THE CASE OF DIZZINESS
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- Giles Harvey West
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1 THE CASE OF DIZZINESS AN OSTEOPATHIC PERSPECTIVE Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 1
2 Key Concepts The body s system of balance Sensory inputs Central processing Motor output Two types of vertigo presenting without hearing loss Cervicogenic vertigo Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 2
3 Dilemma of the dizzy patient Oh no! Patient c/o dizziness. What do I do? ENT NO DIZZINESS TREATMENT Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 3
4 Vertigo can be disabling, but seldom life-threatening However: Seriousness of falls associated with dizziness or unsteadiness 30% fall rate over age 65; 50% of those over 80 Twenty to thirty percent of those who fall suffer injuries that reduce mobility and independence and increase the risk of premature death Fear of Falling higher if patient has dizziness Variety of conditions cause dizziness, light headedness, poor balance, etc. Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 4
5 Risk Factors for Falls among Elderly Persons in the Community Postural hypotension Medications Sleep aids, anti anxiety, antidepression Four or more Rx medications Environmental hazards Balance dysfunction, impaired muscular strength or ROM Other chronic health issues Low Vitamin D levels Fear of falling Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 5
6 Dizziness-like Symptoms (lightheadedness, disorientation, unsteadiness) Cardiovascular Anemia Arrhythmias Orthostatic hypotension TIA/stroke Vertebrobasilar system Migraine Anxiety, Panic Attack, Hyperventilation Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 6
7 Medication Side Effects Numerous drugs have dizziness as side effect Some such as aminoglycosides are toxic to the inner ear causing permanent damage Get drug history Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 7
8 Meclizine HCl (antihistamine) Effective: Management of nausea and vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Possibly Effective: Management of vertigo associated with diseases affecting the vestibular system. Side effects: Blurred vision Dry mouth Constipation Dizziness, drowsiness Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 8
9 VERTIGO WITH HEARING LOSS Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 9
10 Vertigo with Hearing Loss Acute labyrinthitis Self limiting Meniere s disease Increased endolymphatic pressure with tinnitus Progressive with remission & exacerbation Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma of CN VIII) Vertigo not early symptom Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 10
11 VERTIGO WITHOUT HEARING LOSS Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 11
12 Patient 1 Dizziness without hearing loss A 45 year old male presents with a chief complaint of a sensation of whirling and unsteadiness. Onset 3 weeks ago, following a MVA. He is also experiencing neck pain and neck stiffness. Movement of his neck aggravates his dizziness. He reports no other neurological signs/symptoms, no hearing loss and no tinnitus. He takes no medication. Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 12
13 Patient 2 Dizziness without hearing loss A 65 year old woman presents with a chief complaint of dizziness. She describes it as a sudden and severe spinning sensation precipitated by rolling over in bed onto her right side. Symptoms typically last <30 seconds. They have occurred nightly over the last month and occasionally during the day when she tilts her head back to look upwards. She describes no precipitating event prior to onset and no associated hearing loss, tinnitus, or other neurological symptoms. Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 13
14 Key: Understanding the body s system of balance control Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 14
15 Three Primary Sensory Inputs to balance system Vestibular Visual Proprioceptive (especially neck and ankles) Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 15
16 Central Processing Vestibular nuclear complex Cerebellum Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 16
17 Postural Muscles Motor Output Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 17
18 Vestibular System Housed in temporal bones Bony and membranous labyrinth Cochlea (hearing) Semicircular canals Vestibule Inside bony portion, membranous portion is suspended in perilymphatic fluid Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 18
19 Semicircular Canals Three arranged perpendicularly Detect motion in any direction Arrangement similar to orientation of extraocular muscles Helps with clear vision Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 19
20 Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 20
21 Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 21
22 Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 22
