7t~ <Drabe ociaf tubies ummer lf)acket ID: ) EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS (PG 16) NAME: 20)3/ rtt GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES PACKET

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1 7t~ <Drabe ociaf tubies ummer lf)acket NAME: ID: )3/ rtt GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES PACKET ATTACHED IS YOUR 7rtt GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES PACKET. THIS PACKET WILL BE REVIEWED IN SEPTEMBER AND BE INCLUDED IN YOUR 1s 1 QUARTER GRADE! PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE PAC KET AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING BY WRITING DIRECTLY IN THE PACKET:!)"SOLVE A FEUDALISM PUZZLE" (PAGE 6) 2)"RECALL INFORMATION You HAVE READ" (PAGE 7) 3) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS -PLEASE CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER (PG 13-15) 4) EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS (PG 16)

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3 J The Story of the Middle Ages, :~ ***************************************~. i Timeline: 400 A.O. to 1500 A.O. ~ Germanic barbarians overthrow government of Rome -~,., j. '.. j ~... l 800 to 1000 Vikings attack areas of North America and Europe !~ Charlemagne, King of Franks, takes control of Gaul Charlemagne chosen to be king of Gaul ~ : Charlemagne defends ~ Rome against invaders r Pope Leo Ill crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans Danish Viking, Canute, becomes King of England 900 to ~ Most of Europe is under system of Few dalism 1347 to 1351 Black Death (Bubonic Plague) causes epidemic in Europe ~-,~~- Norman army invades England (Battle of Hastings) Turks capture the Holy City of Jerusalem Pope calls on all Christians to take back the Holy City; start of the Crusades End of First Crusade; Crusaders take back Jerusalem End of the Crusades: Turks control all of the Holy Land.: ~1 1 ~;,. l t **************************************** i

4 One of many aqueducts constructed by the Romans. Some Roman aqueducts are still in use today. year is You live with your family on a manor, or large estate, in rural France. Because it is a warm spring evening, you decide to llhe hitch up a cart and visit a friend who lives on another manor a short distance to the south. You whistle happily as you wave good-bye to your parents and proceed down the cobblestone road. What is wrong with the above scenario? Several things. If you guessed that no one- child or adult- would venture out alone in the year 1015, you are correct. If you further guessed that most people who lived on manors were serfs with neither access to a cart nor permission to leave of their own free will, you are right again. And if you pointed out that there may or may not have been a decent road, you are extremely clever! There is nothing particularly significant about the year It was just one year in a period of the Middle Ages known as feudal times. The word feudal refers to "feudalism," the economic, political, and social system that characterized medieval Europe from about 1000 to Here is how it all came about. For more than a thousand years, a people known as the Romans controlled most of Europe and all the lands bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. They built magnificent buildings and constructed fine roads. Some of their roads are still in use today, as are some of the aqueducts they used to transport water. Aqueducts were bridge-like structures that carried water to cities throughout the far-flung world of the Romans. The Romans were as skilled at government administration as they were at building things. From the city of Rome to the outlying provinces, efficient government and just laws made for an orderly society. This was particularly true during the first two hundred years of Rome's empire perio~, extending from about 27 BCE to CE 180. Taxes were collected and manufacturing and trade flourished. People in general were happy and traveled about the empire without fear for their safety. From 'Everyday Life: Middle Ages'. Product code GDY

5 I :I But then, as the old saying goes, "the bottom fell out." Within the Roman Empire, economic conditions deteriorated and citizens lost interest in civic affairs. Civil wars became the order of the day, and the army installed one emperor after another on the throne. Twenty-five emperors were murdered within one fifty-year period. Outside the empire, the sinking of land in northern Europe and pressure from Asian peoples to the east set off mass migrations across the borders of the Roman Empire. It took more than two hundred years, but in CE 476, one tribe, the Visigoths, conquered the city of Rome. Although the eastern part of the Roman Empire continued for another thousand years, in the west the Roman Empire came to an end. The fall of Rome led to the development of feudalism. Many Germans had lived under Roman rule or had been allies of the Romans against other invaders. In fact, the leader of the Visigoths who conquered Rome was Odoacer, a German who was serving as a general in the Roman army. But Europe was living in a state of almost continual warfare, and few people wrote accounts of the time. Because we know so little about this period of history, people call the period the Dark Ages. For the most part, the Germans and Celts lived in tribes under local rulers. But in the eighth century, one Germanic king managed f.o bring much of Europe under his control. That king was Charlemagne, or "Charles the Great," the first Holy Roman Emperor. CharleII}agne was king of a Ger~an tribe known as the Franks. Does that name ring a bell? It should. It is from Franks that the name France is derived. Charlemagne ruled from 768 ro 814. During his long reign, there was stability in western Europe. But when Charlemagne died, his grandsons were unable ro keep his empire together. The result was a breakdown in central government again, although Charlemagne's laws survived as the basis for the medieval kingdoms of France and Germany. Matters were made even worse by the regular invasions of the Vikings. Also known as the Northmen or Norsemen, Viking pirates swept out of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) in the ninth century, raiding and plundering. The accounts of the Vikings that survive come from the monasteries that were the targets of their raids. A common prayer of the time was, "I:.rom the fury of the Northmen, 0 Lord, deliver us!" Although remarkably democratic and civil among themselves, the Vikings were very warlike, showing no sympathy for the people they attacked. They From 'Everyday Life: Middle Ages'. Product code GDY a

