Rethinking and Reframing "Energy Savings Obligations"
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1 Rethinking and Reframing "Energy Savings Obligations" What Are They? What Role Might They Play in Europe? What Can We Learn From Global Experience? Richard Cowart and Meg Gottstein The Regulatory Assistance Project Berlin, November 2011 Master Slidepack The Regulatory Assistance Project 48 Rue de Stassart Building C, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium Phone: web:
2 About the Regulatory Assistance Project ("RAP") Richard Cowart is Director of RAP s European Programmes, headquartered in Brussels. Meg Gottstein is a RAP Principal working on European Programmes out of the Berlin Office RAP bietet als globale Nichtregierungsorganisation technische und politische Unterstützung in den Bereichen Energie und Umwelt für Regierung und Behörden an. RAP wurde ausschließlich von mehreren Stiftungen und öffentlichen Institutionen gegründet und finanziert. RAP hat Büros in den USA, China, und Europa (in Brüssel und seit Kurzem auch in Berlin). Alle Leiter von RAP sind ehemalige Regierungsverantwortliche, Regulatoren oder Politikberater. RAP ist bereits in mehr als 20 Ländern und 50 Provinzen und Staaten aktiv. Aktuelle RAP- Projekte sind unter Anderem die Zusammenarbeit mit dem britischen Ministerium für Energie und Klimawandel, der Task Force für Nachhaltige Entwicklung des Rats der Europäischen Energieaufsichtsbehörden sowie dem Chilenischen Energieministerium und Policy Volume II des ECF Roadmap 2050 Projekt.
3 Key Points to Discuss 1 Energy Efficiency is an economic imperative 2 But there is a Policy Gap in removing market barriers 3 Energy Savings Obligations is a policy framework for effectively removing these barriers to market activity 4 Experience in many regions, with various designs to account for local circumstances exist 5 Evaluations show highly cost-effective results to consumers and the economy
4 Cents per kwh 1. Energy Efficiency is an Economic Imperative Energy Efficiency Reduces energy (system) costs for all customers and ensures global competitiveness Creates opportunities for global technology exports Increases energy supply security Reduces CO 2 emissions and climate change costs Avoided costs per saved kwh* Avoided Reserves Line Losses Distribution Capacity Transmission Capacity Avoided Emissions Production Energy Creates sustainable jobs and growth 2 0 Production Capacity * numbers are illustrative
5 2. But there is a Policy Gap in Removing Market Barriers Market barriers EU Energy Efficiency Target Lack of information Upfront costs Financing: Payback periods high implicit discount rate 20% 9% Gap: 11% Split incentives (e.g., builder/buyer; tenant/landlord) Target 2020 Current projections Consumer inertia: Hassle factor, timing mismatches Unpriced external costs European and German Energiekonzept targets for 2050 even more ambitious Uncompensated benefits eg, system reliability More than 20 years of experience show: barriers are globally similar, addressing single barriers is not sufficient, stable budget-independent funding required to remove barriers Learning from international examples to help to fill the gap, e.g. Energy Savings Obligations
6 2. Policy Must Address All Market Barriers to Succeed Efficiency Investments Energy /CO 2 Savings
7 2. Policy Must Address All Market Barriers to Succeed Efficiency Investments Energy /CO 2 Savings
8 2. Policy Must Address All Market Barriers to Succeed Efficiency Investments Energy /CO 2 Savings
9 2. Policy Must Address All Market Barriers to Succeed Efficiency Investments Energy /CO 2 Savings
10 Design options 3. Energy Savings Obligations = Targets + Funding + Accountability for Results Savings targets to achieve energy policy goals Someone accountable for market results Budget-Independent funding removes barriers Stimulates private investment to meet targets at least-cost Target agreement: 1,5% Percent of energy sales/load growth Tons of CO2 emissions Designed to focus on deep retrofits, avoid cherry-picking, target fuel poor households, etc Regulated companies (DSO, TSO)* Unregulated energy suppliers Efficiency Utility with performance contracts Public agency or office Wires and pipes charges Supplier cost pass thru to retail prices CO2 allowance auction revenues Note: Non-Treasury funding is the norm! Accountable entity facilitates removal of market barriers to investment Targets funding to achieve results at least-cost (e.g., audits, rebates, favorable financing terms) Customers work directly with private installers and craftsmen that they trust * DSO = Distribution System Operator ( Verteilnetzbetreiber ) TSO = Transmission System Operator ( Übertragungsnetzbetreiber )
