ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU '26=<%.,(*22.5(/(1,$ :,(/.2&,,.6=7$à78%8/:=,(01,$.$ Marek Gancarz, Krystyna Konstankiewicz

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1 Acta Agrophysica, 2007, 10(1), ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU '26=<%.,(*22.5(/(1,$ :,(/.2&,,.6=7$à78%8/:=,(01,$.$ Marek Gancarz, Krystyna Konstankiewicz,QVW\WXW$JURIL]\NLLP%RKGDQD'REU]DVNLHJR3$1XO'RZLDGF]DOQD 4, Lublin Streszczenie. Praca przedstawia zastosowanie komputerowej analizy obrazu do szybkiego RNUHOeQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXNLONXG]LHVLFLXEXOZ]LHPQLDNDMHGQRF]HQLH'REDGDX*\WR EXOZRUy*Q\FKUR]PLDUDFKLNV]WDáFLHZD*FND*G]QLFK]GRNáDGQRFLJLPLHU]FichUHd- QLFH]GRNáDGQRFLPP'RDNZL]\FMLREUD]yZZ\NRU]\VWDQRXU]G]HQLHRQLHSU]H(URF]\VW\FK FLDQDFKZ\SRVD*RQHZNDPHU&&'LXNáDG*DUyZHNRZLHWODMF\FKXPLHV]F]RQ\ZHZQWU]EDGa- Q\ RELHNW 8U]G]HQLH XPR*OLZLD Z\NRQ\ZDQLH]GMü FDá\FK EXOZ Z VWDá\FK L NRQWURORZDQ\FK ZDUXQNDFKRSW\F]Q\FK$QDOL]RWU]\PDQ\FKREUD]yZEXOZ]LHPQLDNDGRNRQDQRSU]\Z\NRU]\VWa- QLX VHNZHQFML SU]HNV]WDáFH RSDUW\FK QD ILOWURZDQLX L ELQDU\]DFML] RIHUW\ SURJUDPX $SKHOLRQ Zastosowanie opracowanej SURFHGXU\SR]ZDODQDV]\ENLHRNUHOHQLHZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZ\ SRGF]DV MHGQHJR SRPLDUX GOD ZLHOX EXOZ MHGQRF]HQLH:LHONRüEXOZ\RNUHODáDSRZLHU]FKQLD przypadajfdqdsádvnlreud]exoz\dmhmnv]wdáw Z\GáX*HQLHRWU]\PDQHJRREUD]XEXOZ\0R*OLZH jhvwuyzqlh*x*\flhsrz\*v]hmphwrg\grv]\enlhmrfhq\exozzsudnw\fhoderudwru\mqhmmdnuyw- QLH*NRnWUROLMDNRFLLMHGQRURGQRFLVXURZFD 6áRZDNOXF]RZH: analiza obrazu, morfologia bulwy ziemniaka :67 3 3URGXFHQFL*\ZQRFLFRUD]ZLNV]XZDJSU]\NáDGDMdo lepszego wykorzy- VWDQLDUROQLF]\FKVXURZFyZUROLQQ\FKRUD]SRSUDZ\LFKMDNRFL2MDNRFLVu- URZFDLSU]\GDWQRFLSU]HWZyUF]HMGHF\GXMPLQFHFK\PRUIRORJLF]QH.RORU MGUQRüNV]WDáWZLHONRüVPDNWRFHFK\PRUIRORJLF]QHPDMFHGHF\GXMFH]Qaczenie przy wyborze przez konsumentów danego produktu, oraz jego zastosowa- QLX Z SU]HP\OH Achenbach 2001, Abbott 1999, 'REU]DVNL L 5\EF]\VNL 2000, ZLHWOLNRZVND 6WXGPDQ 'ODWHJR ZD*QD MHVW XSUDZD

