The Origin! of the Alphabet! Prof Bernie Cohen U3A Guildford December 2013

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The Origin! of the Alphabet! Prof Bernie Cohen U3A Guildford December 2013"

Transcription

1 The Origin! of the Alphabet! Prof Bernie Cohen U3A Guildford December 2013

2 When is a writing system! (not) an alphabet?! Hieroglyphic Cuneiform Chinese Sign!वन गर ע ב רית العربية Devangari Arabic Hebrew ελληνικά Greek Русский Russian ENGLISH The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 2

3 Writing Systems! Each symbol represents Pictogram its meaning, eg hieroglyphic, cuneiform, signs Syllabary a syllable, eg Linear B, Mayan, Chinese, Japanese) Abjad a consonant, eg Hebrew, Arabic Abugida a consonant plus a vowel, eg Devangari Alphabet a consonant or a vowel, eg Greek, La[n, English The last three are much easier to learn: tens of symbols versus hundreds or even thousands. ref Peter T. Daniels The World's Wri.ng Systems, Oxford (1966) The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 3

4 So What?! The alphabet was one of mankind's most important inven.ons because it took literacy and the control of knowledge out of the hands of scribes and priests and gave it to the people. But who invented it, where, why and when? Strangely, we may know the answers to all these ques9ons. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 4

5 When and Who In the 18 th century BCE (or 17 th in Rohl's New Chronology), Upper and Lower Egypt were unified under the 12 th dynasty. Amenemhat III, last Pharoah of the 12 th dynasty, was also known as Mer Wer, the Great Canal, which he built to control the Nile floods, storing surplus produce in the huge Labyrinth (described by Herodotus) at his capital, Ijt- Tawy, where he built his second pyramid, replacing his earlier 'Black Pyramid' at Dashur. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 5

6 Amenemhat III and the Levant He also expanded trade with Byblos in Lebanon (cedar wood for papyrus) and mining, at Serabit- el- Khadem in Sinai (turquoise) and at Timna in the Negev (copper), using migrant labourers (Habiru) who were fleeing famine in Canaan (Retenu). The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 6

7 The Mer Wer is now known as Bahr Yussef (Joseph s Canal). Hawara was the 'house of government' (hwt- wrt) of the central Nile region. Many of the Habiru were accommodated in Wadi el- Hol, in the Upper Nile, and in Avaris, hwt- wrt of the Lower Nile, the biblical Pi- Ramesses in Goshen (the Eastern Delta), from where the Israelites leu in the Exodus, some 300 years later. Where Byblos Canaan/Retenu Avaris in Goshen Timna Lake Moeris (Mer Wer), Hawara and Ijt- Tawy Serabit- el- Khadem Wadi- el- Hol The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 7

8 Meet the Lady hwt- hr (mansion of Horus) pronounced Hathor, Goddess of fer[lity and motherhood, source of milk, bearer of the Milky Way, protector of miners and travellers, also known as Ba'alat, the Lady, Tanit, sister of 'Anat, and Sekhmet, the destroyer. An ancient figure, later iden[fied with Astarte, Aphrodite and Venus. Hathor's Temples Byblos/Gebal: cedar wood Home of Canaanite high God, El Hazor:great Canaanite city, defected to Habiru, later destroyed by Joshua or Barak. Timna: copper mines. Serabit el-khadim: turquoise mines, near St Catherines Monastery (Mt Sinai?) Dendera, near Wadi el-hol and Thebes and many other loca[ons in Egypt including the Eastern Delta and Abu Simbel. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 8

9 The Serabit Curse This inscrip[on was found on a rock near Hathor's temple at Serabit el- Khadem. Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant water mayim M mark tav T InterpretaCon MT LB'LT with vowels: mat l'ba'alat Canaanite (Hebrew) for Death to the Lady goad house eye lamed bayit ayin L B (glowal stop) Each lewer is a crude form of an Egyp.an glyph whose value becomes the first sound of the Canaanite name of the glyph (as in children's reading books). This acrophonic principle works very well for Semi[c languages in which the meaning of a word can be determined from roots of two or three consonants. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 9

10 The Wadi el- Hol inscrip[on Transla[on suggested by Brian Colless, An.guo Oriente 8 (2010) 91 [Ver[cal, top to bowom] m, sh, t, r, ', h, ', n, t, g, sg, ', l Excellent (R[ š]) banquet (mšt) of the celebra[on (H[illul]) of `Anat (`nt). El ( l) will provide (ygš) [Horizontal, right to leu] r, b, v, n, m, n, h, n, g, m, h, ', p, m, ch, r plenty (rb) of wine (vn) and victuals (mn) for the celebra[on (H[illul]). We will sacrifice (ngm_) to her (h) an ox ( ) and (p) a prime (R[ sh]) fatling (mx). The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 10

11 The Proto- Sinai[c abjad Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant Hebrew Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant Hebrew ox house throws[ck fish jubila[on hook sword yarn elef bayit gimel dag hillul vav zayin chut (silent) b g d h v z (lo)ch א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח good arm hand goad water snake prop eye tov yad kaf lamed(?) mayim nachash s'micha 'ayin th y c l m n x(si) (silent) ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע Glyph EgypCan Canaanite Consonant Hebrew corner plant monkey head sun mark pinah tzemach kof resh shemesh tav p tx k r sh t פ צ ק ר ש ת Some consonants were denoted by different symbols in the early stages of the abjad's development The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 11

12 Whodunit? The actual inventor of the script may have been Khebeded, the Brother of the Ruler of Retenu, the highest- ranking Canaanite who leu a hieroglyphic inscrip[on in the Serabit temple. He was probably a leader of the Canaanite workforce but, judging by the poor quality of his inscrip[ons, poorly educated. One can readily sympathise with him, in the depths of the Sinai desert, unable to read or write hieroglyphic or cuneiform, but desperate to record his prayers to, and curses against, Hathor, his patron goddess. Note: Retenu is the area between Gaza and the Baqaa in Lebanon. It may be cognate with 'Artzeinu', Hebrew for 'our land'). The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 12