6 Lithograph of a Viking warn or. The Vikings terrorized Europe in the early Middle Ages killed women and children with their long-handled axes just as easily as they killed men. After looting and then burning everything in sight, they sailed home in their long, sleek boats. The lack of a central government led to the development of the feudal system mentioned earlier. This feudal system grew out of people's need for protection. With no strong kings ro maintain law and order, people turned t0 local lords for help. At the heart of the system were personal arrangements between two parties. Feudal arrangements involved kings, powerful lords, and lesser nobles. Even though kings had little power, they were still kings, and on occasion they needed to raise an army, as did dukes and nobles. To do so, they granted tracts ofland to the lords beneath them. A king or lord who gave land to a lesser lord became the laner's overlord. The one receiving the land became the vassal of the one who granted it. The land itself was called a fief. A vassal who received land from a king or higher lord was obligated to fight for him for a certain number of days a year. Jf the vassal himself had vassals, they were obligated to fight also. Specially trained warriors called knights) lived in the castles or manor houses of great lords, or received a knight's fee, usually enough land ro yield 20 pounds income a year. They paid for their keep by serving in the lord's army. In a later chapter, you will read about training to become a knight. For now, it is enough to say that only after successfully passing through the ranks of page and squire did a young man attain knighthood. Sometimes feudal arrangements and agreements were quite complicated. It was not unusual for a person to be a vassal to two or more lords at the same time. Having received a fief from each, he was therefore obligated to serve both. This posed no problem unless his two overlords went to war against each other! Sometimes the vassal's contract would say what he was to do. For example, he might have to fight for one lord but send a number:. of his knights to fight on the other side! A vassal had responsibilities other than to serve his lord in battle. He also had to sit on the lord's court, where he might judge the guilt or innocence of.. From 'Everyday Life: Middle Ages'. Product code GOY308. ;

7 another vassal. If his lord sropped by for a visit, the vassal had ro provide food and shelter for his superior and all of his party. Not the least of the vassal's promises was to help pay the ransom demanded when his lord was unfortunate enough to get himself captured by an enemy. The lord/ vassal relationship was a serious arrangement not to be taken lightly. It was initiated with great ceremony at the castle or manor house of the lord. The vassal knelt before his lord and placed his hands between the hands of the lord. He then solemnly swore that he would honor all the commitments expected of a vassal. This formal acknowledgment on the part of the vassal was called "doing homage." At tl1e lord's demand, tl1is ceremony, with its accompanying promise of allegiance, was repeated. Technically, the peasantry were not part of the feudal system, because they were not warriors. They lived a hard life under the mano1ial system, which existed even before feudalism. Some were serfs, who were actually bound to the land. If the land was sold, the serfs went along with it as part of the deal. Others were freedmen, tenant farmers who paid the lord in money and a portion of their crops for the right to work the land. The lord gave his serfs and tenants protection and they turned to him for justice. In exchange, the lord charged taxes, required labor, took some of the crops, and generally made sure that the peasants were roo poor to leave the land. Last, not every knight was a vassal to a lord. This was especially true toward the end of the feudal period. Some knights hired themselves out to the highest bidder for their services. They were known as mercenary knights. Mercenary knights were more professional soldiers than true knights. They became important toward me end of the feudal period when kings and lords started having difficulty rounding up enough knights to fight for them. As you have seen, feudalism was a complicated system of agreements made between lords and vassals. But it served its purpose in an age characterized by a lack of government. I :l In this painting. King Charles V presents his sword to one of his vassals. A king's vassal was obligated to fight for his lord for a certain number of days a year. From 'Everyday Life: Middle Ages'. Product code GDY308.,, ,,...