2 48 M. GANCARZ, K. KONSTANKIEWICZ FHFKFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QRELHNWX]DOH*\RGPLHMVFDZ obiekcie (Gancarz i in., 2005, Konstankiewicz i in. 2002, Zdunek i Konstankiewicz 2004). WDNLFKRGPLDQNWyUH]DFKRZDMSRZ\*V]HFHFK\SRGF]DVFDáHJRSURFHVXSURGXk- FMLMDNUyZQLH*SRGF]DVSU]HWZDU]DQLD 3UDFHEDGDZF]HSRWZLHUG]DMZSá\ZZLHONRFLNV]WDáWXRZRFyZLZDU]\ZQD SRZVWDZDQLHXV]NRG]H]DUyZQR]HZQWU]Q\FKMDNLZHZQWU]Q\FKNWyU\FKGHWHNFMD MHVWPR*OLZDUy*Q\PLPHWRGDPLRGZzrokowej do termograficznej (Baritelle i Hyde 1999, Baranowski i in. 2005, Mohsenin 1986, Diener i in. 1979, Studman 2001). W GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FKEDGDQLDFKZ\ND]DQR*HPLNURVWUXNWXUDWNDQNLPLNLV]RZHMMHVW -HGQ]SRZV]HFKQLHXSUDZLDQ\FKUROLQZ3ROVFHMHVW]LHPQLDND3ROVNDMHVW MHGQ\P]MHMQDMZLNV]\FKSURGXFHQWyZQDZLHFLH2SU]\GDWQRFLEXOZ]LHmniaka do przetwyuvwzdghf\gxmhzlhohf]\qqlnyzplg]\lqq\plqlhnwyuhfhfk\ PRUIRORJLF]QHWDNLHMDNZLHONRüLNV]WDáWF]\NRORUPL*V]XBaritelle i Hyde, 1999, Noordam i in. 2000)3URGXFHQFLIU\WHNZ\ELHUDMRGPLDQ\NWyU\FKEXOZ\ PDMNV]WDáWZ\GáX*RQ\QDWRPLDVWSURGXFHQFLFKLSVyZEXOZ\RNUJáH/LVLVND ZLHWOLNRZVND. 0DVDEXOZ\PR*HRNUHODüMHMZLHONRüDUHGQLFHEXOZ\UHGQLFDPDNVy- PDOQDLSURVWRSDGáDGRQLHMMHMNV]WDáWBaritelle i Hyde 1999, Tabatabaeefar 2002, ZLHWOLNRZVND. Pomiary mdv\mdnwh*uhgqlfgrnrq\zdqhsu]\x*y- FLX WUDG\F\MQ\FK PHWRG L XU]G]H V MHGQDN F]\QQRFLDPL SUDFRFKáRQQ\PL L F]DVRFKáRQQ\PL6]F]HJyOQLHSU]\GX*\FKSDUWLDFKPDWHULDáXEDGDZF]HJR odmian, bulw SU]\GDWQHVWDMVLPHWRG\V]\ENLHLQLHZ\PDJDMFHGX*\FKQDNáadów pracy (Hartmut 1997, Eguchi i in. 1997, Studman 2001&RUD]F]FLHMGR V]\ENLHMLRELHNW\ZQHMRFHQ\LORFLRZHMLMDNRFLRZHMPDWHULDáyZVWRVXMHVLDQa- OL]REUD]XNWyUDQLHZ\PDJDGX*\FKQDNáDGyZF]DVXDQLSUDF\DSR]ZDODX]y- VNDüGRNáDGQHZ\QLNLMHGQDNPHWRG\WHSR]ZDODMQDZ\NRQDQLHSRPLDUyZQDj- F]FLHMGODSRMHG\QF]HJRRELHNWX+DUWPXW(JXFKLLLQ+HLQHPDQQ i LQ.RQLHF]QHMHVWZLFRSUDFRZDQLHV]\ENLHMLRELHNW\ZQHMPHWRG\Zy- ]QDF]HQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZNWyUDPR*HPLHüSUDNW\F]QH]DVWRVRZanie. &HOHPSUDF\E\áR]DVWRVRZDQLHNRPSXWHURZHMDQDOL]\REUD]XGRV]\ENLHJR i MHGQRF]HVQHJRZ\]QDF]HQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXNLONXG]LHVLFLXEXOZ]LHPQLDND 0$7(5,$à,0(72'< 'REDGDX*\WREXOZ\]LHPQLDNDRGPLDQ\3DVDWSRFKRG]FH]H]ELRUX SU]HSURZDG]RQHJR Z =DNáDG]LH 3U]HWZyUVWZD L 3U]HFKRZDOQLFWZD =LHPQLDND Instytutu Hodowli i $NOLPDW\]DFML5ROLQZ-DGZLVLQLH'REDGDQDG]DVWRVRZa- QLHPNRPSXWHURZHMDQDOL]\REUD]XGRRNUHOHQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXX*\WREXOZ bez wigrf]q\fkxv]nrg]h]hzqwu]q\fkzd*fnd*g]qlfk]grnádgqrflj RUD]PLHU]FUHGQLFHEXOZ\VXZPLDUN]GRNáDGQRFLPPZ celu wyznaczenia

