IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Research Report Cover Sheet

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1 b.pdf IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Research Report over Sheet Researcher(s) J hong Affiliation: lemson University Trial: 2011 S PhoneNumber: S ProjectTitle: Scale Efficacy Protocol #: PR# Research Target rop/plant Product EPA Reg. # Production Site Status ottony ushion Scale A16901B A16901B - Syngenta ottony ushion Scale Distance Pyriproxyfen Valent ottony ushion Scale Flagship 0.22G Thiamethoxam Syngenta ottony ushion Scale Flagship 25WG Thiamethoxam Syngenta ottony ushion Scale Kontos (BYI S) Spirotetramat OHP ottony ushion Scale NNI-0101 Pyrifluquinazon - Nichino Americ ottony ushion Scale Safari 20SG Dinotefuran Valent ottony ushion Scale Safari 2G (V G) Dinotefuran Valent ottony ushion Scale Talus 70DF Buprofezin SePro ottony ushion Scale TriStar 30SG Acetamiprid - leary

2 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Project Title: Efficiency of Management Tools against ottony ushion Scale on Established In-Ground Protocol #: PR# 30296, 30297, 30298, 30299, 30300, 30301, 30302, 30303, 30304, Narrative Summary (Results/Discussion) This study was conducted in a golf-residential community in Bluffton, S from August to September shrubs selected for this study were heavily infested with cottony cushion scales at the start of treatment. The scale population at the time of pre-treatment evaluation was consisted of mainly nymphs, feeding on leaves and stems. Gravid and ovipositing adult females were not numerous and were therefore not evaluated in this study. The numbers of live scales ranged from 11 to 40 (averaged 19.1) per 10-cm stem in pretreatment evaluation. No significance difference in the pre-treatment counts of nymphs among the shrubs assigned to different treatments was observed (Table 1). One week after treatment (1 WAT), Flagship (25 WG and 0.22G), Kontos, Safari (20SG and 2G), Talus, TriStar and Orthene significantly reduced the numbers of live nymphs when compared to water check, with the greatest reductions achieved by Flagship 25WG, Safari 20SG, Safari 2G, Talus and TriStar. A16901B did not significantly reduce the scale population when compared to water check; this trend continued for the entire experimental period. By 2 WAT, all treatments except A16901B had significantly reduced scale insect population when compared to water check, with Flagship 25WG, Safari (20SG and 2G), Talus and TriStar continued to outperform other products. It was also during 2 WAT that NNI-0101 began to reduce the scale population, eventually eliminating the population by 6 WAT. Kontos was slow in taking effect; the reduction in scale population treated by Kontos was not evident until 4 WAT. By 6 WAT, scale population feeding on shrubs treated with Kontos, NNI-0101, Safari 20SG, Safari 2G, Talus 70 DF and TriStar 30SG was completely or close to being eliminated. Of the neonicotinoids, dinotefuran (Safari) performed the best with no difference in the efficacy between the drench and broadcast granule formulations. Both formulations/application methods eliminated the scale population by 4 WAT. On the other hand, foliar sprays of thiamethoxam (Flagship) appeared to perform slightly (though not significantly) better than broadcast granules. For the insect growth regulators, buprofezin (Talus) had excellent efficacy against the cottony cushion scale and better than pyriproxyfen (Distance). No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the treated pittosporum during the course of this study. 8/18/06 clp

