6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 1

Transcription

1 RENEWABLE ENERGY TRAINING PROGRAM MODULE 7 BIOENERGY Life-cycle Analysis of Woody Biomass Energy Rob Bailis Associate Professor Yale School of Forestry and Env. Studies 18 June /18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 1

2 Overview What is LCA? How is it done? Key concepts Examples LCAs for bioenergy Charcoal in Brazil 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 2

3 What is LCA? 1. Goal and scope definition 2. Life cycle inventory 3. Impact assessment 4. Interpretation 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 3

4 LCA methodologies 1. Goal and scope definition: defines the system boundary and functional unit and level of detail required for input data. An example from my research: Goal: compare environmental impacts of producing charcoal using hot-tail kilns, as is current practice, and using container kilns with pyrolysis gases utilized for cogeneration What happens when you add cogeneration to a traditional charcoal production system? Boundary: nursery to plantation-gate (prior land use not included) Functional Unit: 1 ton of carbon in charcoal 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 4

5 LCA methodologies 2. Life cycle inventory Cataloging material flows along all stages of production: All input/output (I/O) data to define the system Sources of data include: direct observation life cycle inventory (LCI) databases previous/similar analyses 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 5

6 Nursery stage Water liters Electricity kwh KCl kg-k 2 O Mono-ammonium phosphate (as N) kg-n E E-05 Mono-ammonium phosphate (as P 2 O 5 ) kg-p 2 O E E-04 CaNO 3 kg-n E E-03 Blend of NPK fertilizers (as N) b kg-n E E-04 " (as P 2 O 5 ) kg-p 2 O E E-03 " (as K 2 O) kg-k 2 O E E-04 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 kg-n E E-04 MgSO 4 kg Sowing and management stage Water for irrigation liters 15,000 15, Water transpired by trees liters 262,800, ,800, E6 1.4E6 Fuel (diesel) liters Glyphosate (applied for new seedlings) liters Blend of NPK fertilizers (as N) c kg-n " (as P 2 O 5 ) kg-p 2 O " (as K 2 O) kg-k 2 O % KCl (plus micronutrients) kg-k 2 O Tractor p Harvesting and transport of feedstock Fuel (diesel) liters Feller/buncher p 3.3E E E E-06 Skidder p 3.3E E E E-06 Cutter/delimber p 3.3E E E E-06 Loader p 3.3E E E E-06 Kiln infrastructure Bricks tons Mortar tons Steel tons Pyrolysis and cogeneration inputs Fuel (diesel) liters Lorry - 16t p Water (for cooling in cogen units) d m 3 NA NA 0 0/1.6/3.7/6.7 Electricity demand c kwh NA NA 0 52/52/64/97 Pyrolysis and cogeneration outputs Charcoal output tons Charcoal-carbon output tons /18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 6 Electricity to grid c kwh NA NA 0 0/274/613/1122 Tar c kg 0 0/220/0/0

7 LCA methodologies 3. Impact assessment: Converts raw input/output data into meaningful measurements May be assessed as raw data, intermediate, or final impact Example: climate impacts Raw data: tons of CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O Intermediate impact: aggregate global warming pot l (GWP) Final impact: temperature increase or physical/economic damages 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 7

8 LCA methodologies 4. Interpretation: an assessment of the outcomes of the inventory analysis and impact assessment, including sensitivities. 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 8

9 LCA methodologies Additional considerations: Treatment of co-products Most bioenergy systems multiple products How do we allocate impacts? Temporality (past, current and future impacts) Attributional and Consequential LCA Land Use Change (LUC) 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 9

10 Bioenergy LCAs strong focus on GHGs Life-cycle GHG emissions of biopower technologies per unit of electricity generation, including supply chain emissions (land use-related net 6/18/14 changes in carbon stocks and land management impacts Bailis World are excluded). Bank Biomass Co-firing LCA is shown for the biomass portion only (without 10 GHG emissions and electricity output associated with coal). From IPCC SRREN Ch. 2.

