A Report on The Attitude towards the Cornish Language Survey conducted by Cornwall Council in association with The Cornish Language Partnership

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1 A Report on The Attitude towards the Cornish Language Survey conducted by Cornwall Council in association with The Cornish Language Partnership November 2013

2 Analysis & Report produced by the Cornish Language Partnership Table of Contents 1. Introduction Sample Analysis Description of the sample Gender responses Age of respondents Significance of results Support for the Cornish Language Question Comparison with 2007 Survey Social Cohesion Economic Benefit Overall Support Awareness of Maga Strategic Response Useage Qualitative Response Summary and Recommendations... 22

3 1. Introduction This report contains the analysis and findings of the Cornish Language Attitude Survey conducted by Cornwall Council. This analysis and report has been produced by the Cornish Language Office. The Cornish Language Attitude Survey was conducted to ascertain the current extent of support for the Cornish language. The findings of the survey are not only of intrinsic value for understanding the current support for Cornish, they can also be used as a base to measure and monitor progress going forward. The Survey was limited to Cornwall Council employees as it was felt that this enabled a sample survey to be conducted in a short time-scale and that the spread of employees would provide a reasonably fair sample. 1.1 Sample The survey was set up online at and Cornwall Council employees were asked via standard internal Council communication routes to fill it in. These routes include Team Talk, Chief Executive and departmental bulletins, etc. A total of 151 responses were obtained. 1.2 Analysis The report begins with a description of the sample outlining the key characteristics. The main body of the report is structured around 4 thematic sections: Support for Cornish Language Awareness of Maga Strategic Response Useage Each thematic section will provide an analysis of the entire sample, followed by a more detailed comparative examination of the key sub groups within the sample. As there are no firm assurances that the survey captures a truly representative sample, the comparative analyses focus largely on percentages. This enables valid comparisons to be drawn with future surveys which may or may not differ in terms of sample size and composition. The appendices provide the raw numbers of each reported table to allow for benchmarking.

4 2. Description of the sample This section details the characteristics of the sample. The decision was taken to send the survey to Council employees in order to get a swift response from a defined sample. The council employs staff 1 and the 151 responses received represents just over 1% of council employees. Demographic information was limited to age and gender to compare with 2011 census results 2 (Figure 1). Figure 1: Cornwall's population in 2001 Census In general, Cornwall s population is older than the England and Wales average, with less than average results for both genders below the age of 44 and above average results for both genders above the age of 50. Otherwise trends are the same with more old women than old men, and the number of older men decreasing consistently from the age of 65. The largest single group of people occur in the age range for both genders

5 2.1 Gender responses In the 2011 census, there were 274,400 women and 257,800 men 3 in Cornwall so women represented just over 51% of the population. The survey responses are below (Figure 2) showing a significant bias towards women respondents. Just over 70% of respondents were women which is a greater than statistically significant difference to their proportion of the population. This could reflect the gender composition of Cornwall Council employees, or for some other reason, but women formed over two third of the total responses and therefore responses do not reflect the gender population in Cornwall. Figure 2: Responses to question 7 3

6 2.2 Age of respondents The 2011 census grouped age ranges into 5 year samples. The age range options given in the survey were different but they were grouped in a way to make it possible to correlate the two data sets (Figure 3). Figure 3: Age of respondents from question 6 Because the age ranges were not uniform, there was a greater proportion of responses from the larger age ranges. There was also another difference because the survey was taken by people working within Cornwall Council and so there would be few responses from people over 65 and few below the age of eighteen. In this case there were none under twenty. Any future survey would benefit from returning to five year blocks, and if the survey was undertaken within a workforce then it would need to take account of working ages.

