The Origin! of the Alphabet! Prof Bernie Cohen U3A Guildford December 2013
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1 The Origin! of the Alphabet! Prof Bernie Cohen U3A Guildford December 2013
2 When is a writing system! (not) an alphabet?! Hieroglyphic Cuneiform Chinese Sign!वन गर ע ב רית العربية Devangari Arabic Hebrew ελληνικά Greek Русский Russian ENGLISH The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 2
3 Writing Systems! Each symbol represents Pictogram its meaning, eg hieroglyphic, cuneiform, signs Syllabary a syllable, eg Linear B, Mayan, Chinese, Japanese) Abjad a consonant, eg Hebrew, Arabic Abugida a consonant plus a vowel, eg Devangari Alphabet a consonant or a vowel, eg Greek, La[n, English The last three are much easier to learn: tens of symbols versus hundreds or even thousands. ref Peter T. Daniels The World's Wri.ng Systems, Oxford (1966) The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 3
4 So What?! The alphabet was one of mankind's most important inven.ons because it took literacy and the control of knowledge out of the hands of scribes and priests and gave it to the people. But who invented it, where, why and when? Strangely, we may know the answers to all these ques9ons. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 4
5 When and Who In the 18 th century BCE (or 17 th in Rohl's New Chronology), Upper and Lower Egypt were unified under the 12 th dynasty. Amenemhat III, last Pharoah of the 12 th dynasty, was also known as Mer Wer, the Great Canal, which he built to control the Nile floods, storing surplus produce in the huge Labyrinth (described by Herodotus) at his capital, Ijt- Tawy, where he built his second pyramid, replacing his earlier 'Black Pyramid' at Dashur. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 5
6 Amenemhat III and the Levant He also expanded trade with Byblos in Lebanon (cedar wood for papyrus) and mining, at Serabit- el- Khadem in Sinai (turquoise) and at Timna in the Negev (copper), using migrant labourers (Habiru) who were fleeing famine in Canaan (Retenu). The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 6
7 The Mer Wer is now known as Bahr Yussef (Joseph s Canal). Hawara was the 'house of government' (hwt- wrt) of the central Nile region. Many of the Habiru were accommodated in Wadi el- Hol, in the Upper Nile, and in Avaris, hwt- wrt of the Lower Nile, the biblical Pi- Ramesses in Goshen (the Eastern Delta), from where the Israelites leu in the Exodus, some 300 years later. Where Byblos Canaan/Retenu Avaris in Goshen Timna Lake Moeris (Mer Wer), Hawara and Ijt- Tawy Serabit- el- Khadem Wadi- el- Hol The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 7
8 Meet the Lady hwt- hr (mansion of Horus) pronounced Hathor, Goddess of fer[lity and motherhood, source of milk, bearer of the Milky Way, protector of miners and travellers, also known as Ba'alat, the Lady, Tanit, sister of 'Anat, and Sekhmet, the destroyer. An ancient figure, later iden[fied with Astarte, Aphrodite and Venus. Hathor's Temples Byblos/Gebal: cedar wood Home of Canaanite high God, El Hazor:great Canaanite city, defected to Habiru, later destroyed by Joshua or Barak. Timna: copper mines. Serabit el-khadim: turquoise mines, near St Catherines Monastery (Mt Sinai?) Dendera, near Wadi el-hol and Thebes and many other loca[ons in Egypt including the Eastern Delta and Abu Simbel. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 8
9 The Serabit Curse This inscrip[on was found on a rock near Hathor's temple at Serabit el- Khadem. Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant water mayim M mark tav T InterpretaCon MT LB'LT with vowels: mat l'ba'alat Canaanite (Hebrew) for Death to the Lady goad house eye lamed bayit ayin L B (glowal stop) Each lewer is a crude form of an Egyp.an glyph whose value becomes the first sound of the Canaanite name of the glyph (as in children's reading books). This acrophonic principle works very well for Semi[c languages in which the meaning of a word can be determined from roots of two or three consonants. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 9
10 The Wadi el- Hol inscrip[on Transla[on suggested by Brian Colless, An.guo Oriente 8 (2010) 91 [Ver[cal, top to bowom] m, sh, t, r, ', h, ', n, t, g, sg, ', l Excellent (R[ š]) banquet (mšt) of the celebra[on (H[illul]) of `Anat (`nt). El ( l) will provide (ygš) [Horizontal, right to leu] r, b, v, n, m, n, h, n, g, m, h, ', p, m, ch, r plenty (rb) of wine (vn) and victuals (mn) for the celebra[on (H[illul]). We will sacrifice (ngm_) to her (h) an ox ( ) and (p) a prime (R[ sh]) fatling (mx). The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 10