8 Solve a Feudalism Puzzle Fill in the sentences for clues to complete the puzzle about feudalism. F E u D A L I s M I. A piece of land granted by one lord to another was called a 2 A was a peasant bound to the soil. 3. An was a structure that carried water to a Roman city 4. A lord who granted land to another lord was called an 5. A received land from another lord. 6. was a famous king of the Franks. 7. The who raided Europe came from Scandinavia. 8. Rome fell in the year 476 to a German tribe called the 9. A vassal paid, or promised allegiance, to an overlord. From 'Everyday Life: Middle Ages'. Product code GDY

9 Recall Information You Have Read H ow well do you remember what you read? The ability to recall information is a learning skill that grows in importance as you advance from one grade to the next in school. Without looking back over the chapter, define or identify as best you can the names and terms listed below. I. feudal ism 2 vassal 3. overlord 4. fief 5. homage 6. Vikings I 7. serf 8. aqueduct 9. Visigoths I 0. Charlemagne From 'Everyday Life: Middle Ages'. Product code GOY ~

10 Charlemagne and the Pope I Viking ships were able to navigate rivers that many other vessels could not. The Vikings raided settlements that were not prepared for an attack from the water.

11 The Church Grows Powerful The Catholic Church grew rich and powerful during the Middle Ages. Life was difficult and the Church gave hope of a better life in heaven after death. The Church affected all of society at that time. It was one of the wealthiest landowners. Some lords gave fiefs to the Church. Additional wealth came from collecting taxes. The Church took on many of the functions of government. These included making laws and enforcing them through the court s. The Pope was the highest official of the Church. The clergy included bishops and priests. Monks and nuns were those in the clergy who farmed the Church's land. At a time when most people could not read or write, monks and nuns were often educated. They copied Greek and Roman books by hand, preserving the history of the past. The monks were also teachers of the men who became advisors to kings and of those lords who were not educated. The Church leaders had great political power. The Pope could excommunicate any lord threatening war. Then he would be cut off from the Church, and people would have nothing to do with him. I Monks diligently copied entire texts in a monastery room called a scriptorium. q

12 I I The Crusades: A Series of Holy Wars,x In 1071, the Turks captured Jerusalem, a sacred city for Christians, Jews, and.: Muslims. This city in Palestine was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Emperor asked the Pope for help. The Pope called on the people of Europe to take back the :, Holy City. In addition to religious reasons, the Church also wanted to gain control, of the trade routes between Africa, Asia, and Europe. Europeans responded to the. Pope's call. This set off a series of holy wars called Crusades. Knights and peasants:, joined in the long march to Jerusalem. They entered battle carrying crosses. The Christians won the first war. In the end, about 200 years later, the Turks had regained all their land....!' <.~l ~.. 1 Although the Crusades did not win back the holy land, they did serve other pur- : poses. During the Crusades ships carried soldiers and arms to the Holy Land. They, came back with cargoes of spices, rugs, and other valuable goods. They also brought back stories of a different way of life. This led to an increase in trade among three continents. The original goal, to reclaim Jerusalem, had failed. How... J ever, the Crusades made major economic and political changes in Europe. ~ :.J In 1095 Christian forces from western Europe converged on Constantinople to attack Muslim armies. By 1099 t~e Crusaders had captured the city of Jerusalem. JD

13 The Middle Ages After the Crusades The Crusades brought a new way of life to Europe. Many lords had sold land to I pay for things they needed to fight in the Holy Land. They could no longer afford serfs. Many others had died in battle. As a result, nobles lost influence and kings, grew more powerful. France, England, and Spain developed into strong nations, each with its own king. Growth of Towns and the New Middle Class Farmers, peasants, and serfs left the manors to start small towns that grew rapidly. People got jobs and made better lives for themselves. Merchants, traders, and craftspeople formed the middle class. This was a social and economic class more important than peasants but less powerful than nobles. Europeans wanted Asian dyes, silks, and medicines. The demand for lemons, apricots, and rice increased as well. In return the Europeans traded cloth, timber, leather, and glass. Life.on the manor had been self-sufficient. Now people used money to buy things. As trade increased, banking became necessary. This became the basis of today's economic system. During the Middle Ages, many towns and cities were ringed by walls for defense. This picture shows the walled city of Florence, Italy. I I