13 The Role of the Phoenicians Etymology: from Egyp[an fenchu: 'Asia[c semites' from Canaan (Khna) to Mycenaean po- ni- ki to Greek phoinike influenced by 'phoinix', the Tyrian purple dye derived from murex to La[n poenicus, later punic when their capital was at Carthage. The Phoenicians were Canaanite sea- farers who migrated from the Persian Gulf to Byblos where they traded cedarwood for Egypt's papyrus. By the 14 th C BCE, they were trading across the en[re Mediterranean, probably as far as England (for Cornish [n). They gradually recognised the value of the Proto- sinai[c system for communica[ng in wri[ng with their different trading partners, and developed it into the standard Phoenician alphabet, from which all other alphabets are derived. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 13

14 The 'Proto- Canaanite' (ca 1200BCE) or Phoenician (from 1050BCE) Abjad The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 14

15 The Palaeo- Hebrew Abjad (ca1000bce) The earliest known inscrip[on in Paleo- Hebrew is this complete 'abecedary' carved on one side of a 38lb stone on a wall at Tel Zayit, in the Beth Guvrin Valley about 35 miles southwest of Jerusalem, found by volunteer Daniel Rypma in Ron Tappy's dig on July 15, The middle line contains contains eighteen lewers (aleph through tsadi), while the bowom line contains the remaining four lewers (qoph through tav) followed by two zigzag symbols. Curiously, the ordering is slightly different, with waw before heh, chet before zayin, and lamed before qoph. And oddly, the top line has the lewers ayin, zayin, daleth, spelling 'azed'! The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 15

16 Lewer Names The Phoenician names differ from those of proto- Canaanite, as follows: gaml "throwing s[ck" to gimel "camel" digg "fish" to dalet "door" hll "jubila[on" to he "window" ziqq "manacle" to zayin "weapon" naḥš "snake" to nun "fish" piʾt "corner" to pey "mouth" šimš "sun" to šin "tooth The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 16

17 Lexicographic Order The origin of the 'lexicographic order' is uncertain. One theory is that the first half deals with ac[vity on land, agriculture, etc: Alef - an ox, to Lamed - a whip; and the second with ac[vity on water: fishing, sailing etc: Mem - water, Nun - fish, Samek - fish bones, Ayin - a water spring, Peh - the mouth of a well, Tsadi - to fish, Kof, Resh and Shin are the hook hole, hook head and hook teeth, known to exist from prehistoric [mes, and the Tav is the mark used to count the fish caught. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 17

18 From Abjad to Alphabet matres lecconis (La[n "mothers of reading", singular form: mater lec.onis, from Hebrew: א ם ק ריא ה mother of reading) From around 1000BCE, certain consonants were used to indicate a vowel. The lewers that do this in Hebrew are.י and yod א aleph,ה he,ו vav In Arabic, the matres lec.onis are.ي ya' and,و waw,ا alif The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 18

19 Greek In the late 9 th century BCE, Greek ini[ally took over all of the 22 lewers of Phoenician. Five were reassigned to denote vowel sounds, turnng the nota[on from an abjad to an alphabet. yod for Ι, iota waw for Υ, upsilon aleph for Α, alpha ayin for Ο, omicron, and he for Ε, epsilon. In some dialects, the lewer heth was used as an addi[onal vowel lewer Η, eta, and eventually, a seventh vowel lewer Ω, omega, was introduced. The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 19

20 The evolu[on of our alphabet MODERN HEBREW SCRIPT The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 20

21 The evolu[on of our alphabet MODERN HEBREW SCRIPT The Origin of the Alphabet U3A Guildford 21

Hebrew for Christians Alphabet Practice Pages

Hebrew for Christians Alphabet Practice Pages Aleph Write the letter Aleph (from right to left) in both manual print and script several times. The letter Aleph represents the number. Bet/Vet Write the letter Bet (from right to left) in both manual

More information

The Rise of Civilizations

The Rise of Civilizations Page 1 of 6 The Rise of Civilizations Thousands of years ago, several societies in different parts of the world changed from hunting and gathering to farming. Some began to produce surpluses of food. Those

More information

Version 1.5. Biblical Hebrew (Tiro) keyboard manual

Version 1.5. Biblical Hebrew (Tiro) keyboard manual ת ר Version 1. Biblical Hebrew (Tiro) keyboard manual John Hudson, 2004, 2007. For keyboard driver version 1. See below for upgrade instructions Introduction This manual and keyboard charts are designed

More information

אלף בית Aleph-Bet. Torah resource.com Resources & elearning for the Torah Community. Learning to Write the Aleph-Bet in Block & Cursive.

אלף בית Aleph-Bet. Torah resource.com Resources & elearning for the Torah Community. Learning to Write the Aleph-Bet in Block & Cursive. Torah resource.com Resources & elearning for the Torah Community אלף בית Aleph-Bet Learning to Write the Aleph-Bet in Block & Cursive by Tim Hegg - Aleph א א Aleph has no sound of its own but originally

More information

A Student s Introduction to Biblical Hebrew DRAFT COPY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION. By Andrew G. Vaughn

A Student s Introduction to Biblical Hebrew DRAFT COPY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION. By Andrew G. Vaughn A Student s Introduction to Biblical Hebrew DRAFT COPY NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION By Andrew G. Vaughn This chapter introduces the essential features required to begin reading Hebrew. This textbook focuses on

More information

Chapter 1 The Hebrew Alphabet

Chapter 1 The Hebrew Alphabet BBH2 Supplement Chapter 1 The Hebrew Alphabet 1 The following comments are intended to explain, provide mnemonics for, answer questions that students have raised, and otherwise supplement the second edition