11 The Proto- Sinai[c abjad Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant Hebrew Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant Hebrew ox house throws[ck fish jubila[on hook sword yarn elef bayit gimel dag hillul vav zayin chut (silent) b g d h v z (lo)ch א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח good arm hand goad water snake prop eye tov yad kaf lamed(?) mayim nachash s'micha 'ayin th y c l m n x(si) (silent) ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant Hebrew corner plant monkey head sun mark pinah tzemach kof resh shemesh tav p tx k r sh t פ צ ק ר ש ת Some consonants were denoted by different symbols in the early stages of the abjad's development The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 11
12 Whodunit? The actual inventor of the script may have been Khebeded, the Brother of the Ruler of Retenu, the highest- ranking Canaanite who leu a hieroglyphic inscrip[on in the Serabit temple. He was probably a leader of the Canaanite workforce but, judging by the poor quality of his inscrip[ons, poorly educated. One can readily sympathise with him, in the depths of the Sinai desert, unable to read or write hieroglyphic or cuneiform, but desperate to record his prayers to, and curses against, Hathor, his patron goddess. Note: Retenu is the area between Gaza and the Baqaa in Lebanon. It may be cognate with 'Artzeinu', Hebrew for 'our land'). The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 12
13 The Role of the Phoenicians Etymology: from Egyp[an fenchu: 'Asia[c semites' from Canaan (Khna) to Mycenaean po- ni- ki to Greek phoinike influenced by 'phoinix', the Tyrian purple dye derived from murex to La[n poenicus, later punic when their capital was at Carthage. The Phoenicians were Canaanite sea- farers who migrated from the Persian Gulf to Byblos where they traded cedarwood for Egypt's papyrus. By the 14 th C BCE, they were trading across the en[re Mediterranean, probably as far as England (for Cornish [n). They gradually recognised the value of the Proto- sinai[c system for communica[ng in wri[ng with their different trading partners, and developed it into the standard Phoenician alphabet, from which all other alphabets are derived. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 13
14 The 'Proto- Canaanite' (ca 1200BCE) or Phoenician (from 1050BCE) Abjad The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 14
15 The Palaeo- Hebrew Abjad (ca1000bce) The earliest known inscrip[on in Paleo- Hebrew is this complete 'abecedary' carved on one side of a 38lb stone on a wall at Tel Zayit, in the Beth Guvrin Valley about 35 miles southwest of Jerusalem, found by volunteer Daniel Rypma in Ron Tappy's dig on July 15, The middle line contains contains eighteen lewers (aleph through tsadi), while the bowom line contains the remaining four lewers (qoph through tav) followed by two zigzag symbols. Curiously, the ordering is slightly different, with waw before heh, chet before zayin, and lamed before qoph. And oddly, the top line has the lewers ayin, zayin, daleth, spelling 'azed'! The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 15
16 Lewer Names The Phoenician names differ from those of proto- Canaanite, as follows: gaml "throwing s[ck" to gimel "camel" digg "fish" to dalet "door" hll "jubila[on" to he "window" ziqq "manacle" to zayin "weapon" naḥš "snake" to nun "fish" piʾt "corner" to pey "mouth" šimš "sun" to šin "tooth The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 16
17 Lexicographic Order The origin of the 'lexicographic order' is uncertain. One theory is that the first half deals with ac[vity on land, agriculture, etc: Alef - an ox, to Lamed - a whip; and the second with ac[vity on water: fishing, sailing etc: Mem - water, Nun - fish, Samek - fish bones, Ayin - a water spring, Peh - the mouth of a well, Tsadi - to fish, Kof, Resh and Shin are the hook hole, hook head and hook teeth, known to exist from prehistoric [mes, and the Tav is the mark used to count the fish caught. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 17
18 From Abjad to Alphabet matres lecconis (La[n "mothers of reading", singular form: mater lec.onis, from Hebrew: א ם ק ריא ה mother of reading) From around 1000BCE, certain consonants were used to indicate a vowel. The lewers that do this in Hebrew are.י and yod א aleph,ה he,ו vav In Arabic, the matres lec.onis are.ي ya' and,و waw,ا alif The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 18
19 Greek In the late 9 th century BCE, Greek ini[ally took over all of the 22 lewers of Phoenician. Five were reassigned to denote vowel sounds, turnng the nota[on from an abjad to an alphabet. yod for Ι, iota waw for Υ, upsilon aleph for Α, alpha ayin for Ο, omicron, and he for Ε, epsilon. In some dialects, the lewer heth was used as an addi[onal vowel lewer Η, eta, and eventually, a seventh vowel lewer Ω, omega, was introduced. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 19
20 The evolu[on of our alphabet MODERN HEBREW SCRIPT The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 20
21 The evolu[on of our alphabet MODERN HEBREW SCRIPT The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 21
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