 3 rd Nine Weeks Focus: Reading Unit of Study: Research & Media Literary; Informational Text; Biographies and Autobiographies Figure 19: Reading/Comprehension Skills.
More informationRhode Island College
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development
More informationIntro to Ancient Writing Systems
Cave painting from Lascaux, c. 15,000 10,000 B.C. Random placement and shifting scale signify prehistoric people s lack of structure and sequence in recording their experiences. Beautifully drawn but not
More informationA Percentile is a number in a SORTED LIST that has a given percentage of the data below it.
Section 3 3B: Percentiles A Percentile is a number in a SORTED LIST that has a given percentage of the data below it. If n represents the 70 th percentile then 70% of the data is less than n We use the
More informationCryptography and Network Security Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Cryptography and Network Security Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 05 Classic Cryptosystems (Refer Slide Time: 00:42)
More informationAlburnett Community Schools. Theme 1 Finding My Place/ Six Weeks. Phonics: Apply knowledge of letter/sound correspondence.
3 rd Grade Reading District Curriculum Map Theme 1 Finding My Place/ Six Weeks Apply knowledge of letter/sound correspondence. Learnings or Understandings (ICC) Use a variety of strategies to develop and
More informationInformation resources and services of national science library India, New Delhi: A user study
International Journal of Library and Information Science Vol. 1(2) pp. 017-021 July, 2009 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ijlis 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Information
More informationInformation Theory and Coding Prof. S. N. Merchant Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Information Theory and Coding Prof. S. N. Merchant Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 17 Shannon-Fano-Elias Coding and Introduction to Arithmetic Coding
More informationBarcode Based Automated Parking Management System
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 2, Issue 03, 2014 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Barcode Based Automated Parking Management System Parth Rajeshbhai Zalawadia 1 Jasmin
More informationKindergarten Common Core State Standards: English Language Arts
Kindergarten Common Core State Standards: English Language Arts Reading: Foundational Print Concepts RF.K.1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. o Follow words from
More informationDesign and FPGA Implementation of a Novel Square Root Evaluator based on Vedic Mathematics
International Journal of Information & Computation Technology. ISSN 0974-2239 Volume 4, Number 15 (2014), pp. 1531-1537 International Research Publications House http://www. irphouse.com Design and FPGA
More information4DIJITC. 4DIJITC-Vol.-4,Issue-1,July-2015 Page 59. 4DInternational Journal of IT And Commerce( ISSN:2319-194X ) VOL.4, ISSUE-1, JULY-2015
4DInternational Journal of IT And Commerce( ISSN:2319-194X ) VOL.4, ISSUE-1, JULY-2015 www.4dinternationaljournal.com MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY EXSISTING ENTERPRENEURS IN J&K Showket Mir ABSTRACT: The
More informationFuture Value of an Annuity Sinking Fund. MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 3)
MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 3) Future Value of an Annuity Definition An annuity is a sequence of equal periodic payments. We call it an ordinary annuity if the payments are made at the
More informationSection 1.3 P 1 = 1 2. = 1 4 2 8. P n = 1 P 3 = Continuing in this fashion, it should seem reasonable that, for any n = 1, 2, 3,..., = 1 2 4.
Difference Equations to Differential Equations Section. The Sum of a Sequence This section considers the problem of adding together the terms of a sequence. Of course, this is a problem only if more than
More informationWednesday 4 th November 2015. Y1/2 Parent Workshop Phonics & Reading
Wednesday 4 th November 2015 Y1/2 Parent Workshop Phonics & Reading This presentation was an aide memoire for staff during the recent Phonics and Reading Workshop (04.11.15). The aim of the presentation
More informationTamil Indic Input 2 User Guide
Tamil Indic Input 2 User Guide Tamil Indic Input 2 User Guide 1 Contents WHAT IS TAMIL INDIC INPUT 2?... 2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS... 2 TO INSTALL TAMIL INDIC INPUT 2... 2 TO USE TAMIL INDIC INPUT 2... 3 SUPPORTED
More informationSection 4.2 (Future Value of Annuities)
Math 34: Fall 2014 Section 4.2 (Future Value of Annuities) At the end of each year Bethany deposits $2, 000 into an investment account that earns 5% interest compounded annually. How much is in her account
More informationThe test uses age norms (national) and grade norms (national) to calculate scores and compare students of the same age or grade.
