Population Genetics and Evolution - Practice

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1 Name: Period: Date: Population Genetics and Evolution - Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Indicate your answer choice with an UPPER CASE letter in the space provided. 1. Which term refers to anatomical features that serve no current function? A. homologous structures B. adaptations C. original elements D. genetic weaknesses E. vestigial organs 2. Homologous organs A. are the results of very different genetic blueprints. B. can have different functions. C. show structural differences in the embryos but are similar in the adult organisms. D. are only found within a species. E. have the same function. 3. Atmospheric chemists think that Earth's first atmosphere A. contained large amounts of molecular oxygen. B. consisted of carbon in the form of carbon monoxide. C. contained nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitrogen gas. D. contained no oxygen atoms. E. was very similar to today's atmosphere. 4. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium A. consists of allele frequencies that are constantly changing. B. is under no selective pressures. C. consists of genotype frequencies that are constantly changing. D. is very common in nature. E. requires a small population size. 5. During which geological era did Pangea break apart? A. Archean B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic E. Proterozoic 6. We refer to favorable traits within a population as A. selections. B. adaptations. C. selective. D. divergent. E. directional. 7. The evolution of a number of ecologically diverse species from a common ancestral species is A. parapatric speciation. B. sympatric speciation. C. adaptive radiation. D. phyletic gradualism. E. convergent evolution. 8. Female fireflies respond to patterns of light flashing by males of their own species but not of others. What type of isolating mechanism is this? A. behavioral B. geographical C. physical D. chemical E. postzygotic 9. The majority of fossils are found in A. sedimentary rock. B. Antarctica. C. peat bogs. D. tar pits. E. volcanic deposits. 10. The endosymbiont hypothesis, proposed by Lynn Margulis, suggests that the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are descended from captured A. cyanobacteria. B. archaebacteria. C. aerobic bacteria. D. chemoautotrophic bacteria. E. eukaryotic algae. 11. The numerous, different species of Hawaiian honeycreepers that can be identified are a classic example of what concept? A. adaptive radiation B. convergent evolution C. reticulate evolution D. homology E. punctuated equilibrium 1

2 Name: 12. The formation of new species from populations that are not isolated from each other is called A. convergent evolution. B. gene flow. C. allopatric speciation. D. sympatric speciation. E. parapatric speciation. 13. When a population is greatly reduced in size and then increases again there is likely a reduction in genetic diversity within the population. What is this phenomenon called? A. gene flow B. bottleneck effect C. founder effect D. genetic drift E. effective population size 14. In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? A. 3 B. 9 C. 30 D. 42 E This type of selection favors both extremes of the phenotype spectrum within a population. A. directional B. stabilizing C. disruptive D. natural E. neutral 16. What term is used to indicate a characteristic that is shared and inherited from a common ancestor? A. homologous trait B. analogous trait C. cladistic trait D. ancestral trait E. derived trait 17. Vestigial organs A. did not have a function when they first developed, but do so today. B. are similar in many organisms. C. must have evolved individually in different organisms. D. are not found in present-day organisms. E. include the human appendix and wisdom teeth and a snake's hipbones. 18. Which of the following is not an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? A. no mutation B. no migration C. small population size D. random mating E. no selection 19. If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-eighth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably years old. A. 1,400 B. 2,800 C. 11,200 D. 16,800 E. 22, Consider the 4.6-billion-year history of the Earth. Geological and fossil evidence indicates that during the greatest fraction of its history, the Earth A. was too hot to have either a solid surface or any form of life. B. had organic molecules in liquid water, but no living forms. C. had unicellular organisms, but not multicellular. D. had both multicellular and unicellular organisms, but no terrestrial (land) forms. E. had both terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, both unicellular and multicellular. 21. Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small populations describes the concept of A. genetic drift. B. convergent evolution. C. adaptive radiation. D. sympatric speciation. E. parapatric speciation. 22. Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most obviously separating these different species? A. habitat isolation B. temporal isolation C. behavioral isolation D. gametic isolation E. postzygotic isolation 23. The oldest fossils look as though they were formed by organisms that resemble modern A. sponges. B. red algae. C. jellyfish. D. amebas. E. prokaryotes. 2

3 Name: 24. Most mutations lead to a decreased chance of survival for the mutant organism. Rarely, a mutation can provide an increased chance of survival. These rare mutations provide a(n) _ for the mutant. A. adaptive B. directional shift C. selective disadvantage D. environmental susceptibility E. selective advantage 25. In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype? A B C D E. Genotype frequency cannot be determined from the information provided. 26. What term is used to indicate a relatively new characteristic, in an evolutionary sense? A. homologous trait B. analogous trait C. cladistic trait D. ancestral trait E. derived trait 27. An environment that favors individuals with intermediate phenotypes results in what type of selection? A. gradual B. punctuated C. disruptive D. directional E. stabilizing Matching Match the following terms with the proper description. A. favors phenotypes at both extremes B. favors phenotypes with intermediate characteristics C. favors phenotypes at one extreme 28. stabilizing selection 29. directional selection 30. disruptive selection Match the following examples with the correct descriptive term. A. convergent evolution B. divergent evolution C. adaptive radiation D. vestigial organ E. homologous structure F. biogeography 31. Certain organisms are only found in certain places on Earth. 32. A single population of foxes gets split into two, eventually becoming separate species. 33. A single population of mouse moves into a new environment. Over time, five different subpopulations become separate species. 34. Humans have a tailbone but no tail. 35. Dolphins and sharks are both very powerful swimmers. 3

4 Name: Match the following terms with the proper description. A. commonly seen in a population that becomes geographically separated from others of the same species; evolution may result in 2 different species B. evolution that occurs at a gradual rate C. common ancestor, now strikingly different species D. evolution that occurs rapidly, followed by periods of stasis E. separate ancestors, now having similar characteristics 36. convergent evolution 37. adaptive radiation 38. punctuated equilibrium 39. phyletic gradualism 40. divergent evolution Match the following reproductive isolating mechanisms with the proper description. A. Members of different species produce different pheromones. B. Hybrids are nonviable or sterile. C. Members of different species have different courtship rituals. D. Members of different species are ready to breed in different seasons. E. Members of different species don't "fit together," preventing mating. 41. mechanical mechanisms 42. postzygotic mechanisms 43. chemical mechanisms 44. behavioral mechanisms 45. temporal mechanisms Match the following events with the best estimated time. A. 580 million years ago B. 245 million years ago C. 540 million years ago D. 1.9 billion years ago E. 65 million years ago F. 400 million years ago 46. First cells to contain chloroplasts and mitochondria appeared. 47. The dinosaurs became extinct. 48. The Cambrian Explosion has left fossils of many soft-bodied animals. 49. The single supercontinent Pangea is present. 50. Atmosphere is believed to be like ours today. 4

5 Population Genetics and Evolution - Practice Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. E 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. E 15. C 16. D 17. E 18. C 19. D 20. C 21. A 22. A 23. E 24. E 25. B 26. E 27. E MATCHING 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. F 32. B 33. C 34. D 1

6 35. A 36. E 37. C 38. D 39. B 40. A 41. E 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. D 46. D 47. E 48. C 49. B 50. F 2