11 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
12 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
13 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
14 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
15 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
16 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
17 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
18 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency
19 3. ESO = Proven Tool to Deliver Cost-Effective Energy Efficiency Someone accountable for savings results and motivated to ensure that market barriers to private investment are successfully and efficiently removed
20 3. Myths and Actual Facts about Energy Savings Obligations (ESO) The myth says Households and businesses are forced to reduce energy consumption; and/or ESO is a cap on energy sales ESO will increase total cost of heat and power for all customers The actual fact is ESO helps households and businesses invest in efficiency voluntarily. and The target formulation does not cap energy sales! per kwh charge may increase slightly but total bills are lowered due to: Reduced energy usage Avoided system costs & price effects ESO is a centralist approach limiting individual investment choices ESO stimulates decentralized investment decisions to overcome market failures, and has been implemented in very free market economies Only way of implementation is forcing retail energy suppliers to reduce their sales ESO design can be adapted to local circumstances (e.g., who is obligated, interaction with supply chain, source of funding, etc.)
21 4. Global Experience with ESO: Many Regions, Various Designs Global experience with energy savings obligations Examples of various approaches Who is obligated and who delivers? Obligated Party Who Delivers Country/ State Regulated Energy Distributors (DSOs/TSOs)* Private sector installers Standard perf. contracts with 3 rd parties Most of US, Denmark, Italy Belgium/Flndr Texas, New Jersey United States: Design 24 US States with EE Resource Standards varies Europe: 5 member states (Belgium-Flanders, France, Italy, Great Britain, Denmark), more planned (e.g., Poland) Australia: 3 States (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia) China and Brazil: Spending obligations variant Unregulated Retail Energy Suppliers New/existing State Agency Energy Efficiency Utility (perf. contract) Energy suppliers (may) or other installers Private sector installers Private sector installers GB, France, Australia Oregon, New York in part Vermont, Maine * DSO = Distribution System Operator ( Verteilnetzbetreiber ) TSO = Transmission System Operator ( Übertragungsnetzbetreiber )
22 4. Various Combinations of Funding Sources and Obligated Entities are Possible Potential Sources of Budget Independent Funding for EE*: Potential Obligated Entities include: Wires and Pipes regulated charges (e.g. DSO/TSO tariffs) Energy Supplier cost pass thru into unregulated retail prices CO 2 Allowance Auction Rev. 3 rd Party Contracts/White Certificate Trading to meet Obligations Regulated Companies (DSO, TSO) Unregulated Energy Suppliers Efficiency Utility created via performance contract with regulator Public Agency or Office *Note: With few exceptions (e.g., France) all ESO models are funded thru budget-independent sources listed here
23 5. Highly Cost-Effective Results to Consumers and Economy Overall energy costs decline Additional benefits Benefit/cost ratio from US experience Vermont California New York New Jersey + Positive effects observed from US experience: Overall system costs for energy reduced, including grid investment and reserves Significant amount of sustainable jobs created in regions and communities = All energy users benefit collectively Saving a unit of electricity or gas is 2 to 6 times cheaper than buying a corresponding unit Local economy boosted including respending effects
24 Contact Details for Further Discussion and Questions Richard Cowart Director, European Programmes The Regulatory Assistance Project Meg Gottstein Principal, European Programmes The Regulatory Assistance Project Please find further information at: Design and layout: peppermint werbung berlin
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