11 in comparison to fossil options Note: units are different and range of variation is much narrower than previous slide 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 11

12 Example Innovation in Brazilian Brazil is the world s largest charcoal user > 80% used by the metallurgical industries Charcoal Production source of carbon and energy Rabo Quente kilns - 70% of production 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 12

13 Brazilian Charcoal Production Energy sources utilized in Brazil s metallurgical industries from 1970 to 2010 Mtoe Other sources* 20 Wood and charcoal Electricity 10 0 Coal and coke Natural gas and coke gas * "Other sources" include fuel oil and diesel, LPG, and other petroleum derivatives. 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 13

14 The majority of feedstock originates from plantations, but Charcoal production in Brazil by source of wood ( ) 6 Million tons of charcoal % 30% 70% Natural forests Plantations 40% 0 Source: IBGE, /18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 14

15 Charcoal production by state in 2010 (IBGE, 2012) Millions of tons Legal Amazon Silviculture Natural forest 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 15

16 There are also large energy losses Energy flows in charcoal production in Minas Gerais, Brazil (1978 to 2008) as lump charcoal, other materials (charcoal fines and tar), and losses losses Mtoe Tar and charcoal fines Lump charcoal 0 Miranda et al /18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 16

17 and emissions Emissions measured in traditional earthmound (EM) kilns and a variety of improved kilns reported in the literature showing emissions of each GHG weighted by its 100-year global warming potential (Bailis 2009) 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 17

18 Alternative technologies DK biochar reactor with Stirling Engine DPC charcoal reactor flaring noncondensable gases CML charcoal plant RIMA pilot plant with container kilns 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 18

19 Rima s concept (Vilela, 2010) Ciclo Contínuo Carbonização (12 horas) Secagem (6 horas) Resfriamento (12 horas) Carregamento (3 horas) Descarregamento (1 hora) 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 19

20 Rima s concept (Vilela, 2010) 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 20

21 Hot Tail Kiln Pathway Charcoal Atmospheric CO 2, Agro-chemicals, Diesel fuel, Electricity, Water, Farm Machinery Bricks, Mortar, Fuel, Vehicles Charcoal Production CO 2, CO, CH 4, N 2 O, NMHCs, TSP Nursery Management Sowing & Plantation Management Tree Harvest, processing & transport Wood Woodwaste (tops & branches) Decomposition (HT kiln and Container-kiln scenarios 1-3) (Container-kiln scenario 4) CO 2, CO, CH 4, N 2 O, NMHCs, TSP, NO x Fertilizer run-off Wood Predrying Charcoal Production CO 2, CO, CH 4, N 2 O, NMHCs, NO x TSP Steel, Fuel, Vehicles Waste heat Pyrolysis gases Charcoal, Electricity, Tar Electricity Generation Container Kiln Pathway Legend: Energy and material inputs Processes Intermediate material and energy flows Products and coproducts Pollutants 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 21

22 The LCA System boundary 1. Raw Material Acquisition 2. Raw Material Transport 3. Material Production and/or Transformation 4. Product Transport 5. Product Use Path 1: Rabo Quente kiln Metal refining Nursery Plantation Path 2: Container kilns with gas capture and cogeneration Mineral Coke supply chain 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 22

23 Results - GHGs kg CO2e per 1000 kg carbon in charcoal % -119% -52% -66% Other* Co products (tar and/or electricity) Woodwaste decoposition Pyrolysis and cogen Eucalyptus carbon storage Total Hot tail kiln No cogeneration Cogen w/gas, Tar displacement Cogen w/gas+tar Cogen w/gas+tar+ww *"Other" includes emissions from nursery operations, sowing and management, kiln construction, harvesting, and transportation. In total, these processes contribute 2-7% of all GHGs. 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 23