Reading the CogAT Report for Parents The CogAT Test measures the level and pattern of cognitive development of a student compared to age mates and grade mates. These general reasoning abilities, which
More informationA study of web-based library classification schemes
Vol. 5(10), pp. 386-393, November, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/IJLIS2013.0336 ISSN 2141 2537 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/ijlis International Journal of Library and Information Science
More informationInternational Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume V, Issue III, March 14
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume V, Issue III, March 14 PREDICTION OF RATE OF IMPROVEMENT OF SOFTWARE QUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORT ON THE BASIS OF DEGREE OF EXCELLENCE
More information6.4 Normal Distribution
Contents 6.4 Normal Distribution....................... 381 6.4.1 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution....... 381 6.4.2 The Standardized Normal Distribution......... 385 6.4.3 Meaning of Areas under
More information03 - Lexical Analysis
03 - Lexical Analysis First, let s see a simplified overview of the compilation process: source code file (sequence of char) Step 2: parsing (syntax analysis) arse Tree Step 1: scanning (lexical analysis)
More informationHindi Indic Input 3 - User Guide
Hindi Indic Input 3 - User Guide Contents 1. WHAT IS HINDI INDIC INPUT 3?... 2 1.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS... 2 1.2. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS... 2 2. TO INSTALL HINDI INDIC INPUT 3... 2 3. TO USE HINDI INDIC
More informationInternational Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies
Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2015 ISSN: 2321 7782 (Online) International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies Research Article / Survey Paper / Case Study Available online
More informationIJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 ISSN (online): 2321-0613
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Planning, Scheduling and Resource Optimization for A Villa by using Ms-Project 2010 Mr.
More informationReliability Guarantees in Automata Based Scheduling for Embedded Control Software
1 Reliability Guarantees in Automata Based Scheduling for Embedded Control Software Santhosh Prabhu, Aritra Hazra, Pallab Dasgupta Department of CSE, IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India - 721302. Email: {santhosh.prabhu,
More informationData Interpretation QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE
Data Interpretation Data Interpretation is one of the easy sections of one day competitive Examinations. It is an extension of Mathematical skill and accuracy. Data interpretation is nothing but drawing
More informationBig Ideas in Mathematics
Big Ideas in Mathematics which are important to all mathematics learning. (Adapted from the NCTM Curriculum Focal Points, 2006) The Mathematics Big Ideas are organized using the PA Mathematics Standards
More informationUGC GUIDELINES ON ADOPTION OF CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADURSHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110 002
UGC GUIDELINES ON ADOPTION OF CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADURSHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110 002 UGC Guidelines on Adoption of Choice Based Credit System ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationGrade 1 LA. 1. 1. 1. 1. Subject Grade Strand Standard Benchmark. Florida K-12 Reading and Language Arts Standards 27
Grade 1 LA. 1. 1. 1. 1 Subject Grade Strand Standard Benchmark Florida K-12 Reading and Language Arts Standards 27 Grade 1: Reading Process Concepts of Print Standard: The student demonstrates knowledge
More informationIn mathematics, there are four attainment targets: using and applying mathematics; number and algebra; shape, space and measures, and handling data.