7 2.2 Significance of results With the number of responses being only a sample of the population, a multiplier has been used in order to be able to compare the proportion of responses in each age group with the same segment of the Cornish population and produce a comparable population pyramid (Figure 4). Figure 4: Correlation of respondents age/gender with the wider population The result of correlating the respondents with the population of Cornwall demonstrates that the survey responses differ in both age and gender, with men under represented in every age group except where they are over represented, and women over represented in the age range and under represented outside of this age range. This suggests that the respondents are not representative of the population of Cornwall, but that they may perhaps more accurately reflect the demographic of Cornwall Council s workforce. Unfortunately such data on the Council workforce s age and gender split was not available for comparison. To obtain a more representative sample of the population, it is recommended that any future repetition of this survey uses a longer time period in the public domain.

8 3. Support for the Cornish Language In 2007 Cornwall Council conducted a Quality of Life survey which asked two questions about the Cornish language. The first one asked if respondents were aware of the Cornish language (Figure 5). Figure 5: 2007 Quality of Life Survey, awareness of Cornish It was decided that an awareness level of 95.9% indicated saturation throughout the population and that any further query of this awareness would not be productive. The second question in 2007 asked respondents if they supported greater use of the Cornish language in Cornish social and public life. The responses were more mixed (Figure 6). Figure 6: 2007 Quality of Life Survey, Support for greater use of Cornish

9 The analysis showed that just under half (49.1%) of respondents were neither in favour or against greater use of the Cornish language while 30.8% were in favour or strongly in favour and 20.2% were against or strongly against. The first question in the 2013 survey therefore sought to drill down into this opinion and be more specific. 3.1 Question 1 Figure 7: Responses to Question 1

10 A range of statements were selected with the assumption that varying opinion would show if support for the Cornish language has generally improved since In more detail, some statements emphasised the benefit of Cornish language to social cohesion while others emphasised economic benefit. By mixing these statements, along with some that linked social cohesion to economic benefit and others that were skill based, we could see if support for the Cornish language was based on its linguistic, social or economic potential, and perhaps to what extent respondents perceived this benefit. The statements are listed with the responses (Figure 7) and support for the Cornish language is clearly displayed. However, opinion varied over different statements and Table 1 shows this variation in declining order of amalgamated opinions. I would not like the Cornish language to disappear completely 83% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish language helps to make Cornwall a distinctive place 79% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish language should be allowed to disappear 79% Disagree/strongly disagree I like to see Cornish place names 79% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish language adds to the feeling of Cornwall being a special place 72% Agree/Strongly agree I like to see signs that include Cornish language 71% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish Language enhances Cornwall s culture and economy 67% Agree/Strongly agree I would support greater visibility of Cornish language 66% Agree/Strongly agree I am more likely to support businesses that use Cornish Language 60% Disagree/strongly disagree I like to know that Cornish language exists, but do not feel the need to learn it myself 55% Agree/Strongly agree I would like to learn some Cornish 52% Agree/Strongly agree Learning Cornish improves educational skills 47% Agree/Strongly agree Table 1: Responses to question 1 in descending order of strength Support for the language per se is strong, with the statement against the disappearance of Cornish receiving the strongest support (83% agree/strongly agree). Statements about the language making Cornwall a distinctive and special place were highly approved (79% and 72% approved respectively) and the reverse statement to allow the language to disappear was strongly disapproved (79% disagree/strongly disagree). Support for greater visibility was endorsed with only a slightly less approval percentage (66% agree/strongly agree). However, other statements that linked the Cornish language to business, skills and learning the language were more ambivalent. Respondents who perceived learning Cornish as improving education skills received the lowest approval (47%) which, while a bigger group than those who disagreed (44%) is still less than half of all respondents. Just over half (52%) wanted to actually learn the

