ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS. Keywords : Biosphere, Chlorinity (Cl), COHb, Desulfurization, EPA, MEPA, Posttreatment, SHE
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1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS I.S. AlMutaz Kng Saud Unversty, Saud Araba Keywords : Bosphere, Chlornty (Cl), COHb, Desulfurzaton, EPA, MEPA, Posttreatment, SHE Contents 1. Introducton. Pollutants from Desalnaton Plants 3. Thermal Impact 4. Ar Polluton Problem 5. Pollutants Emtted from Power Plants 5.1. Sulfur Oxdes 5.. Ntrogen Oxdes 5.3. Carbon Monoxde 5.4. Hydrocarbons 5.5. Partculates 6. Methods of Ar Polluton Control at the Power Plant 7. Polluton from the Jeddah Desalnaton Plant 8. Conclusons Glossary Bblography and Suggestons for further study Summary Desalnaton plants cause envronmental polluton of local effects. Dsposal of desalnaton effluents s consdered a serous envronmental problem. In ths artcle, a dscusson of mpact of the effluents from the desalnaton plants nto the seawater envronment was presented. Some montorng results on Jeddah desalnaton plant were revewed. 1. Introducton Enormous amounts of seawater are desalted every day around the world. The total world producton of fresh water from the sea was approxmately 61 mgd (9.9 mllon m 3 day 1 ) n 1985 (Lbertt et al. 1985). Desaltng processes are normally assocated wth the rejecton of hgh concentraton waste brne from the plant tself or from the pretreatment unts as well durng the cleanng perod. In thermal processes, manly multstage flash (MSF), thermal polluton occurs. Ths ncreases seawater temperature, salnty, water currents and turbdty. These n turn, deterorate the marne envronment and cause fsh to mgrate, whle enhancng the presence of algae, nematodes, and tny molluscs. Sometmes mcroelements and toxc materals are present n the dscharge brne.
2 Ths artcle dscusses the mpact of these effluents from desalnaton plants nto the seawater envronment. Water and ar polluton wll also be consdered and some montorng results from a Jeddah desalnaton plant are revewed.. Pollutants from Desalnaton Plants Polluton may be defned as the presence of one or more contamnants n the bosphere n such a concentraton as may be njurous to human, plant or anmal lfe, or unreasonably nterfere wth the comfortable enjoyment of lfe. The bosphere conssts of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lthosphere. Therefore, ar polluton, water polluton, and sold or lqud wastes are defned n accordance wth the correspondng parts of the bosphere. In desalnaton plants, all these types of polluton can take place dependng on the desalnaton process used and the locaton of the desalnaton plant. In coastal plants, water polluton s the man problem. In nland plants, attenton must be pad to the dsposal of the rejected concentrated brne. If plants are of the MSF type, ar polluton problems can arse as a large amount of fuel s burned to generate the necessary energy for desaltng. Ar pollutants arsng from the fuel combuston are carbon monoxde, ntrogen oxdes, unburned hydrocarbons and sulfur oxdes. Fred heaters n the desalnaton plants and power statons are the major source of sulfur oxdes. It s usual for fuels wth a hgh sulfur content to be used. 3. Thermal Impact Water polluton from desalnaton plants s caused by the dsposal of hot salne brne. On a daly bass, world seas receve kcal ( Btu) and tons of mnerals from desalnaton plants (AlMutaz 1987). The rejected brne affects the sea salnty and turbdty and causes water currents, as well as ncreasng seawater temperature. In addton to the thermal and salne polluton of the rejected brne, toxc effects may be experenced due to the use of dfferent chemcals n the desalnaton pretreatment and posttreatment processes. Sabr, McLagan and Hagensonh (1980) have evaluated the safety, health, and envronmental (SHE) consderatons for RO, MSF, and ED plants usng value mpact analyss technques. They utlzed a pseudoquanttatve scale wth hgh (H = 3), medum (M = ), and low (L = 1). RO and ED are seen to be preferred to MSF from a SHE pont of vew. Ther results are shown n Table 1. The thermal polluton of a 1.59 mgd (6000 m 3 day 1 ) MSF desalnaton plant s llustrated n the thermal balance of Fgure 1. The temperature rse s about 9 C. The total dscharge brne s 1980 t h 1 (0.55 m 3 s 1 ) wth an approxmate salnty of 1.6 per cent.