14 The Guilds Control Craftsmen Soon each trade formed a guild. Weavers belonged to one guild, bakers to another, and so on. 1 Guilds protected their members. They set prices for ' their products so no one could charge less and put others out of business. People from other places could not come into town to sell their goods and take:- - business from townspeople. Guilds also set rules for quality. A guild member had to have several years of training in his or her trade to be sure the products offered would be of the best quality. Training for a Trade First a young boy, about eight years old, became an apprentice. He moved into the home of a Guild Master and learned the job. During this time he received no pay. After 7 years, he passed on to the next step, that of journeyman. The journeyman, A barber and his apprentice worked for little money. He went from place to place- 1 ' learning from Guild Masters in other towns. After l I several years he applied to a guild. If his work was acceptable, he became a Guild Master. Now he could set up his own business. The Black Death Cities became very popular. They attracted so many people that overcrowding and unsanitary conditions quickly became a problem. People threw waste into the narrow streets between houses. Disease spread like gossip. Ships coming from Asia carried rats infected by the deadly disease, bubonic plague, or Black Death. The fleas on the infected rats spread to humans. Black spots, painful boils, and high fever- all signs of the disease-came too late. The person usually died within hours or days. The Black Death was highly contagious and whole families and towns were wiped out. The Black Death, or bubonic plague, killed almost one-third of Europe's population. 12

15 The Black Death, an epidemic of plagu~ in Europe lasted from 1347 to Almost one-third of the people in Europe died. I Contributions of the Middle Ages By the time the Middle Ages came to a close in the middle of the 15th century, people had built magnificent cathedrals. Universities attached to the cathedrals produced lawyers, doctors, and philosophers. The scene was now set for the Renaissance to blossom. 1. How did the Middle Ages get its name? a. It came between two great civilizations. b. The middle of Europe was at war. c. It began in the middle of the 5th century. d. It lasted a long time. 2. What is one sign that the Church was a political power? a. People built cathedrals. b. All art was religious. c. The Pope crowned Charlemagne. d. The Church controlled the Germanic tribes. 13

16 3. What kind of ships do you think the Vikings had? a. large and powerful I I b. swift and easy to steer c. ships that depended on the wind d. ships that were easy to sink Base your answers to questions 4 through 6 on the map below and your knowledge of the Middle Ages. The Three Great Barbarian Kingdoms I Nsyracuse ~ M 4. This map shows that the Barbarians: a. stayed on one continent c. had Anglo-Saxon leaders b. joined into one large nation d. took over most of Europ.e 5. The Lombards, Franks, and Visigoths were all: a. dynasties b. uncivilized c. representatives of the Church d. excellent sailors 6. To which group did Charlemagne belong? a. Anglo-Saxons c. Lombards b. Visigoths d. Franks 1+

17 7. How did a vassal with an army benefit the king? a. His army would join the king's army in battle. b. His army could help on the fiefs. c. The king did not have to pay him. d. They could have jousts often. 8. How might a vassal with an army be a problem to the king? a. He could ask for extra money. b. He could turn his army against the king. c. He could refuse to take part in jousts. d. He could collect taxes. 9. A vassal was an important noble if: a. he had a large fief. b. he lived in a walled city. c. he fought for the king. d. he often visited the king. 10. Both knights and guild members: a. lived in cities. b. were nobles. c. had many years of training. d. became squires. 11. Serfs were considered property because: a. they were sold with the land. b. they had no education. c. they lived poorly. d. they had no homes. i 12. Why was it so difficult for serfs to make a good living? a. Most serfs were lazy. b. Serfs had little time to work their own land. c. Serfs could never become free. d. Serfs were often ill. I 13. The Crusades had two purposes. What were they? a. to win back Jerusalem and to control trade routes b. to make a pilgrimage and to see the world c. to travel by land and sea d. to earn money and to buy spices 14. The feudal system ended with: a. the start of the Crusades b. the growth of cities c. a stronger code of chivalry. d. a rise in the number of vassals 15. What bad effect did trade have on Europe? a. Ships brought the Black Death. b. Food spoiled on the way. c. Cities lost many citizens. d. Banks failed. 15

18 4) Ex'fENDED RESPONSE: A) DESCRIBE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS ROLE IN THE FEUDAL SYSTEM: KING~--~-~---~ ~ B) WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM? () WHY DID THE SYSTEM DEVELOP DURING THE MIDDLE AGES? ~ D) How AND WHY DID THIS SYSTEM END? ( (o