History of Circuit Breaker Standards. Jeffrey H. Nelson, P.E. Principal Electrical Engineer Tennessee Valley Authority Senior Member, IEEE
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1 History of Circuit Breaker Standards Jeffrey H. Nelson, P.E. Principal Electrical Engineer Tennessee Valley Authority Senior Member, IEEE 1 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
2 Early Oil Circuit Breaker 1898 Designed by L.L. Elden in 1898 Installed at the Boston Electric Light Company L Street Plant (later Boston Edison) Open tank with upward motion operation Mounted on a panel 2 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
3 Early Oil Circuit Breaker 1898 Inside view of 1898 oil breaker 3 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
4 AIEE Committee on Standardization Held first committee on standardization in 1898 recognized the importance of standardization in the electrical field. All apparatus standards published in single volume until 1922 AIEE Std. 19 AC Power Circuit Breakers 4 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
5 Power Plant Crew in Early 1900s 5 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
6 Pickle Barrel Breaker 6 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
7 Minimum Oil/Puffer Breaker 7 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
8 70 kv Circuit Breaker IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
9 Internal View of 70 kv Breaker One tank per phase Plain rotary break contacts Had a voltage and continuous current rating No stated interrupting rating 9 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
10 Other Groups Interested in Standards National Electric Light Association Electric Power Club (manufacturer s association) Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AEIC) Many papers submitted to AIEE on circuit breakers from 1910 to IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
11 1919 Performance Standard Electric Power Club Breaker must be able to make 2 OPEN operations with a 2 MIN interval No limit on flame or oil rejected JUST INTERRUPT!!!! 11 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
12 Skate Wheel Breaker 1924 Multiple breaks to elongate the arc Some magnetic blow-out effects 12 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
13 1924 Performance Standard Standard now prohibited flame and said that the condition afterwards should be substantially the same as before. AIEE 19 was revised to the same requirements 13 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
14 24 kv Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
15 24 kv Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
16 24 kv Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
17 24 kv Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
18 Condit Electrical Mfg. Corporation Part of 1926 Catalog Many voltage and current ratings 12 to 20 cycles interrupting time 18 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
19 1926 Merger Electric Power Club merged with Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies to become NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association 19 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
20 Condit 34 kv Breaker 20 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
21 Westinghouse 230 kv Breaker 21 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
22 General Electric Oil Blast Chamber Breaker Closed Breaker Opening Interruption 22 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
23 Westinghouse Deion Grid 23 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
24 Allis Chalmers Ruptor Baffle Plates 24 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
25 Performance Developments Interrupting Times: cycles later 5 3 and work on 2 cycles Operating Duty: 2 Min., then down to 15 sec Reclosing: 30 to 45 cycles with development of pneumatic operating mechanisms, later 20 cycles Impulse withstand dielectric test requirements were added to the 60 Hz hipot withstand requirement 25 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
26 161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s 26 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
27 161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s 27 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
28 First American Standard Developed from standards of AIEE, NEMA and AEIC Issued for trial use in 1941 and published in IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
29 First American Standard ASA C37 Designation: C electrical 37 switchgear etc. (57 was transformers) Alternating-Current Power Circuit Breakers C Methods for Determining the Rms Value of a Sinusoidal Current Wave and a Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage C Schedule of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers C Operating Duty (Duty Cycle) for Standard and Reclosing Service C Rated Control Voltages C Test Code for Power Circuit Breakers C IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
30 C Table 1 Preferred Ratings 30 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
31 Interrupting Ratings at Various Operating Duties C Table 1 31 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
32 Arc extinction in an oil circuit breaker Gas de-ionizes the arc Arc is extinguished Creates perturbations and gas in the oil Requires reduction in the interrupting rating for some reclosing duty cycles 32 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