3 Effect RO MSF ED Nose H M L Waste effluent M H M Product water mpurty Mcroelements Toxc materal L M H H L M Ar polluton L H M Industral rsk L H M Total score Table 1. Ratng of varous desalnaton processes (Sabr et al. 1980). Fgure 1. Heat balance on MSF desalnaton plant. To reduce the thermal mpact of a desalnaton plant, dfferent dscharge arrangements have been used. Normally, seawater s fed to the desalnaton plant from about 50 m off the coastlne at a depth of approxmately 1 m. Effluent s dscharged at about the same dstance away from the ntake pont. The possble dscharge desgn arrangements nclude: 1. Dffuson by multport nozzle.. Dffuson by vertcal upward nozzle. 3. Dffuson by horzontal nozzle. (A temperature rse of 1 C affects an area of 8000 m, 6500 m and 450 m respectvely n the frst, second and thrd arrangements.) The fundamental equatons for dscharge brne can be descrbed by a threedmensonal numercal model. Ths model conssts of the followng (Japan Internatonal Agency 1979): 1. Knematc equaton:
4 U φ Δρ U + = δ + + (1) t x x ρ x ( UU j) g 3 AV h U Az j o 3. Mass conversaton equaton: U x = 0 () U x = th velocty component = th drecton component t = tme φ = rato of pressure to densty (=P/ρ) g = acceleraton due to gravty δ 3 = 1 for = 3, 0 for = 1, A h, A z = lateral eddy vscosty and vertcal eddy vscosty respectvely ρ 0 = reference densty of dscharged water Δρ = densty dfference between ambent seawater and plume For the calculaton of dscharged brne, an equaton of state for seawater, ρ = ρ (S, T), s used S s salnty and T water temperature. 3. Densty conservaton equaton: ρ K j U ρ ρ + = t xj x j ρ x j K j = eddy thermal dffusvty. For a densty calculaton expressed usng the above fundamental equatons, the followng Knudsen's formula can be used: 3 σ o = Cl Cl Cl (4) σ 0 s densty at 0 C and Cl s the chlornty (%). (3) Then, salnty S s correlated wth the chlornty Cl as follows: S = Cl (5) Densty σ 0 at an arbtrary temperature t s: σt = + ( σo ) [1 At + Bt( σo 0.134)] (6) t
5 Σ t A t and B t are functons of temperature only. The component of the coeffcent for eddy vscosty n the drecton rectangular to the axs s taken as follows: A r = ClW (7) r max l r = mxng length, equal to the plume half radus W max = plume centerlne velocty C = constant equal to TO ACCESS ALL THE 14 PAGES OF THIS CHAPTER, Vst: Bblography and Suggestons for further study AlMutaz I S (1987) Byproduct recovery from Saud desalnaton plants. Thrd World Congress on Desalnaton and Water Reuse, Cannes, France, September AlMutaz I S (1987) Power staton and the envronment, Kuwat Envronmental Protecton Socety, Envronmental Issue Booklet seres, 9(). Altshuller A P (1971) Envronmental Scence and Technology 5(39). Gartrell F E (1977) Power Generaton n Ar Polluton (ed. A C Stern), vol. 4, 465. New York: Academc Press. Jun Kato (Ed.) (1979) Natonal Research and Development Program, Japan Internatonal Agency Seawater Desalnaton Technology. Lbertt L (1985) Techncal and economcal trends of seawater desaltng n the 90s. Second World Congress on Desalnaton and Water Reuse, Bermuda, November 17. Marchello J M (1976) Control of Ar Polluton Sources. New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc. MEPA (1986) Saud Meteorology and Envronmental Protecton Admnstraton. Montorng ar qualty n Jeddah ar defense base, Jeddah, October Pryde L T (1973) Chemstry of the Ar Envronment, CA, USA: Cummngs Pub. Co. Sabr Z A (1980) Safety and envronmental mpact of fossl fueled desalnaton plants, Proceedngs of the 7th Internatonal Symposum on Fresh Water from the Sea, vol. 1, 99. Wark K (1981) Ar Polluton: Its Orgn and Control, nd edn. New York: Harper and Row.
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