A-50 K1=1.41-(0.04) X (3)

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1 Design of Charts for Ground Resistance Calculations of Driven Rods Syste in Unifor and Non-Unifor Soils O.E.Gouda 1, G. M.Aer and T. M.E-Saied * 1 Electric Power and Mach., Faculty of Eng Cairo Univ., Egypt; Benha high institute of technology, Egypt * E-ail: taer18@hotail.co Abstract:Grounding of electrical substations for safety and neutral point by ground rods provides the lowest econoical feasible ground resistance in the path of the expected fault current to ground. Grounding by rods incase of non-unifor soil could be ore efficient than any other grounding syste or it helps in reducing the ground resistance of other systes like grounding grids. In this paper charts are designed to choose ground rods nuber and diensions for the predeterined grounding resistance value and soil resistivity without any need of calculations. These charts helps the practical engineer to select the optiu diensions and nuber of grounding rods required for obtaining satisfactory ground resistance in case of unifor and non-unifor soils, the design flowcharts takes into consideration the weight of the copper of grounding syste as indication of the cost of the grounding syste. The effect of rods in reducing the grid resistance is discussed also the step and touch potential. Key Words:Grounding; rods; ulti-layer; unifor; non-unifor; charts INTRODUCTION The essential characteristics of any syste of protection should be alost foolproof, ust be cheap and ust also require a iniu of attention once installed, as it is unlikely to be exained before being called upon to act and so prevent loss of life or serious daage to property [1-3]. In recent years along with the trend towards saller, ore copact electric facilities, grounding sites have been liited, resulting in ore coplexes and trouble soe grounding design. Moreover, in consideration of the need for shock presentation for electric, electronic and counication facilities and devices, high quality grounding has been essential for insuring safe and stable operations. Fro the above, a configuration in which grounding electrodes are placed perpendicular to the earth becoes inevitable. In particular, the driven rod ethod is eployed in which a deep-driven rod is used as a grounding electrode. In this ethod, boring is first perfored through the earth to for a hole in which a rod is then buried; this can be a large-scale operation. Accordingly, estiation of earth resistance becoes of prie concern during the grounding design phase [4]. Ground rods are frequently used in-groups connected in parallel and aybe with grids when the ground resistivity is too high to be satisfactory. of course, current following through any eber of such a group will raise the potential of all other ebers; consequently, the apparent average ground resistance for the individual ebers of such a group will always be higher than the ground resistance of a siilar rod when it is applied alone. This effect is a function of the nuber of rods and their spacing. Also the grid diension increase of using grid in connection with rods. To design ost econoical grounding systes, it is necessary to obtain accurate value of the resistivity on the site. The soil at the ost sites is non-unifor. In this paper, different soil structures are characterized by the following: 1. Unifor soil.. Double layers soil characterized by first layer of resistivity (ρ 1 ) has a thickness (d 1 ) and second layer resistivity of (ρ ) with infinite thickness. 3. Multi-layer soil structure (three layers structures is taken as exaple) is characterized by first layer resistivity of (ρ 1 ) with thickness (d 1 ), second layer of resistivity (ρ ) has a thickness of (d ) and third layer of resistivity (ρ 3 ) with infinite thickness. Different ethods are used to copute the apparent resistivity of ulti-layer soil structure and copared to the actual easureent DESIGN OF CHARTS FOR EARTHING SYSTEM I. Design of Charts of Driven Rods Earthing Syste The ai of such these calculation and easureents is to obtain the apparent soil resistivity to the design of earthing syste by rods. In practice, it is desirable to drive ground rods deep into the ground to reach ore conductive soil. The following equation could be used to calculate the equivalent resistance for n electrode according to IEEE [5-6] ρ 8l l R = + k n (1) n a ( ) (ln( )-1 ( ) ( -1) ) 1 nπl d A Where ρ a is the apparent soil resistivity as seen by the ground rod, in case of unifor soil equal ρ 1 Ω-, n=nuber of ground rods placed in parallel area A, l and d are the length and diaeter of the driven rods in eter respectively, K 1 = constants related to the geoetry of the syste could be obtain fro the equation K1=1.41-(0.04) X () X is length to width ratio As indication to the cost, the weight of the earthing syste copper is calculated based on the length and diaeter according to the relation. π w = [( n.. d. ) + (. x. a) + ( z. y. a)]. ρc (3) 4 1