11 language and a slightly higher number (55%) approved the language s existence without feeling the need to learn it. This suggests that the benefit of Cornish on general education is not perceived, even though studies have indicated that learning any second language improves general education skills Comparison with 2007 Survey Two statements were included that directly relate to the results of the 2007 survey: I would support greater visibility of Cornish language The Cornish language should be allowed to disappear Each statement allowed a N/A response, and there were people who used this, but these formed a far lower group than those who selected neither in favour or against in Instead, 66% of responses agreed or strongly agreed with supporting greater visibility of the Cornish language and 79% of responses disagreed or strongly disagreed with allowing the language to disappear. This is a clear difference with the 2007 survey and shows that support for greater visibility is strong. Correlating the two questions, as expected those who strongly agreed with the statement supporting greater visibility were also more likely to strongly disagree with allowing the language to disappear and vice versa, although one respondent strongly agreed with both of these contradictory statements. 4 detail/story.html#ixzz2kwrtpmht

12 3.3 Social Cohesion Some statements were felt to relate to social cohesion; where engagement with Cornish increased the engagement with place, and/or engagement with community. The statements are listed in Table 2 and the statements deemed to link Cornish as a benefit to social cohesion were all endorsed with an approval rating of greater than 50%. I would not like the Cornish language to disappear completely 83% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish language helps to make Cornwall a distinctive place 79% Agree/Strongly agree I like to see Cornish place names 79% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish language adds to the feeling of Cornwall being a special place 72% Agree/Strongly agree I like to see signs that include Cornish language 71% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish Language enhances Cornwall s culture and economy 67% Agree/Strongly agree I like to know that Cornish language exists, but do not feel the need to learn it myself 55% Agree/Strongly agree Table 2: Responses to Question 1 that relate to social cohesion Breaking this down, the strongly agree responses far outstripped the others in all but one statement (Figure 8). Cornish language adds to the feeling of Cornwall being a special place Cornish language enhances Cornwall's culture and economy I would not like the Cornish language to disappear completely I like to know that the Cornish language exists but do not feel a need to learn it myself I like to see signs that include Cornish language N/A Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree I like to see Cornish place names The Cornish Language helps to make Cornwall a distinctive place Figure 8: Bar chart of social cohesion statement responses in Question 1

13 3.4 Economic Benefit While the one unequivocal statement about business use was disapproved, this was not the only measure of economic benefit. Some statements that apply to social cohesion also apply to the economy, specifically place marketing (Table 3). This table shows that council employees endorse place marketing, and agree that the language does enhance the economy, but are not influenced personally by business use of Cornish into greater support. The Cornish language helps to make Cornwall a distinctive place 79% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish language adds to the feeling of Cornwall being a special place 72% Agree/Strongly agree The Cornish Language enhances Cornwall s culture and economy 67% Agree/Strongly agree I am more likely to support businesses that use Cornish Language 60% Disagree/strongly disagree Table 3: Responses to Question 1 that relate to economic benefit These responses suggest a contradiction on the surface; how can the language enhance the economy if businesses do not use it? However, this may reflect the scarcity of current business use. Where Cornish has been used, it may have been misapplied (such as using block text or suddenly adopting a Cornish response to telephone queries without warning). More simply, other factors, such as price, design, availability may be more important than language in deciding which businesses are supported. Cornish language adds to the feeling of Cornwall being a special place I am more likely to support businesses that use the Cornish language Cornish language enhances Cornwall's culture and economy N/A Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Cornish Language helps to make Cornwall a distinctive place Figure 9: Bar chart of responses to economic benefit statements in Question 1

14 The differences between the general agreement that the language helps the economy and the support for businesses that use it are shown by the different pattern of responses (Figure 9). 3.5 Overall Support So in general, there is support for the language existence, and an unwillingness to let it go. There is also support for greater visibility, and recognition of the language s contribution to social cohesion and towards Cornwall as a brand. It is a fact that learning any language improves education skills, so the fact that this is not recognised suggests more communication is required. Likewise, the recognition of the language contributing to the economy needs to be reinforced by better communication.