More information

Understanding Hieroglyphs: Be the Scribe

Understanding Hieroglyphs: Be the Scribe Historical Context: Hieroglyphic writing is one of the earliest forms of written language found. Many different versions exist throughout the world, but the common theme is that a picture or image is used

More information

Hebrew Numbers. Number Values For Hebrew Letters. Modern versus Traditional Number Forms in Hebrew Writing. Hebrew Letters And Their Number Values

Hebrew Numbers. Number Values For Hebrew Letters. Modern versus Traditional Number Forms in Hebrew Writing. Hebrew Letters And Their Number Values Hebrew Numbers The Hebrew numbering system is explained. Unicode character values are provided for letters used to represent numbers. To display the Hebrew characters you need an appropriate font. Ezra

More information

Government of Ancient Egypt Question Packet

Government of Ancient Egypt Question Packet Government of Ancient Egypt Question Packet Your group will research Ancient Egyptian culture focusing on the Government of Ancient Egypt. Assign jobs to group members. Everyone must have a job. Research

More information

Teacher s Masters California Education and the Environment Initiative. History-Social Science Standards 6.2.6. and 6.2.8. Egypt and Kush: A Tale of

Teacher s Masters California Education and the Environment Initiative. History-Social Science Standards 6.2.6. and 6.2.8. Egypt and Kush: A Tale of 6 Teacher s Masters California Education and the Environment Initiative History-Social Science Standards 6.2.6. and 6.2.8. Egypt and Kush: A Tale of Two Kingdoms California Education and the Environment

More information

HEBREW ALPHABET STUDY KIT

HEBREW ALPHABET STUDY KIT Hebrew at the Speed of Light www.ulpanor.com HEBREW ALPHABET STUDY KIT A UNIQUE WAY TO STUDY THE HEBREW ALPHABET GET TO READ AND WRITE HEBREW INSTANTLY (Two guiding audion CDs included) Orly Ganor All

More information

The History of the Alphabet

The History of the Alphabet INTRODUCTION: Pre-Alphabetic Writing the alphabet is everywhere you look in modern Western life which makes it hard to remember that it was once invented by someone somewhere but it s not even as organic

More information

Please with the strength and greatness of thy right arm-untangle (our knotted fate).

Please with the strength and greatness of thy right arm-untangle (our knotted fate). Please with the strength and greatness of thy right arm-untangle (our knotted fate). Accept the chanting of your nation, lift us high and purify us Awesome One. Please heroic one, those who seek your unity

More information

Year 2 History: Ancient Egypt Resource Pack

Year 2 History: Ancient Egypt Resource Pack Year 2 History: Ancient Egypt Resource Pack This pack includes the following lessons: Locating Egypt The River Nile Archeology Hieroglyphics Pharaohs Every effort has been made to seek permission for the

More information

Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine

Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine May, 2008 Issue #042 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Issue Index Word of the Month Unclean Name of the Month Asher Question of the Month Like a

More information

Hebrew. Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken in Israel, the United States, the

Hebrew. Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken in Israel, the United States, the Jennifer Wagner Hebrew The Hebrew language belongs to the West-South-Central Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken in Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia,

More information

Proto-alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah

Proto-alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah Colless, Brian E. Proto-alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente Vol. 8, 2010 Este documento está disponible en la

More information

סבל. SBL Hebrew Font User Manual. Font version 1.5x Manual version 1.51, February 2008

סבל. SBL Hebrew Font User Manual. Font version 1.5x Manual version 1.51, February 2008 סבל SBL Hebrew Font User Manual Font version 1.5x Manual version 1.51, February 2008 Prepared by John Hudson, Tiro Typeworks, for the Society of Biblical Literature John Hudson, 2003 & 2007 SBL Hebrew

More information

Woolooware High School YEAR 7 EGYPT HOMEWORK NAME: CLASS: TEACHER: HOMEWORK #

Woolooware High School YEAR 7 EGYPT HOMEWORK NAME: CLASS: TEACHER: HOMEWORK # Woolooware High School YEAR 7 EGYPT HOMEWORK NAME: CLASS: TEACHER: HOMEWORK # H0MEWORK # I THE RIVER NILE The river Nile is one of the world's great rivers. It begins its long journey in Africa, as two

More information

Words of Wisdom Assembly presentation

Words of Wisdom Assembly presentation Words of Wisdom Assembly presentation You will remember that over the last few weeks the theme for assemblies has been words of wisdom. Wisdom is profound or deep insight and we d like to begin with some

More information

Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh

Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh Ancient Egypt: Symbols of the pharaoh Colossal bust of Ramesses II Thebes, Egypt 1250 BC Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2 Contents Before your visit Background information Resources Gallery information

More information

Hieroglyphic Questions

Hieroglyphic Questions Name: Hieroglyphic Questions Class: 1. Why did the ancient Egyptians need to develop a system of writing? 2. What was the name of the system of writing the Egyptians developed? 3. How did the development

More information

KABBALISTIC ASTROLOGER

KABBALISTIC ASTROLOGER KABBALISTIC ASTROLOGER Yael Yardeni Introduction to Kabbalistic Astrology The Keys to the Soul a b c d e f g h i j k l The 4 Elements KABBALAHCENTRE Introduction to Astrology Earth!! Water!! Air!!! Fire!

