What Is a Wave? What Is a Wave?, continued. What Is a Wave?, continued. What Is a Wave?, continued. What Is a Wave?, continued
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1 What Is a Wave? What does a wave carry? A wave is a disturbance that carries energy through matter or space. Most waves travel through a medium. medium: a physical environment in which phenomena occur mechanical wave: a wave that requires a medium through which to travel examples: sound waves, water waves Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium. electromagnetic wave: a wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate outward at the speed of light examples: visible light waves, radio waves Visual Concept: Electromagnetic Waves Waves transfer energy. Tsunamis carry enough energy to cause damage to coastal towns. The energy of normal ocean waves breaks up rocks into pieces to form sandy beaches.
2 Visual Concept: Tsunami Energy may spread out as a wave travels. When sound waves travel in air, the waves spread out in spheres. As the waves travel outward, the spherical wave fronts get bigger, so the energy spreads out over a larger volume. Vibrations and Waves How are waves generated? Most waves are caused by vibrating objects. The sound waves produced by a singer are caused by vibrating vocal cords. Electromagnetic waves may be caused by vibrating charged particles. For mechanical waves, the particles in the medium through which the wave passes vibrate, too. Vibrations and Waves, continued The mechanical energy of a vibrating mass-spring system changes form. This type of vibration is called simple harmonic motion. Vibrations and Waves, continued A wave can pass through a series of vibrating objects. The disturbance travels down the row as energy is transferred from one mass to another. Wave particles move like masses on springs. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves What is the difference between a transverse wave a longitudinal wave? A transverse wave is a wave in which the wave motion is perpendicular to the particle motion. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the wave motion is parallel to the particle motion.
3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves, continued Transverse waves have perpendicular motion. transverse wave: a wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling Visual Concept: Transverse Wave Longitudinal waves have parallel motion. longitudinal wave: a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave motion Visual Concept: Longitudinal Wave Transverse and Longitudinal Waves, continued Waves have crests and troughs or compressions and rarefactions. crest: the highest point of a wave trough: the lowest point of a wave compressions: the crowded areas of a longitudinal wave rarefactions: the stretched-out areas of a longitudinal wave Surface Waves How do the particles in ocean waves move? Visual Concept: Formation and Movement of Ocean Waves The particles in a surface wave move both perpendicularly and parallel to the direction in which h the wave travels. surface waves: waves that occur at the boundary between two different mediums, such as water and air
4 Waves Section 1 Wave Properties What are some ways to measure and compare waves? Amplitude and wavelength are measurements of fdistance. Period and dfrequency are measurements based on time. Amplitude measures the amount of particle vibration. amplitude: the maximum distance that the particles of a wave s medium vibrate from their rest position for a transverse wave, measured from the rest position to the crest or the trough expressed in the SI unit meters (m) Waves Section 1 Wavelength is the distance between two equivalent parts of a wave. wavelength: the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave for a transverse wave, measured from crest to crest or trough to trough represented by the symbol λ expressed in the SI unit meters (m) Amplitude and wavelength tell you about energy. larger amplitude = more energy shorter wavelength = more energy The period is a measurement of the time it takes for a wave to pass a given point. period: in physics, the time that it takes a complete cycle or wave oscillation to occur represented by the symbol T expressed in the SI unit seconds (s) in the diagram, T = 2 s Frequency is a measurement of the vibration rate. frequency: the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time; also the number of waves produced in a given amount of time represented by the symbol f expressed in the SI unit hertz (Hz), which equals 1/s in the diagram, f = 0.5 Hz
5 Visual Concept: Characteristics of a Wave The frequency and period of a wave are related. The frequency is the inverse of the period. 1 frequency =, or f = 1/ T period Wave Speed How can you calculate the speed of a wave? The speed of a wave is equal to wavelength divided by period, or to frequency multiplied by wavelength. Wave Speed, continued Wave speed equals wavelength divided by period. speed = distance/time wave speed = wavelength/period, or v=λ/t Wave speed equals frequency times wavelength. 1 frequency = T wave speed = frequency wavelength, or v = f l Visual Concept: Equation for the Speed of a Wave Math Skills Wave Speed The string of a piano that produces the note middle C vibrates with a frequency of 262 Hz. If the sound waves produced by this string have a wavelength in air of 1.30 m, what is the speed of the sound waves? 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: frequency, f = 262 Hz wavelength, λ = 1.30 m Unknown: wave speed, v =? m/s
6 Math Skills, continued 2. Write the equation for wave speed. v = f λ 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. v = 262 Hz 1.30 m v = 341 m/s Wave Speed, continued The speed of a wave depends on the medium. In general, wave speed is greatest in solids and least in gases. In a given medium, the speed of waves is constant. Kinetic theory explains differences in wave speed. Light has a finite speed. the speed of light (c) = m/s for electromagnetic waves, c = f λ The Doppler Effect Why does the pitch of an ambulance siren change as the ambulance rushes past you? Motion between the source of waves and the observer creates a change in observed frequency. The Doppler Effect, continued Pitch is determined by the frequency of sound waves. The pitch of a sound (how high or low it is) is determined by the frequency at which sound waves strike the eardrum in your ear. A higher-pitched sound is caused by sound waves of higher frequency. The Doppler Effect, continued Frequency changes when the source of waves is moving. Visual Concept: Doppler Effect and Sound Doppler effect: an observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving The Doppler effect occurs for many types of waves, including sound waves and light waves.
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