24 Results water use Approx range of water use from 1 t-c in mineral coke (from SimaPro) millions of liters per 1000 kg-c in charcoal Co products (tar and electricity) Pyrolysis Eucalyptus transpiration Sowing and management Other * Total Hot tail No cogeneration Cogen w/gas (tar coproduct) Cogen w/gas+tar Cogen w/gas+tar+ww Hot tail All container kilns *"Other" includes water used in the nursery stage for irrigating seedlings as well as water embodied in the materials and processes used for harvesting, transportation, and kiln construction. Container kilns 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 24

25 Results other impacts Hot tail kiln No cogeneration Cogen w/gas, Tar displacement Cogen w/gas+tar Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Photochem. Oxidation (PCO) Acidification (ACID) Eutrophication (EUT) Cogen w/gas+tar+ww (mg CFC-11 eq) (kg C2H4 eq) (kg SO2 eq) (kg PO4 eq)x10 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 25

26 Aggregating results??? 16 Pt Radioactive waste Bulk waste Human toxicity Eutrophication Acidification Ozone formation Ozone depletion Global warming 100a Total -2 Brick - all processes Aug12 Metal - all processes, Metal - all processes, gas cogen + tar copro gas and tar cogen Aug12 Aug12 Metal - all processes, no co-products Aug12 Metal - all processes, gas tar and ww cogen Aug12 Comparing product stages; Method: EDIP 2003 V1.03 / Default / Single score 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 26

27 Concluding thoughts LCA is a powerful tool to compare technological options But proceed with caution! More than just GHGs When we introduce multiple impacts, comparing and/or aggregating is risky Only meaningful if local context is taken into consideration 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 27

28 EXTRA SLIDES 6/18/14 Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 28

29 6/18/14 LCA methodologies Nursery stage 2. Life cycle inventory all stages of production: 1) Raw Material Acquisition 2) Raw Material Transport 3) Material Production 4) Product Transport 5) Product Use 6) Product disposal/recycling Life cycle materials and processes Units a Per hectare Main assumptions hot-tail Container Seedlings produced per month no. 605, ,000 Area ha 1 1 Planting density no./ha 1,050 1,050 No. of seedling plantings no. 2 2 Seedlings planted no Water liters Electricity kwh KCl kg-k 2 O Mono-ammonium phosphate (as N) kg-n Mono-ammonium phosphate (as P 2 O 5 ) kg-p 2 O CaNO 3 kg-n Blend of NPK fertilizers (as N) b kg-n " (as P 2 O 5 ) kg-p 2 O " (as K 2 O) kg-k 2 O (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 kg-n MgSO 4 kg Sowing and management stage Water for irrigation liters 15,000 15,000 Water transpired by trees liters 262,800, ,800,000 Fuel (diesel) liters Glyphosate (applied for new seedlings) liters Blend of NPK fertilizers (as N) c kg-n " (as P 2 O 5 ) kg-p 2 O " (as K 2 O) kg-k 2 O % KCl (plus micronutrients) kg-k 2 O Tractor p Harvesting and transport of feedstock Fuel (diesel) liters Feller/buncher p 3.3E E-04 Skidder p 3.3E E-04 Cutter/delimber p 3.3E E-04 Loader p 3.3E E-04 Kiln infrastructure Bricks tons Mortar tons Steel tons Pyrolysis and cogeneration inputs Fuel (diesel) liters Lorry - 16t p Water (for cooling in cogen units) d m 3 NA NA Electricity demand d kwh NA NA Pyrolysis and cogeneration outputs Charcoal output tons Charcoal-carbon output tons Electricity to grid d MWh NA 0/114/51/206 Tar d tons NA 0/220/0/0 a p = individual pieces; no. = number b NPK fertilizer at the nursery stage include 300 kg of and 250 kg of slow-release per 605,000 seedlings. Values here reflect density of 1,050 seedlings per ha and 2 planting cycles. c NPK fertilizer in the plantation include applied at establishment at 350 kg/ha and Bailis World Bank Biomass LCA 29 applied 2-6 months after establishment at 1000 kg/ha. Both are applied for each harvest cycle. d Varies with scenario: data are given for Scenario 1/Scenario 2/Scenario 3/Scenario 4 respectively.