More information

the call of moses after before

the call of moses after before the call of moses after before The Moses Series Day 1: The Call of Moses Sketchboard title: "God chose a leader" Text: Exodus 1-4 Introduction: Have you ever been asked to do something you didn't want

More information

PSALM 119 LETTERS AND MEANINGS

PSALM 119 LETTERS AND MEANINGS Psalm 119 contains the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet. There are 8 verses per letter describing the meaning of the letter. Young s concordance provides additional definitions. א ALEPH 1 Blessed are

More information

Lesson 2 Life in Ancient Egypt

Lesson 2 Life in Ancient Egypt Lesson 2 Life in Ancient Egypt MAIN IDEAS Economics Egyptians developed a complex society with many different jobs and social roles. Science and Technology Egyptians made advances in calendars, geometry,

More information

Widows of the Old Testament - Naomi Student Study Guide A Study of Hope Sylvia De Jong

Widows of the Old Testament - Naomi Student Study Guide A Study of Hope Sylvia De Jong Review of Tamar Widows of the Old Testament - Naomi Student Study Guide A Study of Hope Sylvia De Jong In the study of Tamar we learned of Tamar s loss of two husbands, the broken promise of marriage to

More information

Psalm 2 (v10-12) Exegesis. A Hebrew Exegesis Paper Submitted to Dr. Paul D. Wegner Phoenix Seminary Scottsdale, Arizona

Psalm 2 (v10-12) Exegesis. A Hebrew Exegesis Paper Submitted to Dr. Paul D. Wegner Phoenix Seminary Scottsdale, Arizona Psalm 2 (v10-12) Exegesis A Hebrew Exegesis Paper Submitted to Dr. Paul D. Wegner Phoenix Seminary Scottsdale, Arizona In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Hebrew IV by Troy A. Griffitts 28-Apr-2008

More information

Four Early River Valley Civilizations. Egyptian Civilization - Nile River

Four Early River Valley Civilizations. Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Four Early River Valley Civilizations Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Early River Valley Civilizations Egyptian Civilization - Nile River I. GEOGRAPHY A. The Nile Egypt on the Nile 1. Egypt s settlements

More information

WORKSHEET PHARAOHS, PYRAMIDS AND THE WORLD OF THE GODS

WORKSHEET PHARAOHS, PYRAMIDS AND THE WORLD OF THE GODS WORKSHEET PHARAOHS, PYRAMIDS AND THE WORLD OF THE GODS 2 1. THE PHARAOH The word pharaoh comes from Egyptian and means great house. The term was used along with the five royal names of the king. The pharaohs

More information

In this chapter, you will learn about the African kingdom of Kush. Kush was located on the Nile River, to the south of Egypt.

In this chapter, you will learn about the African kingdom of Kush. Kush was located on the Nile River, to the south of Egypt. Name: Date: Period: Lesson 10 - The Kingdom of Kush Section 1 - Introduction In this chapter, you will learn about the African kingdom of Kush. Kush was located on the Nile River, to the south of Egypt.

More information

Views of God Created 8/11/2005 Revised on 12/29/10 Page 1 of 6. The God of Israel. An Ancient People s Growing Understanding

Views of God Created 8/11/2005 Revised on 12/29/10 Page 1 of 6. The God of Israel. An Ancient People s Growing Understanding Views of God Created 8/11/2005 Revised on 12/29/10 Page 1 of 6 The God of Israel An Ancient People s Growing Understanding That Israel s understanding of God changed over time is not a controversial claim.

More information

Directions for African Landmark Nomenclature Cards

Directions for African Landmark Nomenclature Cards Directions for African Landmark Nomenclature Cards 1. Print out copy of 3 part cards and control cards Laminate for durability. Cut apart description and labels from 3 part cards. 2. As an introductory

More information

Egypt and China. Ancient Worlds: VMFA Resources

Egypt and China. Ancient Worlds: VMFA Resources VMFA Resources Ancient Worlds: Pre- and Post-Visit Activities VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS Egypt and China Grade 2 Based on images of two works of art from VMFA s collection, these activities will provide

More information

Sacrifice and Covenant: A Study of the Early Development of Atonement Theology. Thesis Submitted in

Sacrifice and Covenant: A Study of the Early Development of Atonement Theology. Thesis Submitted in Sacrifice and Covenant: A Study of the Early Development of Atonement Theology Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the S.T.L. Degree From the Boston College School of Theology

More information

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS A ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS KEY STAGE 2 Starting Points A Guide for Teachers to Room 4 Great Russell Street Telephone +44 (0)20 7323 8851/8850 London WC1B 3DG Facsimile +44 (0)20 7323 8855 Switchboard

More information

Timeline of Egyptian History. Ancient Egypt (Languages: Egyptian written in hieroglyphics and Hieratic script)

Timeline of Egyptian History. Ancient Egypt (Languages: Egyptian written in hieroglyphics and Hieratic script) Timeline of Egyptian History 1 Ancient Egypt (Languages: Egyptian written in hieroglyphics and Hieratic script) Timeline of Egyptian History 2 Early Dynastic Period 3100 2686 BCE 1 st & 2 nd Dynasty Narmer

More information

Ancient Egypt Handouts

Ancient Egypt Handouts Ancient Egypt Handouts Map of Egypt Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Ancient Egypt 1 Map of Egypt-Answer Sheet 30ºE 40ºE 50ºN Mediterranean Sea 40ºN Africa Alexandria Rosetta Giza Memphis Sinai Pen. Middle East

More information

The Origins of Adonai in the Hebrew Scriptures by Ren Manetti

The Origins of Adonai in the Hebrew Scriptures by Ren Manetti The Origins of Adonai in the Hebrew Scriptures by Ren Manetti It is a widely accepted and spoken truism that the vowel points for Jehovah in Ben Chayyim s Second Rabbinic Bible, a key source for the King

More information

Numbers In Scripture

Numbers In Scripture Numbers In Scripture Numbers are the language of all nature and scientific study. The use of numbers in Scripture is a fascinating study all its own, not only because certain words and phrases do in fact

More information

SOCIAL STUDIES UNIT OUTLINES - SIXTH GRADE

SOCIAL STUDIES UNIT OUTLINES - SIXTH GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES UNIT OUTLINES - SIXTH GRADE In sixth grade, students are ready to deepen their understanding of the Earth and its peoples through the study of history, geography, politics, culture, and

More information

PUSD High Frequency Word List

PUSD High Frequency Word List PUSD High Frequency Word List For Reading and Spelling Grades K-5 High Frequency or instant words are important because: 1. You can t read a sentence or a paragraph without knowing at least the most common.