2 a is the cross section area of conductors foring the grid, w is the copper weight, d is the conductor diaeter, is electrode length, n=nuber of electrodes, ρ c is the copper density, x, y are length and width of the grid respectively and, z are the nuber of conductor syste Fig.1 gives charts for earthing syste design by using rods connected together. In case of non-unifor soil the apparent soil resistivity can be calculated for double layer soil by the relation [7-10] which is in agreeent with the experiental easureents. ρa ρ ρ ρ e ρ ρ ρ e js js = (( 1) ) (( 1) ) (4) ln( ρ1/ ρ) ln(0.0176) Where J = δ /( d 1), δ = 3.5 d 1 is the depth of the first layer in eter and s is the distance between two adjacent rods For exaple Table 1 shows apparent soil resistivity for double layer soil, the depth of first soil layer 3 eter and the distance between electrodes is 6 eter Table1 apparent soil resistivity for double layer soil ρ ρ ρ a Measured value The flowcharts can be odified to be used in non-unifor case as given in fig.(1) by calculating the apparent soil resistivity using equation (4). To obtain earthing resistance of 3Ω as exaple driven in non-unifor soil with ρ 1 =150Ω. and ρ =90Ω. then ρ a =10Ω. this charts could be used to obtain 1 driven rods of 6.5 with total weight 1044 kg or 0 driven rods of 4. with total weight 1060 kg II. Design of Charts of Driven Rods and Grid Earthing Syste In such these charts, the earthing syste resistivity of cobination of rods resistance, grid conductors resistance and utual resistance between the grid conductors and rods. The total resistance of the earthing syste could be obtained by the equation R g 1 R 1 RR = R + R R 1 1 (5) Where R 1 and R are resistance of all ground rods and grid conductors respectively and R 1 is the utual resistance between the group of grid conductors and group of ground rods [5] Fig. gives charts of grounding syste contains rods with 50X50 grid earthing syste placed in unifor soil with 3 parallel grid conductors at each direction. The nuber and depth of driven rods has little effect in earthing syste resistance STEP AND MESH POTENTIA OF THE EARTHING SYSTEM CONTAINS RODS Step, touch and esh potential are very iportant values for earthing syste design. In IEEE standard it is concluded for earthing syste design that [11] K ig. Ki. ρ. < ( C( hs, k ) ρs) (6) t is the effective length of conductors and grids, ρ is soil resistivity in Ω., i G is the axiu grid current that flows between ground grid and surrounding earth in A, t is the duration of shock for deterining allowable body current in second, ρ s is crushed rock resistivity in Ω. of thickness h s in eter, C is surface layer resistivity derating factor, k and k i are constant obtained by the relation [11]. 1 D ( D+ ) h h Kii 8 K =.ln ln π + 16hd 8Dd 4 d + Kh π(n 1) (7) D spacing between parallel conductors in, K ii =1 for grids with ground rods along the perieter, K h = 1+ h, K = n (8) i The effective length of conductors and rods used in esh voltage calculation is defined by [11] r = c i R (9) x + y c =total length of grid conductors, in R = total length of all ground rods, in r =length of each ground rod, in The Mesh voltage of the grounding syste could be calculated by the following relation [11,1] E ρ. K. Ki. IG = (10) The step potential of the grounding syste could be calculated by the relation [11,1] E s ρ. K s. Ki. IG = (11) s Where = , K s s c r n ( ) = π + + h D + h D (1) Fig.(3) gives the relation between touch potential of the grounding syste and total length of rods and grid conductors also Fig.(4) shows relation between step potential of the grounding syste and total length of rods and grid conductors. Grid diension with 11 parallel grid conductors at each direction and rods

3 located at perieter, buried at 0.5 eter depth, crushed rock of 3500 Ω. resistivity and thickness 10 c used, grid current assued to be 1kA for 1 second fault clearance duration. The calculations are done tacking three values of soil resistivity 100,500 and 1000 Ω.. The safety values (step and touch) are shown also in the figures. The safety design length decrease with decreasing the earth resistivity axiu allowable step voltage for different crushed rock resistivity. Fig.5 step potential of the grounding syste for different crushed rock resistivity (h s =0.1). Fig.3 touch potential of the grounding syste Fig.6 touch potential of the grounding syste for different crushed rock thickness (ρ s =3500 Ω.). Fig.4 step potential of the grounding syste Fig.(6) shows the relation between esh potential and axiu allowable touch voltage for different crushed rock thickness (0.1,0.15 and 0. eter). In case of step and esh potential are very high than the tolerable step and touch potential and the ground syste design ust be odified, it is possible to increase crushed rock thickness or resistivity as it will affect the axiu allowable step and touch potential. Fig.(5) shows the relation between step voltage and 3

4 Fig.1 charts for earthing syste design by using rods connected together Fig. charts for earthing syste design by using rods with 50X50 grid earthing syste connected together 4

5 CONCUSIONS (1) Charts have been designed to calculate the earthing syste resistance in case of unifor and non-unifor soil. The charts have the advantage that the practical engineer can estiate the cost of the earthing syste based on the weight of the copper used in the earthing syste. () Step and touch voltage decrease with adding ore driven rods to the grid design. Safety step and touch voltage charts developed to perit a preliinary deterination of buried grid conductor and driven rods length necessary to keep the axiu step and touch voltage within the grounded area below the safe liits. REFERENCES [1] BS7354, Code of Practice for Design of High Voltage Open Terinal Stations, BSI, [] EA TS 41-4, Guideline for the Design, installation, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systes in substations Electricity Association, 199. [3] IEEE , Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, IEEE, 000. [4] T. Takahashi, and T. Kawase: Calculation of earth resistance for a deep driven rod in a ulti-layer earth structure, IEEE, Trans., Vol.PWRD-6, No., April1991, pp [5] IEEE std , IEEE Recoended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Coercial Power Syste. [6] Marcus O. Durha and Robert Durha, "ightning, Grounding, and Protection for Control Systes", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No.1,Jan-Feb 1995, pp 45 ff, NewYork. [7] J.H. Schon, Physical Properties of Rocks: Fundaentals and Principles of Petrophysics. Pergaon, Handbook of Geophysical Exploration, Vol 18, 1998 [8] Trevor Charlton: Substation Earthing-shedding light on the black art, IEE Seinar, Biringha, March 000. [9] A.Thabet: Grounding systes of electric substations in non-unifor earth structure with new analysis, M.Sc.thesis, High Institute of Energy, Aswan, 00. [10] E. D. Sunde: Earth conduction effects in transission systes, Book, D. Van Nostrand Copany Inc [11] Jiri George Sverak: Progress in Step and Touch Voltage Equations of ANSI/IEEE Std 80 Historical perspective, IEEE transactions on power delivery, Vo.13.No.3.July1998. [1] J.M.Nahan and V.B.Djordjevic, "Maxiu Step Voltages of Cobined Grid Multiple Rods Ground Electrode", IEEE transactions on power delivery, Vo.13.No.3.July

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