33 ASA C37 Revision C C C C C C C Alternating-Current Power Circuit Breakers Methods for Determining the Rms Value of a Sinusoidal Current Wave and a Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage Schedule of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers Operating Duty (Duty Cycle) for Standard and Reclosing Service Rated Control Voltages Test Code for Power Circuit Breakers Guide Specification for Alternating Current Power Circuit Breakers 33 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
34 C Table 3 Preferred Ratings 34 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
35 Example from C Line No. 26 Voltage Ratings Rated kv 138 Max Design kv 145 Min kv for rated MVA 132 Interrupting Ratings 3-Phase Rated MVA 10,000 Amperes at Rated Voltage 42,000 Max Amperes 44, IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
36 Relation of Application Voltage and Interrupting Current 36 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
37 Short Circuit Current Wave Amount of dc asymmetry is a function of the point on the voltage wave when the fault starts 2 Total rms current at any instant = (ac) + (dc) 2 Peak & dc decay: function of L and R in the circuit, stated as X/R ratio 37 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
38 Asymmetry Application Factors C Circuit Breaker Rated Interrupting Time (60 Hz Basis) Multiplying Factor 8 cycle 5 cycle 3 cycle IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
39 Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C , Fig. 7-1) Reclosing Duty Cycle I: O + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO Reclosing Duty Cycle II: O + 0 sec** + CO Reclosing Duty Cycle III: O + 0 sec** + CO + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO *15 seconds or longer **Zero seconds shall be interpreted to mean no intentional time delay. 39 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
40 Symmetrical Rating Standards Simplify application where high speed relaying and fast clearing circuit breakers were used. Bring American standards into closer agreement with accepted international standards (IEC- International Electrotechnical Commission) to avoid confusion on rating differences, and Require that circuit breakers be proven to demonstrate a definite relationship between asymmetrical interrupting capability and symmetrical ratings 40 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
41 Symmetrical Rating Standards Total Current Standard C37.4 C37.5 C37.6 C37.7 C37.8 C37.9 C37.5 Symmetrical Current Standard C37.03 C37.04 C37.04a C37.05 C37.06 C37.06a C37.07 Included in C37.06 C37.09 C37.09a C Subject Definitions Rating Structure Measurement of Voltage and Current Waves Preferred Ratings Reclosing Factors Control Voltages Test Code Application Guide (Expansion of material previously in C37.5) 41 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
42 Relation of Application Voltage and Symmetrical Interrupting Current 42 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
43 S Factor 43 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
44 C37.06a-1968 Table 3 Preferred Ratings 44 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
45 Example from C37.06a-1968 Line No. 5C Nominal Voltage Class kv 138 Nominal MVA Class 10,000 Rated Values Rated Maximum Voltage kv 145 Rated Voltage Range Factor - K 1.10 Rated Short Circuit at Rated Max kv 37,000 Related Required Capabilities Max Symmetrical Interrupting Capability 41,000 Rated Max Voltage Divided by K - kv IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
46 Derivation of Rated Symmetrical Short Circuit Current 10,000MVA 145kV = = I kA 46 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
47 Required Asymmetrical Capability at Nominal 138 kv 37kA 145kV 138kV = 38.9kA 38.9kA 1.2 = 46.5kA S Factor for 3 cycle breaker = IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
48 Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C , Fig. 2) This method of derating originally introduced in C IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
49 Circuit Breaker Standards Development in the 1970s Standards Development Organizations IEEE/PES Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee NEMA Switchgear Section American National Standards Committee C37 AEIC Committee on Electric Power Apparatus EEI-AEIC-NEMA Joint Committee 49 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
50 New Interrupting Current Ratings C introduced new interrupting current ratings for outdoor circuit breakers rated 121 kv and above, Table 4a Renard numbers: Set of preferred numbers proposed in the 1870s for use with the metric system Factor between two consecutive numbers in a Renard series is constant (before rounding), namely 5 th, 10 th, 20 th or 40 th root of 10 (1.58, 1.26, 1.12 and 1.06) R10 Series: 10, 12.5, 16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40, 50, 63, 80, IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
51 Other Changes to Table 4a, C The nominal 3-phase MVA Class was removed from the table of preferred ratings since it was no longer directly related to the interrupting current rating Voltage Range Factor, K, was changed to IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