More information

Beware the Angry Prophet: 2 Kings 2:23-25 1

Beware the Angry Prophet: 2 Kings 2:23-25 1 Beware the Angry Prophet: 2 Kings 2:23-25 1 Our story, I think, demonstrates Elisha to be quite villainous. His unbelievable pettiness is striking and serves, I think, to paint him darkly in order to criticize

More information

Life of Moses, Part 6 God Never Wastes an Experience Exodus 2:1-10

Life of Moses, Part 6 God Never Wastes an Experience Exodus 2:1-10 Life of Moses, Part 6 God Never Wastes an Experience Exodus 2:1-10 Just thought I d drop you a note to clue in on my plans. I ve fallen in love with a guy named Jim. He quit school after the eleventh grade

More information

Intro to Ancient Writing Systems

Intro to Ancient Writing Systems Cave painting from Lascaux, c. 15,000 10,000 B.C. Random placement and shifting scale signify prehistoric people s lack of structure and sequence in recording their experiences. Beautifully drawn but not

More information

CH10 Practice Test 2015

CH10 Practice Test 2015 Name Date Mastering the Content Circle the letter next to the best answer. CH10 Practice Test 2015 1. An important way historians learn about ancient Kush is through A. Syrian trade agreements. B. Sumerian

More information

ECCLESIASTES AND THE END OF WISDOM

ECCLESIASTES AND THE END OF WISDOM Tyndale Bulletin 50.1 (1999) 117-139. 117 ECCLESIASTES AND THE END OF WISDOM Martin A. Shields Summary Many readers of Ecclesiastes have contrived to discover orthodox meaning for the words of Qohelet.

More information

THE "SEED OF A WOMAN": A KERNEL OF DECEPTION 1 I. INTRODUCTION

THE SEED OF A WOMAN: A KERNEL OF DECEPTION 1 I. INTRODUCTION THE "SEED OF A WOMAN": A KERNEL OF DECEPTION 1 I. INTRODUCTION The doctrine of the "Virgin Birth" is a foundational "building block" of Christian theology since it "touches" the other important doctrinal

More information

Mormon Studies Review

Mormon Studies Review Mormon Studies Review Volume 19 Number 1 Article 7 2007 Reformed Egyptian William J. Hamblin Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Hamblin,

More information

Mesopotamia is the first known civilization. Mesopotamia means land between two rivers. This civilization began on the plains between the Tigris and

Mesopotamia is the first known civilization. Mesopotamia means land between two rivers. This civilization began on the plains between the Tigris and Mesopotamia Review Mesopotamia is the first known civilization. Mesopotamia means land between two rivers. This civilization began on the plains between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This curving strip

More information

Famous Bible stories. Section B. Genesis. Going to the promised land

Famous Bible stories. Section B. Genesis. Going to the promised land Section B Famous Bible stories Here we list some of the famous stories of the Bible to help you find where they are. Genesis Creation of the world Genesis 1 Creation of Adam and Eve Genesis 2 The forbidden

More information

The Four Cups ------------------------------------------ Tim Hegg TorahResource

The Four Cups ------------------------------------------ Tim Hegg TorahResource The Four Cups ------------------------------------------ Tim Hegg TorahResource Kaddesh, urechatz, karpas, yachatz. Singing the ancient ritual, the seder begins again at our home as we celebrate chag hamatzot,,

More information

Devotion NT347 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: LESSON TITLE: The Hall of Faith. THEME: God wants us to trust Him. SCRIPTURE: Hebrews 11:1-40

Devotion NT347 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: LESSON TITLE: The Hall of Faith. THEME: God wants us to trust Him. SCRIPTURE: Hebrews 11:1-40 Devotion NT347 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: LESSON TITLE: The Hall of Faith THEME: God wants us to trust Him. SCRIPTURE: Hebrews 11:1-40 Dear Parents Welcome to Bible Time for Kids! This is a

More information

Chapter 18 Introduction to. A f r i c a

Chapter 18 Introduction to. A f r i c a Chapter 18 Introduction to A f r i c a Ch. 18:1 Landforms & Resources 1. Africa s shape & landforms are the result of its location in the southern part of the ancient supercontinent of. Pangaea Over thousands

More information

THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS IS THE FIFTH FEAST & IT WAS CELEBRATED DURING THE FALL PILGRIMAGE TO JERUSALEM & THE TEMPLE

THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS IS THE FIFTH FEAST & IT WAS CELEBRATED DURING THE FALL PILGRIMAGE TO JERUSALEM & THE TEMPLE THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS IS THE FIFTH FEAST & IT WAS CELEBRATED DURING THE FALL PILGRIMAGE TO JERUSALEM & THE TEMPLE IT HAS A TWO-FOLD PURPOSE CELEBRATES PAST Remembers 1) the Creation,

More information

Nebamun goes hunting

Nebamun goes hunting Nebamun goes hunting Cross-curricular literacy activities Key Stage 2 classroom resource Nebamun goes hunting Introduction Introduction This resource pack contains instructions and resources for five cross-curricular

More information

Ancient Egypt and Kush. Topic 3 Presentation

Ancient Egypt and Kush. Topic 3 Presentation Ancient Egypt and Kush Topic 3 Presentation Egyptian Civilization: The Gift of the Nile The Egyptian Nile surpasses all the rivers of the world in sweetness of taste, in length of course and usefulness.