15 4. Awareness of Maga As previously shown (Figure 5), the awareness of the Cornish language has reached saturation point in Cornwall. However, what is less clear is the extent to which people are aware of Maga itself and the services that Maga provides. By indicating which of Maga s services people are aware of, this shows either the success of previous communication efforts or the need for wider or different promotion in the future. Similarly, awareness of the wider resources of the partnership was tested in question 2 and the results collated (Figure 10). Figure 10: Responses to Question 2 What respondents were most aware of is Cornish language on street signs (88.1%), so the work of the signage panel is increasing awareness of the Cornish language being used. This recognition endorses the work of the signage panel and suggests that it is a key method of engagement with the Cornish language and language awareness. The second point of contact that respondents were most aware of was in brands and products (74.7%). This level of awareness suggests that naming products and brands in Cornish provides a strong valedictory link between place and brand marketing. This awareness needs to be communicated to businesses who

16 wish to engage with the Cornish brand and the positive impact the language has on brand awareness. The joint third point of engagement that respondents were aware of were the existence of opportunities to learn Cornish and Cornish language groups, both receiving 106 Yes answers. Conversely, Maga s services were less well known; the translation service was the most unknown with only 47 respondents being aware of them, which is less than a third of all respondents. As translation is one of the longest standing and well used services, then the lack of awareness makes it clear that Maga needs to do more work on raising awareness of the organisation and its services. The greater awareness of the online dictionary is a striking contrast. Despite being only a few months old, a few more people are aware of it than of the translation service (53 respondents). This corresponds to the way in which people engage with the Maga website in that it is primarily a source for Cornish words. 5 The position of Cornish in schools is more confused. The question asked if respondents were aware of Cornish language awareness being taught in schools rather than direct language teaching. However, respondents were not generally aware of such teaching; only 56 were aware of any, while 95 were not. This is not an accurate measure of the activity that occurs in schools, but a measure of awareness of them, which is not the same thing. It is perhaps encouraging that even 56 respondents were aware of it, as the penetration of the Cornish language into schools has been notoriously difficult and it has been the subject of recent debate. 6 Of the statements where the majority of respondents had no awareness, the most positive was awareness of an increase in people speaking the language. 90 people were not aware of an increase, while 61 people were. While this is not as high as we would like, it does suggest that the visibility of Cornish in the media and other contexts has had some impact. It also shows that more work is required to increase the casual public use of Cornish. Overall, the responses to question 2 shows that Maga needs to do more work to promote Maga itself and the services that Maga provides, but that the increasing visibility of Cornish in the landscape has been effective in raising awareness for the language in general. 5 Website usage statistics 6 George, L. How a Jake Thackray Song Helped Me to Understand the Importance Of Preserving the Cornish Language, Huffington Post, 14 th November 2013 German, J. Embracing language vital for forward looking county, Western Morning News, 11 th November 2013 Watts, D Teaching Cornish in our schools is a total waste of time, Western Morning News, 25 th October 2013 No Author Why is more not being done to teach Cornish in our schools? Western Morning News, 3 rd October 2013

17 5. Strategic Response Previous surveys results are confusing, in that the Cornish Language survey conducted by Maga in 2008 indicated that people chose to learn Cornish for very personal reasons. However, in the same year a consultation was undertaken with people who were already engaged with Cornish language and they thought that barriers to learning Cornish were institutional. This question was formulated to see if helping personal use or institutional barriers were more important in encouraging people to learn Cornish. The results are below (Figure 11). Figure 11: Responses to question 3 While the top single answer was to provide better publicity about language services (79 respondents agreed, which is 53%), when the agree and strongly agree responses were amalgamated then the top answer was that more varied ways of learning Cornish would encourage more people to learn the language. 115 respondents agreed or strongly agreed with more varied ways of learning Cornish and 113 agreed or strongly agreed with better publicity about language services. The least popular method was having more Cornish language in newspapers and magazines, but with 63.5% who agree or strongly agree this still shows that all