52 Supplementary Standards C C37.071a-1974 C C C C C C Requirements for Line-Closing Switching Surge Control (Added corresponding parameters for 765 kv) Requirements for Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) TRV Application Guide TRV Ratings Requirements for Capacitance Current Switching Capacitance Current Switching Application Guide Capacitance Current Switching Ratings 52 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
53 Supplementary Standards C C C Requirements for Switching Impulse Voltage Insulation Strength Requirements for Pressurized Components Requirements for External Insulation for Outdoor Circuit Breakers C Rated Test Values for External Insulation C Method of Testing Circuit Breakers When Rated for Out-of-Phase Switching 53 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
54 Circuit Breaker Standards Consolidation C C C C C C C Rating Structure Preferred Ratings and Related Capabilities Test Procedures Application Guide General Application Guide Transient Recovery Voltage Application Guide Capacitance Current Switching Requirements for Electrical Control 54 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
55 Circuit Breaker Standards Development 1980 to 1999 Standards Development Organizations IEEE/PES High Voltage Circuit Breaker Subcommittee NEMA High Voltage Circuit Breaker Technical Committee Accredited Standards Committee C37, Power Switchgear AEIC Committee on Electric Power Apparatus 55 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
56 Standards Withdrawal Total Current Basis Standards In 1986, the original standards for circuit breakers rated on a total current basis were withdrawn They continue to be applicable for those circuit breakers designed and built to those standards 56 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
57 Supplementary Standards C Guide for Synthetic Fault Testing C37.081a-1997 Recovery voltage for terminal faults Asymmetrical short circuit current C Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels of AC Power Circuit Breakers C Guide for Synthetic Capacitive Current Switching Tests of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 57 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
58 Standards Consolidation Several amendments for C37.04, C37.09 and C were issued during the 1980s and 1990s. At the end of the 1990s work culminated in general revisions which incorporated the amendment requirements and made additional revisions. C C C C Rating Structure Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities Test Procedures Application Guide General 58 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
59 Rating Structure Revisions Rated standard operating duty (standard duty cycle) was changed and expanded O -t -CO -t -CO where, O = Open CO = Close-Open t = 3 min t = 15 s for circuit breakers not rated for rapid reclosing and = 0.3 s for circuit breakers rated for rapid reclosing duty 59 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
60 Rating Structure Revisions The S factor for asymmetrical interrupting capability was eliminated. The standard now defines the percent dc component based on a standard time constant of 45 ms (corresponding to X/R of 17 for 60 Hz) 60 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
61 Rating Structure Revisions Circuit breaker mechanisms to be trip-free or trip-free in any position. TRV first pole-to-clear factor was revised to 1.3 for circuit breakers rated above 100 kv. Maximum difference for simultaneity of poles was defined. Closing 1/4 cycle Opening 1/6 cycle 61 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
62 Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions Table of preferred ratings for indoor oil circuit breakers was deleted and Table 1 now pertained to indoor oilless circuit breakers. Table 2 was expanded to include oil and oilless circuit breakers rated 72.5 kv and below, including breakers applied in GIS. Preferred ratings for circuit breakers used in GIS were included in Tables 2, 2A, 3 and 3A. 62 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
63 Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions A new Table 5 provided a Schedule of Dielectric Test Values, for Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations. 63 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
64 Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions The K factor for indoor circuit breakers was set to 1.0 and rated time-to-peak (T 2 ) values for TRV were specified for the first time. Rated TRV for outdoor circuit breakers was revised to 2.0 kv/μsec. Voltage classes of 121 kv, 169 kv and 242 kv were changed to 123 kv, 170 kv and 245 kv. This completed a harmonization of rated voltages above 100 kv with IEC. IEC adopted 550 kv and 800 kv, replacing 525 kv and 765 kv respectively. 64 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
65 Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions Portion of Table 3, C IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
66 Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions Trial Use Guide, C , Definite Purpose for Fast Transient Recovery Voltage Rise Times was published following reports of circuit breaker failures in applications where very fast TRVs were determined to be the cause of the failure. Required special fast TRV parameters for: Test Duty 1 (7% of rated short-circuit current) Test Duty 2 (30% of rated short-circuit current) Published as Full-Use Guide in IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
67 Test Procedure Revisions Lightning impulse withstand testing included the 3 x 9 method. Short-line fault tests were made mandatory for all outdoor breakers rated 15.5 kv and above. 67 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