More information

Ghana: A West African Trading Empire

Ghana: A West African Trading Empire Ghana: A West African Trading Empire The kingdom of Ghana lasted from 500 C.E. to the 11 th century C.E. The kingdom arose from the Sahel of Africa and spread to the valley between the Senegal and Niger

More information

Students will: Explain how ancient Egypt was united. Analyze the workings of government and the importance of religion in Egypt.

Students will: Explain how ancient Egypt was united. Analyze the workings of government and the importance of religion in Egypt. Ancient Egypt Unit Name: Lisa Nash Grade Level: 6 Lesson Topic: The Kingdoms of Egypt Day 02, 03, & 04 of 14 Teacher s Initials: Date: November 10, 11, & 12, 2003 Instructional Goals Students will: Explain

More information

What the Ancients Knew The Egyptians Teacher s Guide

What the Ancients Knew The Egyptians Teacher s Guide What the Ancients Knew The Egyptians Grade Level: 6 8 Curriculum Focus: Social Studies Lesson Duration: 5 class periods Program Description What the Ancients Knew: The Egyptians The earliest Egyptians

More information

ISAIAH 9:5-6[6-7] 1 IS IT MESSIANIC OR HISTORICAL? 2 I. INTRODUCTION

ISAIAH 9:5-6[6-7] 1 IS IT MESSIANIC OR HISTORICAL? 2 I. INTRODUCTION ISAIAH 9:5-6[6-7] 1 IS IT MESSIANIC OR HISTORICAL? 2 I. INTRODUCTION The passage Isaiah 9:5-6[6-7] is an important "proof text" in the portfolio of Christian missionaries, one that is claimed to foretell

More information

PYRAMID CFE 3284V. OPEN CAPTIONED PBS VIDEO 1988 Grade Levels: 9-13+ 57 minutes 1 Instructional Graphic Enclosed

PYRAMID CFE 3284V. OPEN CAPTIONED PBS VIDEO 1988 Grade Levels: 9-13+ 57 minutes 1 Instructional Graphic Enclosed PYRAMID CFE 3284V OPEN CAPTIONED PBS VIDEO 1988 Grade Levels: 9-13+ 57 minutes 1 Instructional Graphic Enclosed DESCRIPTION Burial practices and beliefs, such as the building of pyramids, mummification,

More information

a. farmers b. merchants c. priests d. warriors a. the Maya b. the Moche c. the Nazca a. making pottery b. making textiles c.

a. farmers b. merchants c. priests d. warriors a. the Maya b. the Moche c. the Nazca a. making pottery b. making textiles c. Ancient America Chapter 9 Test Form A Part 1: Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the best answer. (4 points each) 1. What geographic feature is common in Mesoamerica s tropical lowlands? a. jungles b.

More information

Beyond Babylon Online Teacher Workshop: Classroom Activities January 22 March 1, 2009 SHIPWRECK: AN ANCIENT SEA TRADE GAME BRONZE AGE WORKS OF ART

Beyond Babylon Online Teacher Workshop: Classroom Activities January 22 March 1, 2009 SHIPWRECK: AN ANCIENT SEA TRADE GAME BRONZE AGE WORKS OF ART The Metropolitan Museum of Art EDUCATION PROGRAMS Beyond Babylon Online Teacher Workshop: Classroom Activities January 22 March 1, 2009 SHIPWRECK: AN ANCIENT SEA TRADE GAME BRONZE AGE WORKS OF ART http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/shipwreck/index.html

More information

Numbers. Organizing the Census of the Israelites. 1:1 1 Now the Lord 2 spoke 3 to Moses in the tent of meeting 4 in the

Numbers. Organizing the Census of the Israelites. 1:1 1 Now the Lord 2 spoke 3 to Moses in the tent of meeting 4 in the Numbers Organizing the Census of the Israelites 1:1 1 Now the Lord 2 spoke 3 to Moses in the tent of meeting 4 in the sn The book of Numbers is the fourth book of the Pentateuch, traditionally called the

More information

Life of Jacob Participant Handouts

Life of Jacob Participant Handouts Life of Jacob Participant Handouts 1 Life of Jacob Participant Handouts If you re working with a class or small group, feel free to duplicate the following handouts in this appendix at no additional charge.

More information

AP World History Class Notes, Bentley Brief Edition Ch 1 The Foundations of Complex Societies September 14, 2010

AP World History Class Notes, Bentley Brief Edition Ch 1 The Foundations of Complex Societies September 14, 2010 This first chapter of Traditions and Encounters sets the stage for the drama of world history by tracing the development of humans from their earliest appearance on earth through the rise of important

More information

Psalm 119. A strophe by strophe study guide as taught by Pastor Robert L. Bolender at Austin Bible Church, 2007

Psalm 119. A strophe by strophe study guide as taught by Pastor Robert L. Bolender at Austin Bible Church, 2007 Psalm 119 A strophe by strophe study guide as taught by Pastor Robert L. Bolender at Austin Bible Church, 2007 כ י ט ח ז ו ה ד ב א ג ת ש ר ק צ פ ע ס נ מ ל Psalm 119 Introduction Title: The Psalm has no

More information

DNA Tribes is on Facebook. Find us at http://facebook.com/dnatribes. DNA Tribes Digest February 1, 2013 Page 1 of 10

DNA Tribes is on Facebook. Find us at http://facebook.com/dnatribes. DNA Tribes Digest February 1, 2013 Page 1 of 10 Copyright 2013 DNA Tribes. All rights reserved. DNA Tribes Digest February 1, 2013 To request an email subscription to DNA Tribes Digest, email digest@dnatribes.com with the subject heading Subscribe.