3 Results Table IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Table 1. Mean (± SEM) abundance of cottony cushion scale, (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), per 10-cm of pittosporum ( tobira) terminal at Bluffton, S from August to September PR# Product Mean % mortality of nymphs per square-inch 10 August 17 August 24 August 7 Sept 21 Sept Rate 0 WAT 1 WAT 2 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT N/A Water heck ± ± 3.3 ab 17.3 ± 2.9 a 18.0 ± 3.5 a 17.8 ± 3.2 a A16901B 10 oz/100 gal 19.7 ± ± 1.8 a 19.2 ± 2.5 a 20.0 ± 2.2 a 20.2 ± 1.7 a Distance 12 fl oz/100 gal 20.7 ± ± 3.5 bc 9.5 ± 2.3 b 3.7 ± 1.4 b 2.8 ± 1.2 bc Flagship 25WG g/ft height 18.5 ± ± 1.5 de 2.2 ± 1.1 d 2.5 ± 1.5 b 1.8 ± 1.0 bc Flagship 0.22G 8 oz/100 gal 20.7 ± ± 3.2 cd 8.8 ± 3.0 bc 3.7 ± 0.7 b 4.3 ± 1.2 b Kontos 3.4 oz/100 gal 17.8 ± ± 3.2 cd 6.8 ± 3.8 bc 0.2 ± 0.2 b 0 d NNI fl oz/100 gal 20.8 ± ± 1.5 b 4.8 ± 1.1 bcd 1.7 ± 0.5 b 0.3 ± 0.3 d Safari 20SG 6 g/ft height 19.7 ± ± 1.4 de 1.2 ± 0.5 d 0 b 0 d Safari 2G 60 g/ft height 18.7 ± ± 0.7 e 0.8 ± 0.6 d 0 b 0 d Talus 70 DF 14 oz/100 gal 17.7 ± ± 1.2 de 1.3 ± 0.9 d 0.2 ± 0.2 b 0 d TriStar 30SG 1 8 oz/100 gal 16.5 ± ± 1.0 de 3.0 ± 1.3 c 0.8 ± 0.5 b 0.5 ± 0.3 cd Standard Orthene TTO 97 8 oz/100 gal 19.7 ± ± 2.0 cde 6.0 ± 1.1 bc 3.8 ± 1.9 b 3.8 ± 1.4 bc F-values 2 : Treatment 0.29 NS 7.10 **** 8.21 **** **** **** Block (Replicate) 0.42 NS 1.06 NS 0.24 NS 0.46 NS 1.06 NS 1 Flagship 15WG and TriStar 30 SG were mixed with 6 fl oz/100 gal of apsil for the foliar application. 2 ANOVA for ompletely Randomized Design at α = Means within a column with the same letters are not significantly different among the treatments by LSD. Degree of freedom: d.f.(trt) = 11, d.f. (block) = 5, d.f.(error) = 54. Significance levels: NS = P > 0.05; * = 0.01 < P < 0.05; ** = < P < 0.01; *** = < P < 0.01; **** = P < Researcher(s): Juang-Horng hong PRNumber(s): 30296, 30297, 30298, 30299, 30300, 30301, 30302, 30303, 30304, 30305

4 Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program rop History rop ultivar/variety: Date of Seeding: Date of Emergence: Date of Transplanting: Potting Mix: Pot size & spacing: Row spacing:, Pittospiorum tobira (Thunb.) W. T. Aiton, cv. verigata N/A N/A N/A In-ground; sandy Mature, multi-stem shrubs; 1-5 ft in height (averaged 2.2 ft); distance between plants variable; closest at 0.5 ft. Distance between plants variable; closest at 0.5 ft. Product(s) applied prior to start of experiment: Product Rate Type Date of rop Growth Stage Volume Horticultural oil N/A Foliar > 1 year N/A N/A Experiment Information Experimental Design: Number of Reps: 6 Materials & Methods: ompletely Randomized Design This study was conducted at a golf-residential community in Bluffton, S. shrubs, cv. varigata, were grown along several road division islands. Information on the date of transplant was unknown because no records were kept and no labels could be found on the plants. All pittosporum shrubs used in this study are mature, averaging 2.2 ft in height and about 0.5 ft between plants. Shrub height was measured with a measuring stick prior to insecticide applications. The data were used to estimate the amount of materials and solution needed for each plant. Each infested pittosporum shrub represented a replicate. The selected shrubs received one treatment of horticultural oil about 1 year prior to this study and no fertilizer prior to and during the course of the study. The pre-treatment counts were conducted on 10 August 2011, the day of the treatment. The shrubs within a block were then randomized among the treatments to achieve similar pretreatment averages among the treatments. One 10-cm infested terminal was marked on each shrub and the scale insect population monitored visually. The products were applied as foliar spray, soil drench or broadcast granules to target nymphs that were active at that time. Adult females, especially gravid or ovipositing females, were rare at this time. Foliar sprays were applied with a backpack sprayer (Solo gallon 60 psi with diaphragm pump; Newport News, VA). Because the shrubs were very close to one another, large insulation foam panels were used to isolate shrubs to be treated and removed only after the spray solution had 8/18/06 clp

