(Digital) Text writing and reading as intercultural processes

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1 (Digital) Text writing and reading as intercultural processes PETER STOCKINGER Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO) European Master in intercultural communication Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal september 2006 Design graphique et multimédia : Elisabeth de PABLO, MSH

2 2 nd lesson Examples from digital audiovisual archives. 2/ The interactive hypermedia book (IHB)

3 Course Topics The main topics of this lecture are the following five ones: 1. The interactive hypermedia book (IHB) some generalitiés. 2. A series of interviews about the huarpe croppers in the form of an IHB. 3. The underlying model or scenario of the huarpe IHB. 4. Consequences for the understanding of (re-)authoring activities as intercultural processes. 5. The cultural and economic interest of IHB production.

4 1 st topic - The «interactive hypermedia book» (IHB) - Generalities -

5 1 st topic The «interactive» hypermedia book - Generalities The interactive hypermedia book (abbreviated: IHB) is a specific publishing genre of a given (closed or open) source corpus composed either exclusively by audiovisual sources or by different media sources. As its name already suggests, it is built in analogy to the written book organised in chapters which is a traditional publishing genre with some very well known general stereotypic characteristics such as: the presence of a cover with recurrent (paratextual) information (title, author, publisher,...); the overall organisation in chapters, sections, etc.; the presence of notes, an index, bibliographical information; a textually linear ordering of sections, chapters, but which hasn t to be followed necessarily by the reader.

6 1 st topic The «interactive» hypermedia book - Generalities This highly standard and general formal organisation of a written book: appears in a high diversity of more specialised formal organisations of books and is adapted to the specific content and purpose of a publication (guide, handbook, essay, novel, ) as well as to a publishing tradition or style (i.e. the format chosen, for instance, by a publishing house). In this sense, the written book has given, as everybody knows, body to the most important knowledge and information industry mankind ever has known. The interactive hypermedia book (video book, image book, text book, ) is with any doubt one of direct emanations of the written book culture. But it also introduces - thanks to the digital technologies of information - some remarkable differences and specificities of which the following three seem to be the most central ones: interactivity (the consumption of an IHB by the user may/can require a highly participation of the user); personalisation (an IHB can adapt to specific user profiles, ) dematerialisation (an IHB is not a physical entity like a book ).

7 2 nd topic - Example: a series of interviews about the huarpe croppers in the form of an interactive hypermedia book (IHB) -

8 2 nd topic The huarpe IHB In our case (series of interviews with Gregorio Manzur dedicated to the life world and culture of the huarpe croppers), we have chosen, within our source corpus: mainly the video files documenting the series of interviews with the Argentinean writer, some simple textual information composing the bibliography and biography of Gregorio Manzur as well as some static visual resources (i.e. images). It has to be emphasized that the source corpus is an open one (it can be enriched by new video files or by other multimedia resources). This means that the actually online available interactive hypermedia book: may change (new headings may be added, new video chapters may be added, ) or may become, later on, part of a collection of interactive hypermedia books where each one possesses a specific profile (content profile, communication purpose profile, lay out profile, ).

9 2 nd topic The huarpe IHB The actually online interactive hypermedia book is in French with the title L univers des indiens huarpe de Guanachache (English : The natural and cultural world of the huarpe indios living in the Guanacache region ). (figure 1) The figure 1 above shows the cover page of the interactive book as well as the contents of it (cf. region within the red circle). Peter Stockinger: Sign, sign systems and culture (Paris, 2004)

10 2 nd topic The huarpe IHB The figure 2 below show the pop up window containing the video section of the interactive book which are, in this case, very simple: they are ordered following the temporal progress of the series of interviews; each of them contains the video text in three formats as well as (virtually) other information resources completing the video text (figure 2)

11 2 nd topic The huarpe IHB Figure 3 below gives a more detailed look of the video section organised in different video chapters. (figure 3)

12 2 nd topic The huarpe IHB Two forms of video lecture are proposed: the interactive navigation through the different video chapters; the linear movie or TV like full screen reception of the selected moments of the interviews (figure 4). (figure 4)

13 2 nd topic The huarpe IHB Figure 5 below shows again a very simply organised heading reserved for biographical information concerning the author of the interviews Gregorio Manzur. (figure 5)

14 3 rd topic - The «underlying» model or scenario of the huarpe IHB -

15 3 rd topic The scenario of the huarpe IHB Discussion : The overall formal structure of THIS exemplar of an interactive hypermedia book is simple. It is represented by figure 6 below (figure 6)

16 3 rd topic The scenario of the huarpe IHB Discussion : The basic architecture for ALL video-book like realisations are shown in the diagram above (figure 7) (figure 7)

17 3 rd topic The scenario of the huarpe IHB Explanations Parts: the elements that compose an interactive hypermedia book Functional parts are, for example, the different chapters, especially the video chapters (composing one or more headings ), the cover page ( home page ), an introduction, etc. Physical parts are mainly the page itself and the different regions or zones that compose its interface (menu, text zone, image zone, ) Fitting of parts means the ordering: between the different chapters (and sub-chapters, ); among the different regions and zones organising a physical page. Graphical interface : recovers all (figurative eidetic -, topographical, chromatic, textual, ) elements that compose the zones and regions of a page and that is mainly responsible of what is called the visual chart or identity of an IHB

18 3 rd topic The scenario of the huarpe IHB Source corpus recovers all content data that are used for the authoring of an IHB: brute video files (in our case, dominant), image files, sound files, textual files structured information and also already authored but reusable products (already existing, IHB, video-lexica, hypermedia encyclopaedias, multilingual versions, etc.); etc. Format means that an IHB is a publishing type or genre that can be materialised, physically transported and consumed for instance as a web site, a cderom, an ipod service, a psp service, a service for mobile phones or again a service of i-tv, etc. Notice: the materialisation, transportation and consumption of an IHB and of any other type or genre of information or knowledge product is determined by the specific technological, economical, social and also cultural constraints that characterise the use of the listed communication devices.