23 Utricle & Saccule In the vestibule Contain otoconia=calcium carbonate crystals Sensory hair cells Sense gravity and linear acceleration Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 23
24 Orientation of Utricle & Saccule Utricle horizontal Sense horizontal acceleration Saccule verticle Sense vertical acceleration Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 24
25 Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 25
26 Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 26
27 Afferent Nerves from Labyrinthine Organs Vestibular nerve Courses with cochlear & facial n. & labyrinthine a. Through internal auditory canal (petrous temporal) Enters brainstem at pontomedulary junction Cerebellum and vestibular nuclear complex Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 27
28 Impact Players! Right & Left Temporal Bone Orientation of vestibular apparatus critical Nerve conduction via internal auditory canal of petrous portion? Impact of temporal bone dysfunction Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 28
29 Arterial Supply Vertebral basilar system Labyrinthine artery (usually branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery) No Collateral Circulation! Again, what is the impact of temporal bone dysfunction? Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 29
30 Proprioceptive Input All proprioceptors are used for balance Ankle and Neck proprioceptors especially important Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 30
31 Vestibular nuclear complex pons/medulla Primary processor Central Processing Fast, direct connection Cerebellum Adaptive processor Fine tuning Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 31
32 Working with incoming information Need accurate, symmetrical & consistent info Compensation for missing info possible Generally, can compensate with 2 of 3 systems working properly May adapt over time Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 32
33 Reflexes involved in Balance VOR Vestibulo ocular reflex VSR Vestibulospinal reflex VCR Vestibulocollic reflex COR Cervico ocular reflex Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 33
34 Vestibulo-ocular Reflex (VOR) Input from semicircular canals, utricle & saccule To vestibular nucleus Motor to extraocular eye muscles Result=clear vision during head movement Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 34
35 Vestibulospinal Reflex (VSR) Vestibular nuclear complex and cerebellum process info Motor to skeletal muscles Result=strategies to maintain upright posture Complex Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 35
36 Vestibulocollic Reflex (VCR) Input movement sensed by otoliths (neural pathways unclear) Motor to neck muscles Result=stabilize neck & head?? Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 36
37 Cervico-ocular Reflex (COR) Input from neck proprioceptors Interacts with VOR Motor to eye muscles Gain in normally very low Neck injury gain Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 37
38 VERTIGO WITHOUT HEARING LOSS Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 38
39 Vertigo without Hearing Loss Cervicogenic Vertigo Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Misinformation to central processing from different sources Cervical proprioceptors (cervicogenic vertigo) Otoliths vestibular organs (BPPV) Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 39
40 Patient 1 Dizziness without hearing loss A 45 year old male presents with a chief complaint of a sensation of whirling and unsteadiness. Onset 3 weeks ago, following a MVA. He is also experiencing neck pain and neck stiffness. Movement of his neck aggravates his dizziness. He reports no other neurological signs/symptoms, no hearing loss and no tinnitis. He takes no medication. Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 40
41 Cervicogenic Vertigo Associated with neck pain/injury Whiplash associated disorder (WAD) Dizziness, unsteadiness, imbalance reported Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 41
42 Cervicogenic Vertigo Characteristics Vertiginous symptoms concurrent with neck pain and stiffness Made worse by neck movement No hearing loss or tinnitus May have nausea Disturbance of proprioceptive input from neck implicated Could normalizing proprioceptive input help? Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 42
43 What s in the literature? 1977 DeJong & DeJong produced ataxia & nystagmus with injection of local anesthetic into neck Cervicogenic vertigo recognized (yet disputed) 1995 Karlbert et al showed pt with cervicobrachial pain had poor postural control 2003 Schieppati et al demonstrated altered balance control with prolonged contraction of posterior neck muscles Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 43
44 2003 Treleaven, et al WAD pt with neck pain and dizziness had greater joint position errors 2008 Montfoort increased COR gain in WAD Magnusson & Karlberg suggest SNS has role Alarm & anxiety with dizziness and pain Enhanced sympathetic drive Impairs proprioceptive feedback 2006 Passatore & Rotta discuss involvement of SNS in chronic muscle pain syndromes (including the role of impaired proprioception in WAD/dizziness) Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 44