More information

Version 1.5. Biblical Hebrew (SIL) keyboard manual

Version 1.5. Biblical Hebrew (SIL) keyboard manual סל Version 1.5 Biblical Hebrew (SIL) keyboard manual John Hudson, 2004, 2007. For keyboard driver version 1.5 See below for upgrade instructions Introduction This manual and keyboard charts are designed

More information

Joseph in Egypt Fourth of Six Parts

Joseph in Egypt Fourth of Six Parts Bible and Spade 16.1 (2003). Copyright 2003 by Bible and Spade, cited with permission. Joseph in Egypt Fourth of Six Parts By Charles Aling In Genesis 41, Joseph meets the king of Egypt. As we saw in our

More information

Egyptian History 101 By Vickie Chao

Egyptian History 101 By Vickie Chao Egyptian History 101 By Vickie Chao 1 A long time ago, before Egypt was a united country, there were two kingdoms -- Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt was in the south. It controlled the areas along

More information

Shimmush Tehillim, Tehillim, Psalms 151-155 and Their Kabbalistic Use

Shimmush Tehillim, Tehillim, Psalms 151-155 and Their Kabbalistic Use Shimmush Tehillim, Tehillim, Psalms 151-155 and Their Kabbalistic Use Your purchase helps us to sponsor a new translation Shimmush Tehillim, Tehillim, Psalms 151-155 and Their Kabbalistic Use Edited by

More information

Lesson 35. The Tabernacle. Exodus 25 26. God lives among his people

Lesson 35. The Tabernacle. Exodus 25 26. God lives among his people Gospel Story Curriculum (OT) PRESCHOOL Lesson 35 The Tabernacle Exodus 25 26 Bible Truth God lives among his people l e s s o n snapshot 1. Opening Activity and Introduction.... 5 min Supplies: Nine sheets

More information

Hieroglyphs and Community By Grant

Hieroglyphs and Community By Grant Hieroglyphs and Community By Grant Hieroglyphs were hard to understand in the ancient times and are still hard to understand today. Hieroglyphs are carvings of an object or creature that Egyptians used

More information

Egypt Unit Project Topics (Newspaper Articles & Visual Presentations)

Egypt Unit Project Topics (Newspaper Articles & Visual Presentations) Egypt Projects 1 Egypt Unit Project Topics (Newspaper Articles & Visual Presentations) Your project topic is meant to be used for a newspaper article. Every student will write 1 newspaper article. Each

More information

ARCHAEO-PRO SAMPLE QUESTION SHEET

ARCHAEO-PRO SAMPLE QUESTION SHEET ARCHAEO-PRO SAMPLE QUESTION SHEET 1. Case 11 The Royal Graves of Ur What animal is mounted on the top of the rein ring? How old are the Royal Cemetery burials? Why do you think the excavator believed these

More information

University of Maryland Fraternity & Sorority Life Spring 2015 Academic Report

University of Maryland Fraternity & Sorority Life Spring 2015 Academic Report University of Maryland Fraternity & Sorority Life Academic Report Academic and Population Statistics Population: # of Students: # of New Members: Avg. Size: Avg. GPA: % of the Undergraduate Population

More information

"ARM OF THE LORD" REVEALING THE TRUTH AND EXPOSING THE LIE! 1 I. INTRODUCTION

ARM OF THE LORD REVEALING THE TRUTH AND EXPOSING THE LIE! 1 I. INTRODUCTION "ARM OF THE LORD" REVEALING THE TRUTH AND EXPOSING THE LIE! 1 I. INTRODUCTION A common phrase in the Hebrew Bible, arm of the Lord, a metaphor that normally would not conjure up thoughts of Christian "proof

More information

LESSON 27. 1. What did the new Pharaoh do to the Israelites? -Pharaoh made all of the Israelites slaves.

LESSON 27. 1. What did the new Pharaoh do to the Israelites? -Pharaoh made all of the Israelites slaves. LESSON 27 1. What did the new Pharaoh do to the Israelites? -Pharaoh made all of the Israelites slaves. 2. Why did Pharaoh make the Israelites slaves? -Because Pharaoh was afraid that the Israelites would

More information

The idea of writing originated independently at least twice (maybe three times) in different parts of the world, first in Mesopotamia

The idea of writing originated independently at least twice (maybe three times) in different parts of the world, first in Mesopotamia The History of Writing History of Writing: The Beginnings Humans have been speaking language in its present form for at least 50,000 years. However, the first full-fledged fledged writing did not emerge

More information

LESSON TITLE: Our Chief Cornerstone. THEME: Jesus is our cornerstone! SCRIPTURE: Ephesians 2:19-22 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: Dear Parents

LESSON TITLE: Our Chief Cornerstone. THEME: Jesus is our cornerstone! SCRIPTURE: Ephesians 2:19-22 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: Dear Parents Devotion NT328 CHILDREN S DEVOTIONS FOR THE WEEK OF: LESSON TITLE: Our Chief Cornerstone THEME: Jesus is our cornerstone! SCRIPTURE: Ephesians 2:19-22 Dear Parents Welcome to Bible Time for Kids! This

More information

GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER THREE - PAGE 1 of 19 THIS IS GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER THREE CHARACTERISTICS (ELEMENTS) OF CIVILIZATIONS

GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER THREE - PAGE 1 of 19 THIS IS GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER THREE CHARACTERISTICS (ELEMENTS) OF CIVILIZATIONS GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER THREE - PAGE 1 of 19 THIS IS GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER THREE THE TOPICS OF STUDY IN THIS PACKET ARE: THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS (ELEMENTS) OF

More information

The Xenophile Historian

The Xenophile Historian The Xenophile Historian Map Gallery Map 1: The spread of civilization in thousand-year steps. The purple areas became civilized by 3000 B.C. Civilization spread to the green areas by 2000 B.C., yellow

More information

Lecture 1 Evolution of Written Communication A Timeline for Origins of writing: Pre - Writing Africa- 200,000 the earliest pictorial markings of man