18 of these methods were broadly approved. 64% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with having more resources available in the Cornish language. Figure 12 shows the pattern of responses to this question and there are differences between those who rated statements as Agree and Strongly agree. Those who Strongly agreed with more support from/wider use by public bodies were most often those who strongly agreed with the other statements. More support from/wider use by public bodies More Cornish language in newspapers and magazines More resources available in the Cornish language More varied ways of learning Cornish N/A Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Seeing and hearing the language more often eg on signs, on Better publicity about language services Figure 12: Bar chart of responses to Question 3 Those respondents who usually rated strongly agree against statements, rated seeing and hearing the language more often as most important, followed by more support from/wider use by public bodies. This follows the confusing earlier surveys in that people who are engaged with the language are more focussed on institutional change while perhaps those who are less engaged look for more personal assistance and are represented more by the respondents who used agree to rate statements. For the purposes of formulating marketing strategies, there appear to be 2 distinct groups; one group with very strong opinions and one group that are less definite. The second group are looking for more publicity and different ways of learning. Meanwhile the first group are looking outside to greater use and visibility of the language.

19 6. Useage This question was included to see if the level of fluency affected the level of support for the language. The answers are collated below (Figure 13) and show that the majority of respondents know one or two words (44%). The second highest single answer (22.7%) was those who had no desire to learn Cornish. However, slightly more respondents (24.1%) had more than one or two words of Cornish, spread between a few phrases, Basic conversation and Semi fluent. It is known that there are fluent Cornish speakers in Cornwall Council but they apparently did not fill in this survey. The smallest group of respondents were those who did not know any Cornish but wanted to (9.3%). Figure 13: Responses to Question 4 When comparing this response to answers to other questions some correlation emerged, but there were a few surprises. In Question 1, there is no link between level of language use and the responses to the contribution of the language to Cornwall being a special or distinctive place. There is a broad correlation between low fluency and willingness to allow the language to disappear, but a significant number of respondents with no desire to learn Cornish disagreed with letting it disappear, although none of them strongly disagreed. There is more of a link between level of knowledge of the language and supporting more visibility, with those who have no desire to learn Cornish being more likely to disagree or strongly disagree with increasing visibility. Likewise those with a few phrases or more are more likely to support greater visibility. A similar pattern emerges for Cornish place names, signs, preventing the disappearance of Cornish, the contribution of the language to Cornwall s culture and economy and education skills, and support for business use.

20 The correlation between the level of fluency and awareness of opportunities to engage with the Cornish language and Maga as listed in Question 2 is not so close as a significant number of respondents with no desire to learn Cornish were aware of each of these. There were Yes and No answers to all of these from people with no desire to learn Cornish, people who would like to learn, people with one or two words and those with a few phrases. That said, there is some slight correlation and the more fluent respondents are broadly more likely to be aware of engagement opportunities. The responses to Question 3 follow a similar pattern with opinion divided, but there was some correlation between level of fluency and suggestions for engagement. The difference here is that there is no correlation between fluency and agreement with the statement More resources available in the Cornish language. In conclusion, there is a correlation between level of fluency and level of support for the language, but this is not as marked or as uniform as may be supposed.

21 7. Qualitative Response Additional comments were possible and positive statements usually came from more fluent speakers, with only one positive statement from a respondent with no Cornish but who would like to learn. There were some negative comments and these mainly came from people who had no desire to learn. Some comments were more equivocal and could not be categorised as either positive or negative. These were made by people with no desire to learn, one or two words, a few phrases and even a couple of people with basic conversation ability. Eighteen comments were positive. The semi fluent respondent commented The Cornish Language is the greatest asset that Cornwall has because of its distinctiveness. It should be considered as a major part of Cornwall's future. Four comments could be categorised as preservation for instance It is important that the Cornish Language is preserved as part of our heritage for future generations or It is in danger of being lost. Already Cornwall feels less Cornish than 10 years ago and that s so sad. I feel so strongly we should be acting quickly to promote and change so preserving the Cornish culture. Twelve positive comments emphasised further work being required; more opportunities, taught in schools, increased visibility, varied sessions, promoted more widely, mainstreaming, more effort from the Council, and more bilingual books were all mentioned. Of the more equivocal statements, two related to preservation; Do you think that it is in the Council's control to let the language die? and it should be seen as a cultural addition, not as a way to exclude non-speakers. It is a 'nice to have' rather than an essential thing. It s about preserving this aspect of our culture through awareness and providing some avenues for those that are interested to learn more. This second statement also mentions the exclusionary comments from people who see the Cornish language as potentially divisive. Another couple of equivocal comments mentioned it can be alienating. One comment referred to actions outside of the partnership s control; It's good to see Cornish being used more but a lot of it appears to have been created by feeding words into a dictionary I have seen a house called 'Chy Byghan' which means 'Little House' but also translates as 'Toilet'! More negative comments indicated a lack of awareness of Cornwall, its language, culture and people. In general, additional comments reflect the remainder of the survey and the main new information raised was the failure to recognise the contribution to diversity made by language.

