Implicit and explicit recognition of emotionally valenced words. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.

Transcription

1 Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie der Freien Universität Berlin Implicit and explicit recognition of emotionally valenced words Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Diplom-Psychologe Lars Kuchinke Disputation 16. Februar 2007 Erstgutachter: Prof. Arthur M. Jacobs, Freie Universität, Berlin Zweitgutachter: Prof. Rainer Bösel, Freie Universität, Berlin

2 Table of contents Abbreviations Acknowledgments Abstract Zusammenfassung III IV V X CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 Implicit and explicit memory processes 2 Theoretical considerations on emotion 4 Emotion and implicit memory 5 Emotion and explicit memory 7 Neuroanatomy of memory for emotional material 10 Implicit and explicit recognition of emotionally valenced words 11 CHAPTER 2 Incidental effects of emotional valence in single word processing: an fmri study 14 Abstract 14 Introduction 15 Methods 17 Results 22 Discussion 27 CHAPTER 3 Pupillary responses during lexical decisions vary with word frequency but not emotional content 33 Abstract 33 Introduction 34 Methods 37 Results 40 Discussion 44 CHAPTER 4 Emotional arousal enhances lexical decision times 48 Abstract 48 Introduction 49 Methods 51 Results 53 Discussion 54 I

3 CHAPTER 5 Modelling the effects of emotional intensity in the lexical decision task 56 Abstract 56 Introduction 57 Model description 60 Simulation 64 Discussion 66 CHAPTER 6 Modulation of PFC activation by emotional words in recognition memory 70 Abstract 70 Introduction 71 Methods 72 Results 75 Discussion 76 CHAPTER 7 General Discussion 79 Implicit and explicit recognition of emotionally valenced words 85 Conclusion 89 References 91 Appendix 106 Curriculum Vitae Erklärung II

4 Abbreviations ANOVA BA BOLD CR e.g. EEG EPI ERP et al. F FA fmri FOV η 2 HRF i.e. IFG ISI LDT M MROM MTL Ø P PCA PFC ROI RT SCR SD TE TR analysis of variance Brodmann s area blood oxygen level dependent correct rejection (lat: exempli gratia) for example electroencephalography echo planar imaging event related potential (lat: et altera) and others F- value (ANOVA) false alarm functional magnetic resonance imaging field of view eta squared (effect size) hemodynamic response function (lat: id est) that is inferior frontal gyrus inter-stimulus interval lexical decision task mean multiple read-out model medial temporal lobe mean probability principal component analysis prefrontal cortex region of interest reaction time skin conductance response standard deviation echo time repetition time III

5 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Prof. Arthur M. Jacobs for precious help with all my dissertation work. Arthur Jacobs introduced me to the field of emotional neuroscience and computational modelling and provided me the opportunity to work on this project in a highly autonomous manner. In particular, I have to thank him for his guidance and his support. Over the years, I have benefited in innumerable ways from his experiences in the field of visual word recognition and cognitive psychology in general. I would like to thank Prof. Manfred Herrmann and his colleagues at the Center of Advanced Imaging at University of Bremen and the Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (Delmenhorst) for having given me the opportunity to work with the MRI scanner and especially Claudia Grubich for her support during recording and the analysis of the imaging data. Furthermore, I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues at the AG Allgemeine und Neurokognitive Psychologie at Freie Universität Berlin who assisted me in various ways. These thanks go to Mario Braun, Markus Conrad, Michael Dambacher, Lucy van Eimeren, Verena Engl, Angela Heine, Markus Hofmann, Florian Hutzler, Prisca Stenneken, Verena Thaler, and Melissa Võ. Without your helpful comments, your inspiration and the fruitful discussions, this dissertation would not be the same. To work together with such great colleagues provided me with a lot of inspiration and forced me to spend even more energy on the project than I ever thought possible. Special thanks are due to my co-authors in all the published and the submitted papers presented in this dissertation, for helping me conducting these studies and supporting me during the editing of the manuscripts. My very special thanks go to Lucy van Eimeren. I thank you for your advice, the discussions we had in our office, for your comments and your editing works on my manuscripts, and of course for our friendship that provided me a lot of support during the work on this dissertation. Furthermore, I would like to thank all my friends, who saw me through the bad times and who are still there now to celebrate the good times with me. It is good to know that you are always there to help me come back down to earth. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to my parents, my dear sister and my family who supported me throughout my life. They are the basis from which I start to live my dreams. Thank you. IV