MATHEMATICS: THE LEVEL DESCRIPTIONS In mathematics, there are four attainment targets: using and applying mathematics; number and algebra; shape, space and measures, and handling data. Attainment target
More informationAn Introduction to Information Theory
An Introduction to Information Theory Carlton Downey November 12, 2013 INTRODUCTION Today s recitation will be an introduction to Information Theory Information theory studies the quantification of Information
More informationYear 1 reading expectations (New Curriculum) Year 1 writing expectations (New Curriculum)
Year 1 reading expectations Year 1 writing expectations Responds speedily with the correct sound to graphemes (letters or groups of letters) for all 40+ phonemes, including, where applicable, alternative
More informationThesis Format Guide. Denise Robertson Graduate School Office 138 Woodland Street Room 104 508-793-7676 gradschool@clarku.edu
Thesis Format Guide This guide has been prepared to help graduate students prepare their research papers and theses for acceptance by Clark University. The regulations contained within have been updated
More information1. The Biblical Law of First Mention
1 1. The Biblical Law of First Mention One of the most remarkable evidences of Biblical unity is the internal consistency, and no where is this internal evidence more strikingly evident than in a phenomenon
More informationTamil Indic Input 3 User Guide
Tamil Indic Input 3 User Guide Contents 1. WHAT IS TAMIL INDIC INPUT 3?... 1 1.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS... 1 1.2. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS... 1 2. TO INSTALL TAMIL INDIC INPUT 3... 1 3. TO USE TAMIL INDIC
More informationP2 Asset Support System (PASS) New Registration Manual
P2 Asset Support System (PASS) New Registration Manual Click on Register button on the portal site of P2 Asset Support System (PASS) to go into New Registration site. PASS Portal: http://panasonic.biz/sav/pass_e
More informationEvaluation of Performance Management System in Educational Institutions-A Case Study
International Conference on Challenges and Opportunities in Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management Studies 1123 Evaluation of Performance Management System in Educational Institutions-A
More informationiboard Phonics Curriculum Guidance
iboard Phonics Curriculum Guidance Contents Page Summary, Purpose of Document 3 Introduction, Revisit and Review 4 Teach 5 Practice 6 Apply, Assess Learning 7 Phase Descriptors 8 Summary iboard Phonics
More informationCERTIFICATION EXAMINATIONS FOR OKLAHOMA EDUCATORS (CEOE )
CERTIFICATION EXAMINATIONS FOR OKLAHOMA EDUCATORS (CEOE ) FIELD 74: OKLAHOMA GENERAL EDUCATION TEST (OGET ) Subarea Range of Competencies I. Critical Thinking Skills: Reading and Communications 01 05 II.
More informationComparative Analysis on the Armenian and Korean Languages
Comparative Analysis on the Armenian and Korean Languages Syuzanna Mejlumyan Yerevan State Linguistic University Abstract It has been five years since the Korean language has been taught at Yerevan State
More informationBasics of Counting. The product rule. Product rule example. 22C:19, Chapter 6 Hantao Zhang. Sample question. Total is 18 * 325 = 5850
Basics of Counting 22C:19, Chapter 6 Hantao Zhang 1 The product rule Also called the multiplication rule If there are n 1 ways to do task 1, and n 2 ways to do task 2 Then there are n 1 n 2 ways to do
More informationA Numerical Study on the Wiretap Network with a Simple Network Topology
A Numerical Study on the Wiretap Network with a Simple Network Topology Fan Cheng and Vincent Tan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Mathematical Tools of
More informationAlgebra 1 Course Information
Course Information Course Description: Students will study patterns, relations, and functions, and focus on the use of mathematical models to understand and analyze quantitative relationships. Through
More informationICASL - Business School Programme
ICASL - Business School Programme Quantitative Techniques for Business (Module 3) Financial Mathematics TUTORIAL 2A This chapter deals with problems related to investing money or capital in a business
More informationPROJECTED PAY STRUCTURE AFTER 7TH PAY COMMISSION (BASED ON COMPARATIVE RISE FROM 1 ST TO 6 TH CPC)
PROJECTED PAY STRUCTURE AFTER 7TH PAY COMMISSION (BASED ON COMPARATIVE RISE FROM 1 ST TO 6 TH CPC) Demand for setting of Seventh Pay Commission is being raised since January 2011 on completion of 5 years
More informationBase Conversion written by Cathy Saxton
Base Conversion written by Cathy Saxton 1. Base 10 In base 10, the digits, from right to left, specify the 1 s, 10 s, 100 s, 1000 s, etc. These are powers of 10 (10 x ): 10 0 = 1, 10 1 = 10, 10 2 = 100,
More informationAs Approved by State Board 4/2/09
Improving students' ability to learn, communicate, and collaborate through literacy education As Approved by State Board 4/2/09 Nebraska Language Arts Standards As approved by State Board 4/2/09 Table
More informationAnnotation Pro Software Speech signal visualisation, part 1
Annotation Pro Software Speech signal visualisation, part 1 klessa@amu.edu.pl katarzyna.klessa.pl Katarzyna Klessa ` Topics of the class 1. Introduction: annotation of speech recordings 2. Annotation Pro
More information10.2 Series and Convergence
10.2 Series and Convergence Write sums using sigma notation Find the partial sums of series and determine convergence or divergence of infinite series Find the N th partial sums of geometric series and
More information