68 Application Guide Revisions C37.010b-1985, Standard for Emergency Load Current- Carrying Capability, established overload current criteria that allowed limits of total temperature for the circuit breaker to be exceeded under specified emergency load currents. 68 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
69 Generator Circuit Breakers A new standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers, C Established rating capabilities and test requirements for circuit breakers applied between the generator and the step-up transformer Voltage ratings typically up to 38 kv Continuous current ratings up to 20 ka Symmetrical interrupting current ratings up to 160 ka or more C clarified meaning of rated maximum voltage and added an application guide clause 69 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
70 Generator Circuit Breakers No other national or international standard on generator circuit breakers IEEE Working Group with members from IEC developed C The 1997 revision made the standard acceptable to IEC and as a result the IEC Technical Committee 17A on High-Voltage Switchgear has not developed it s own generator circuit breaker standard 70 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
71 Application Guides C , Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers C , Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Current Switching C , Guide for Diagnostics and Failure Investigation 71 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
72 Circuit Breaker Standards Development 2000 to Present Standards Development Organizations 2002 IEEE Standards Association BOD terminated the Memorandum of Understanding with NEMA and it s Co-Secretariat relationship with ASC C37 As a result, ASC C37 and NEMA turned over control of several documents which covered dimensions, preferred ratings, construction, manufacturing, installation and maintenance to the IEEE NEMA retained control of documents covering conformance testing for metal enclosed and metal-clad switchgear Since 2002, the IEEE High Voltage Circuit Breaker Subcommittee controls all technical areas of C37 circuit breaker standards development, except for conformance testing 72 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
73 Capacitance Current Switching IEEE C37.04a, Standard Rating Structure Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching IEEE C37.09a, Standard Test Procedure Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching Capacitance current switching ratings unbundled A basic circuit breaker has either an overhead line switching or a cable switching rating Capacitor bank ratings or additional overhead line or cable ratings must be specified separately C reflected changes made to the capacitive current switching requirements and test procedures 73 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
74 Capacitance Current Switching Three Classes of Restrike Performance C0 Has a probability of restrike up to one restrike per operation. Similar to the old general purpose circuit breaker. C1 Low Probability of Restrike : Restrike performance similar to the old definite purpose circuit breaker. C2 Very Low Probability of Restrike : Approximately 1/10 or less than that of a Class C1 circuit breaker. 74 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
75 Transient Recovery Voltage C37.04b and C37.09b amendments being developed to redefine transient recovery voltage requirements C addressed the application of the new TRV requirements 75 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
76 Preferred Ratings C37.06 C ratings for fast TRV rise times will be incorporated Adjusting ratings tables to coordinate with new requirements for TRV and capacitance current switching Two new terms being introduced Class S1 Circuit breakers for cable systems Class S2 Circuit breakers for line systems 76 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
77 Application Guides C , Guide for the Selection of Monitoring for Circuit Breakers PC37.12 Specification Guide revision addressing latest revisions to ratings, requirements and test procedure documents C , Guide for High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Instruction Manual Content PC Revision started to address some terminology, current chopping phenomena, arrester protection and controlled switching 77 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
78 Circuit Switchers C , Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit Switchers Rated 15.5 kv through 245 kv 78 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
79 Joint Working Groups PC Guide to Describe The Occurrence and Mitigation of Switching Transients Induced by Transformer, Switching Device, and System Interaction PC Standard for Gas Insulated Substations PC Guide for the Application of Medium Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 1kV to 52kV Guide for SF6 Gas Handling for High Voltage Equipment 79 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
80 Future Activities C37.04 revision C37.09 revision Application guides as required C Sound Pressure Levels Long Line Fault TRV Gas Bushings for HV Breakers and GIS 80 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
81 FINAL QUESTIONS? 81 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh, PA 24 July 2008
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