45 OMT effect on proprioceptors Manual manipulation & physiotherapy effective treating cervicogenic vertigo Various studies Clinical experience Improved ROM Decrease/normalize afferent input to VNC Restore low COR gain Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 45
46 Effects of Comprehensive Osteopathic Manipulative Tx on Balance in Elderly Patients Pilot Study JAOA June 2011 Lopez, King, Knebl, Kosmopoulos, Collins, Patterson 40 healthy patients aged 65 or older 3 balance tests (AP and mediolateral sway) on a force plate Half received 4 weekly OMT Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 46
47 OMT Protocol Soft tissue & myofascial release (MFR) T1 L5 & sacral rock MFR shoulders & scapulae bilaterally Cervical spine (MFR, SCS, ME or soft tissue) OA & condylar decompression Venous sinus technique V spread, frontal & parietal lifts CV4 Recheck and treat other key tenderpoints Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 47
48 Results After visit # 4: Statistically significant decrease in AP sway for the eye open test No statistically significant difference in mediolateral sway in either group Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 48
49 Patient 1 Dizziness without hearing loss Good evidence for treating this patient with OMT Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 49
50 Patient 2 Dizziness without hearing loss A 65 year old woman presents with a chief complaint of dizziness. She describes it as a sudden and severe spinning sensation precipitated by rolling over in bed onto her right side. Symptoms typically last <30 seconds. They have occurred nightly over the last month and occasionally during the day when she tilts her head back to look upwards. She describes no precipitating event prior to onset and no associated hearing loss, tinnitus, or other neurological symptoms. Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 50
51 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Thought to be caused by debris in endolymph of posterior semicircular canal Otoconia displaced from utricle Vertigo (BPPV) Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 51
52 BPPV Characteristics Episodic vertigo Brought on by changes in head position Rolling over in bed common aggravating factor Episodes last 30 seconds to 2 minutes Rotatory nystagmus Uncommon in children and young adults Dix Hallpike used diagnostically Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 52
53 Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 53
54 Particle repositioning treatment for BPPV Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 54
55 Self Treatment of BPPV Treatment of the dizziness 1. Sit on the bed positioned as above and with the pillow positioned as above. 2. Turn your head 45 degrees a. If your head turned to the right produced the most uncomfortable feelings, turn to the right in #3 b. If your head turned to the left produced the most uncomfortable feelings, turn to the left in #3 3. Rapidly lie down in the bed turning your head to the above position, with your shoulders positioned on the pillow and your head touching the bed 4. Remain in that position for one minute 5. Turn your head 90 degrees toward the opposite side (45 degree angle but to the other side) without raising your head. 6. Remain in that position for one minute 7. Turn your head 90 degrees further in the direction you are presently turned (so you will be looking down at an angle), and move your body as necessary 8. Hold this position for 1 minute 9. Sit up in this manner: a. keep facing the direction your head was turned b. hang feet off the bed c. place your chin on your chest throughout the sitting up motion 10. Remain in that sitting position for one minute 11. Do not lie flat for 24 hours. A semi recumbent position is best (recliner position). 12. Assume normal activity after 24 hours Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 55
56 Vestibular sedating drugs E.g. meclizine; diazepam Impair central processing By decreasing sensory input, interfere with compensation Sedation may also cause falling Avoid use or use short term Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 56
57 Approach to Dizziness History Description Timing and nature of episodes Precipitating factors Other conditions Drugs Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 57
58 Appreciate Functional Anatomy & Physiology Consider three major components in achieving good balance Sensing the environment Central processing of information Musculoskeletal response Consider the three dominant sensory inputs Vestibular Visual Somatosensory (proprioceptive) Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 58
59 Understanding Structure/Function relation makes the evaluation and treatment of patients with dizziness much more satisfying Osteopathic Approach to Dizziness - Shaw 59
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