22 8. Summary and Recommendations Overall, this survey has demonstrated that there is support for the Cornish language, but that more work is urgently required. There is more awareness of the language than of the identity and work of the language partnership and its members, and support for increasing visibility of the language. A number of questions have demonstrated a need for more and better promotion but the cut in funding has curtailed this. It is recognised that this survey does not represent Cornwall as a whole, and perhaps there is a case to make for rolling it out to a wider audience. Different aspects may be emphasised if this happened. However, it is perhaps a good snapshot of how the Cornish language is perceived and supported within the Council. The perception of Council employees is that the language makes a valuable contribution to Cornwall as a special place. There is a strong reluctance to let the language disappear, but opinion varies on the role of the Council itself and the route to more engagement. Such variety of opinion is influenced by the level of knowledge of the language. As a result of this survey, there are recommendations that can be made about the work that Maga does, and further recommendations should this survey be repeated. Dealing with any subsequent survey first the recommendations are: Any repeat of this survey should take place over a longer time period and employ more points of engagement than was the case this time. The survey should be publicised in advance and be available both online and to those without computer access. In order to achieve the widest possible engagement, a newspaper advert containing the survey could be bought, with notes indicating further copies could be obtained from a local library. Thought needs to be given to the timing of such surveys, at what intervals they should take place in order to provide regular statistics to inform advocacy work but avoid survey fatigue. Age ranges should be listed in five year blocks Question 1 should be modified to include more negative statements. Contradictory responses suggest that one or two respondents ticked all of the same boxes for this question without really thinking or reading the statement. Question 1 should also expand on business use and include statements such as I would not support a business conducted in Cornish, I like to see bilingual websites or I buy products that are clearly Cornish and I like products that have Cornish names to show what aspects of business use would be supported. Question 1 should modify the statement I like to know the Cornish language exists, but do not feel a need to learn it myself as the responses were not clear and followed no pattern. This statement was

23 included to disassociate the language existence from the level of fluency of the respondent, but more fluent users were then more likely to disagree with this statement as they do feel this need. A similar statement in future needs more thought. Consideration should be given to splitting awareness into two questions. One question could determine the level of awareness of points of engagement with the Cornish language and general resources available. A separate question could specifically focus on Maga s identity and services. Statements to encourage more engagement with the language could be more specific. All of the listed statements were mainly approved so perhaps there is a need to include inappropriate suggestions to ensure that respondents discriminate between them. On the basis of this survey there are some immediate recommendations to make to the Cornish Language Partnership. The capacity of the Cornish Language Partnership to carry out these recommendations has been curtailed and while these recommendations have largely been anticipated and planned for, their execution will depend on significant financial support: Improve promotion of the language resources, the Partnership and its services. Promote the value of learning Cornish in terms of transferable skills Target business use within the next work programme Assess the resources available and consider the potential for more bilingual resources and more varied resources. Less immediate recommendations: Promote the language in Diversity terms to diffuse exclusionary accusations Campaign for more use of Cornish in public life Work towards more visible and audible use of Cornish in the community Increase the points of engagement with the Cornish language It is possible that increased use of Cornish in the community will happen as a result of existing work but it needs to be kept in mind as a specific aim within future work.

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