19 3 rd topic The scenario of the huarpe IHB In any case, the authoring of IHB can be technically represented as a set of activities that apply to the above quoted elements in order to produce a concrete IHB. The whole authoring process of a hypermedia book can be decomposed in routine steps and tasks which are: 1. Synopsis writing. 2. Source corpus collection and constitution. 3. Critical working through the source corpus and scenario design of the hypermedia book. 4. Processing (working on) the video content (for the video heading ) as well as on other content for previously in the scenario identified headings. 5. Editing of the processed (video and other content) via publishing templates or models. 6. Publishing of the hypermedia book as a web site, a cdrom, a product for mobile devices, etc. Notice: we will speak about these steps more in detail in out course preparing the concrete authoring projects for this year.

20 4 th topic - Consequences for the understanding of the (re-) authoring of IHB as per se intercultural processes -

21 4 th topic General consequences What kind of information the very simple architecture discussed in section 3 can give us : concerning the interactive huarpe hypermedia book itself? and concerning interactive hypermedia books in general? Consequences from three points of view: point of view of the proposed content; point of view of the proposed headings (chapters, etc.); i.e. the functional organisation of the IHB point of view of the interface.

22 4 th topic General consequences From the point of view of the proposed video content: The huarpe interactive hypermedia book (IHB) is: a generalists book covering a big diversity of subjects (the huarpe population in itself, in its relationship with the natural environment, with respect to their believes and traditions, etc.) dealt in a narrative and personal style which doesn t address a specific public (besides the fact that it must be a French speaking one) Other possible hypermedia books could, for instance : be restricted to specific themes which are treated in more detail (forming specialised ethnographic, folkloristic, geographical, hypermedia books of the huarpe croppers); Address explicitly specific user groups (researchers and students in different disciplines, but also young people, people identifying themselves with specific cultural regulation values such as those regulating our understanding of sustainable development, ecotourism, respect and defence of indigenous rights, etc.

23 4 th topic General consequences From the point of view of the proposed headings the global functional organisation of the IHB The huarpe IHB is very scarcely developed in our concrete example: besides the central video section composed by 11 small video chapters ( readable either in an interactive or a linear TV-like form) there are only two other very simply organised and developed headings: a biographical one and a bibliographical one. Other hypermedia books (or a revised version of the existing one) : could propose new and very different textual, audiovisual, headings including especially purpose specific ones (for instance: pedagogical ones or again also headings summarizing in other languages the conent of the original version, etc.).

24 4 th topic General consequences From the point of view of the lay out (the formal and graphical organisation) : The huarpe hypermedia book adopts a standard visual (eidetic, topographic, chromatic, textual, ) form shared by all video-books published on the multimedia web portal Patrimoine culturel des minorités & peuples indigènes. But other books or again versions of this book may have an other (topographic, eidetic, chromatic, ) lay out, an other interface (attuned, for instance, to specific user profiles, etc.)

25 4 th topic General consequences From the point of view of the overall objectives that a hypermedia book is supposed to fulfil: The huarpe hypermedia book : tends to be above all a faithful report of what Gregorio Manzur has related about the huarpe civilisation: it hasn t any other specific objective than the trustful reporting of Mannzur s discourse. But other versions of this IHB: may have other objectives: overtly pedagogical ones, political ones, moralizing ones, etc. may be elaborated especially with respect to specific user groups, etc. and will require, for this: specific contents and specific comments and enrichments of selected video contents; specific functional parts and specific fitting (organisation) of functional parts specific interfaces.

26 5 th topic - The interest of IHB (re-)authoring within the global digital communication industry -

27 5 th topic The cultural and economic interest of IHB authoring General consequence of what we have seen in section 4: The whole organisation content, headings, interfaces, of a hypermedia book depends crucially on the target culture and, more especially: the destine (the consumer as well as the relaying, mediating instances); the habitus of the destine (traditions, experiences, given knowledge and values, habitual usages, ); the possible and more or less probable opportunities of its use (with respect to the users objectives, needs, interests or desires, competing services and products, implicit or explicit policies, etc.) And this is the case for ALL digital or analogical, written or spoken, direct or mediated - communication products and services.

28 5 th topic The cultural and economic interest of IHB authoring What relevance does possess the authoring of hypermedia books for intercultural communication? Hypermedia books (digital books, digital video-books, digital photobooks, ): are widespread tools in general, daily-life communication and in functionally specialised communication situations (such as in education, in business, in tourism, in leisure, etc.). Like the written book for printed communication the hypermedia book is certainly a paradigmatic example for digital, computer mediated communication as well as for global communication. The publishing genre IHB has generated a whole industry and also a variety of professionals of authoring (of whom the used terminology is not yet stabilised ).

29 5 th topic The cultural and economic interest of IHB authoring In this sense, interactive hypermedia books (IHB) : can be the object of critical (comparative and intercultural) studies in order to understand better its stereotypical organisation as well as its dependencies on local cultural traditions can constitute a means for preparing, authoring and DELIVERING a given source corpus to destines representing different target cultures such as: multilingual hypermedia books; hypermedia books for a (national) foreign destine; hypermedia books for specific social groups: young people, students, tourists, decision-makers, politicians, journalists, etc.

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