5 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program sufficiently dry. Flagship 25WG and TriStar 30 SG were mixed with apsil and applied twice at 14-day interval, while Distance was applied twice at 21-day interval. Drench solution was prepared in a 5-gallon bucket. Granules were applied with a hand-shaker. Mulch were raked open to expose soil before soil drench and granular applications and covered immediately after the applications. Densities of the same populations of live nymphs on marked 10-cm terminals were counted at 7 (1 WAT), 14 (2 WAT), 28 (4 WAT) and 42 (6 WAT) days after the initial treatment. Samples from shrubs treated with TriStar 30SG, Flagship 25WG and Distance were collected before the second treatment. Data (scale insect abundance on each pittosporum shrub on each sampling date) were analyzed with ANOVA (randomized complete block design) and means were separated by LSD at the significant threshold of Equipment: Foliar applications were made with a backpack sprayer (Solo gallon 60 psi with diaphragm pump; Newport News, VA). Drench solution was prepared in and applied with 5- gallon buckets. Granules were applied with a shaker. Product(s) applied during experiment (including treatments, fertilizers, etc): Product Rate(s)* Type Date of rop Growth Volume (2011) Stage A16901B 5 oz Drench 10 August Mature 2 qt/ft Distance 12 fl oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre 31 August Flagship 25 WG 8 oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre 24 August Flagship 0.22G 227 g/ft Broadcast 10 August Mature - Kontos 3.4 oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre NNI fl oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre Safari 20SG 6 g/ft Drench 10 August Mature 2 qt/ft Safari 2G 60 g/ft Broadcast 10 August Mature - Talus 70DF 14 oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre TriStar 30SG 8 oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre 24 August Orthene TT&O 97 8 oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre apsil 6 fl oz Foliar 10 August Mature 100 gal/acre 24 August *All application rates are on per 100 gallon basis unless otherwise noted. No fertilizer or products other than the above were applied during the experiment. Researcher(s): Juang-Horng hong PRNumber(s): 30296, 30297, 30298, 30299, 30300, 30301, 30302, 30303, 30304, 30305

6 IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Environmental conditions during the experiment: On the day of the first treatment (10 August 2011), the ambient temperature (at about 2:00 pm) was 88.7 o F, soil temperature at 4 depth was 79.9 o F; canopy surface temperature was 86 o F, the relative humidity was 53%, with southwesterly wind at 1.5 mph. No rainfall was recorded for one day after the treatment. During the second application of TriStar and Flagship (24 August 2011), the ambient temperature (at about 3:00 pm) was 85 o F, soil temperature at 4 depth was 80.4 o F; canopy temperature was 83.7 o F, relative humidity was 62%, with southwesterly wind at 1.6 mph. During the second application of Distance (31 August 2011), the ambient temperature (at about 11 am) was 78.2 o F, soil temperature was 73 o F, canopy temperature was 75.8 o F, relative humidity was 54%, and the wind speed was 7.5 mph. Over the course of this study, the average daily air temperature ranged between 66 and 86 o F (averaged 78.8 o F) and total precipitation was 3.2. Irrigation at the test site depends entirely on rainfall. See the attached Excel file labeled Raw Data ottony ushion Scale hong for data on scale mortality and weather. Weather data were extracted from weather station located at Hilton Head Airport, Hilton Head Island, S (~ 11 miles from the study site). Data ollected See Materials and Methods for method of data collection, processing and analysis. Raw Data Raw data were included in the attached Excel file labeled Raw Data ottony ushion Scale hong. Researcher(s): Juang-Horng hong PRNumber(s): 30296, 30297, 30298, 30299, 30300, 30301, 30302, 30303, 30304, 30305