Lecture 1 Evolution of Written Communication A Timeline for Origins of writing: Pre - Writing Africa- 200,000 the earliest pictorial markings of man Lecture 1 Evolution of Written Communication A Timeline for Origins of writing: Pre - Writing Africa- 200,000 the earliest pictorial markings of man made for survivalutilitarian and ritualistic in purpose

More information

Teacher-Directed Tour World History I: Egypt

Teacher-Directed Tour World History I: Egypt Teacher-Directed Tour World History I: Egypt Visit VMFA s Egyptian Gallery to find out more about Ancient Egyptian Art! 1 Get Ready! Please make sure you visit the VMFA Teacher-Directed Tour page at http://vmfaresources.org/teacher-directed-gallery-tour-instructions/

More information

BIBLICAL MODELS FOR CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP

BIBLICAL MODELS FOR CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP BIBLICAL MODELS FOR CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP SESSION ONE BASES FOR EFFECTIVE CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP Mr. Watanabe was the chairman of his department at his company. He knew how to guide people and to get the

More information

Passover Lesson Plan for 3 rd & 4 th Grade Resources for Teachers and Students

Passover Lesson Plan for 3 rd & 4 th Grade Resources for Teachers and Students Passover Lesson Plan for 3 rd & 4 th Grade Resources for Teachers and Students KAR-BEN Publishing, a division of Lerner Publishing Group This guide may be downloaded for free at www.karben.com. This guide

More information

Exodus / PICTURETHIS! MINISTRIES INC. / COPYRIGHT 2014 / (888) 499-9305 / PICTURESMARTBIBLE.COM

Exodus / PICTURETHIS! MINISTRIES INC. / COPYRIGHT 2014 / (888) 499-9305 / PICTURESMARTBIBLE.COM Exodus / PICTURETHIS! MINISTRIES INC. / COPYRIGHT 2014 / (888) 499-9305 / PICTURESMARTBIBLE.COM EXODUS Going Out Lesson Supplies: Wrapping paper samples, small twig with branches, cotton, small stone,

More information

Empires of Early Africa

Empires of Early Africa Empires of Early Africa Teacher s Guide Grade Level: 9-12 Curriculum Focus: World History Lesson Duration: Two class periods Program Description The Nile: Where Egypt Began (5 min.) Examines the Nile s

More information

Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. By Ms. Shellenberger s Second Grade Class

Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. By Ms. Shellenberger s Second Grade Class Egyptian Gods and Goddesses By Ms. Shellenberger s Second Grade Class Egyptian Gods and Goddesses By Ms. Shellenberger s Second Grade Class October 2001 This book is dedicated to our families. Anubis By

More information

Parashah Forty-Four. Genesis 48:1 49:27; Isaiah 43:1 7; John 16:25 33. Notes by Tim Hegg. A Company of Peoples

Parashah Forty-Four. Genesis 48:1 49:27; Isaiah 43:1 7; John 16:25 33. Notes by Tim Hegg. A Company of Peoples Parashah Forty-Four Genesis 48:1 49:27; Isaiah 43:1 7; John 16:25 33 Notes by Tim Hegg A Company of Peoples 2005 TorahResource.com All rights reserved Our portion describes the final days of Jacob s life,

More information

The Israelites Are Slaves

The Israelites Are Slaves Exodus 1 6 Now Joseph and all his brothers and all that generation died, 7 but the Israelites were fruitful and multiplied greatly and became exceedingly numerous, so that the land was filled with them.

More information

Book of Exodus, Session 3 The Plagues Exodus 7 11

Book of Exodus, Session 3 The Plagues Exodus 7 11 1 Book of Exodus, Session 3 The Plagues Exodus 7 11 Between the call of Moses in Exodus 3 and 6 and the Israelite departure from Egypt in Exodus 12 stands the narrative of the ten plagues. These are the

More information

Unit 4 Lesson 8 The Qin and Han Dynasties

Unit 4 Lesson 8 The Qin and Han Dynasties Unit 4 Lesson 8 The Qin and Han Dynasties Directions Read the False statements below. Replace each underlined word with one from the word bank that makes each sentence True. Word Bank Ying Zheng army copper

More information

Miriam: Painting & Story Sermon on Exodus 15

Miriam: Painting & Story Sermon on Exodus 15 Miriam: Painting & Story Sermon on Exodus 15 Sisters and brothers, maybe you remember the huge beautiful picture standing here up front at the allage worship three weeks ago? It is now back in the prayer

More information

West Africa: Bantu Migration and the Stainless Society

West Africa: Bantu Migration and the Stainless Society West Africa: Bantu Migration and the Stainless Society Bantu Migration Around 1500 BCE farmers of the Niger and Benue River valleys in West Africa began migrating south and east, bringing with them their

More information

An Overview of Western Civilization

An Overview of Western Civilization The Six Major Periods of Western Civilization (BCE = BC; CE = AD) 1. Mesopotamia, Egypt, & Hebrews (3000-500 BCE) 2. Ancient Greece (1200-200 BCE) 3. Ancient Rome (753 BCE - 476 CE) -----------------------------------------------------------------

More information

The Story of the Nile

The Story of the Nile 1 of 7 1/8/2007 4:06 PM http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ The Story of the Nile By John Baines Without the Nile, Egypt may never have become one of the most extraordinary civilisations in history. John Baines

More information

H a g g a d a h. Passover 2015 A Community Seder. Temple Beth Israel Danielson, Connecticut

H a g g a d a h. Passover 2015 A Community Seder. Temple Beth Israel Danielson, Connecticut H a g g a d a h Passover 2015 A Community Seder Temple Beth Israel Danielson, Connecticut הגדה של פסח Haggadah Shel Pesakh 1. HERE WE ARE! Here we are, gathered to celebrate the oldest continually practiced

More information