3 ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU 49 ZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZ\PHWRGWUDG\F\MQLSy(QLHMV]HJRSRUyZQDQLDZ\Qi- NyZ.V]WDáWEXOZ\RNUHODQ\MDNRZVSyáF]\QQLNZyGáX*HQLDZ\OLF]RQRZHGáXJ Z]RUXZLHWOLNRZVND TS = a/b, gdzie: TS ZVSyáF]\QQLNZ\GáX*HQLDE UHGQLFDEXOZ\PLHU]RQDZ]GáX*RVLVWolon-ZLHU]FKRáHND QDMZLNV]DUHGQLFDEXOZ\PLHU]RQDSURVWRSDGOHGRWHMRVL Do akwizycmlreud]yzvnrqvwuxrzdqrv]hflhqqnrprurqlhsu]h(urf]\vw\fk FLDQDFKRGáXJRFLFP:FHQWUXPJyUQHMSRGVWDZ\QDZ\VRNRFLFPXPLHVz- F]RQRNDPHU&&'..Z\SRVD*RQZRELHNW\Z7UHYLGRQ1DSU]e- NWQ\FKJyUQHMSRGVWDZ\ZRGOHJáRFLFPRGND*GHJRZLHUzFKRáND]DPRQWRZDQR *DUyZNLW\SX9:*8;]DVLODQHQaSLFLHP9]DVLODF]HP =0(8PR*OLZLDRQSá\QQUHJXODFMQDSLFLDZ]DNUHVLH-9XPR*OLZLDMF GREyURSW\PDOQHJRRZLHWOHQLDZFHOXX]\VNDQLDREUD]XEDGDQHJRobiektu bez wi- GRF]QHJRFLHQLDU\V:V]\VWNLHFLDQ\ZHZQWU]NRPRU\SRNU\WRELDá\PSDSLe- UHPUR]SUDV]DMF\PZLDWáRELEXáDMDNoFLRZDUHGQLDILUP\67$1'$5' 7DN]EXGRZDQDNRPRUDXPR*OLZLDX]\VNDQLHREUD]XEDGDQHJRRELHNWXEH] widocznego jego cieniade\zdqdol]lhnrpsxwhurzhmreud]xrwu]\pdürelhnw\r jednoznacznych granicach. =DVWRVRZDQLHZLHORSXQNWRZHJRJyUQHJRRZLHWOHQLDGDMHPR*OLZRü]DVWo- VRZDQLDNRPRU\GRUy*Q\FKFHOyZQSRNUHOHQLDXV]NRG]HQDSRZLHU]FKQL obiektu (nie tylko ziemniaka). / / & 2 & a) b) Rys. 1. Schemat budowy komory do akwizycji obrazów: a) widok z góry, b) widok z boku: L RZLHWOHQLH2 badany obiekt, C kamera lub aparat fotograficzny Fig. 1. Schematic of chamber for image acquisition, a) view from top, b) view from side, L lights, O sample object, C CCD camera or photo camera

4 50 M. GANCARZ, K. KONSTANKIEWICZ %DGDQ\RELHNWXPLHV]F]DQRQDGROQHMSRGVWDZLHV]HFLHQQHMNRPRU\SURVWo- SDGáHMGRRVLNDPHU\3U]\SRPRF\WHJRXU]G]HQLDPR*OLZDMHVWDNZL]\FMDREUa- ]yz Z VWDá\FK L NRQWURORZDQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK RSW\F]Q\FK FRMHVWQLH]EGQHZ NRPSXWHURZHMLORFLRZHMLMDNRFLRZHMDQDOL]LHRWU]\PDQ\FK]GMü Do analizy otrzymanych obrazów wykorzystano program Aphelion (Gancarz i in. 2007, Wojnar i in. 2002) XPR*OLZLDMF\SU]\]DVWRVRZDQLXRGSRZLHGQLFKSU]e- NV]WDáFHZ\]QDF]HQLHSDUDPHWUyZRSLVXMF\FKZLHONRüLNV]WDáWSáDVNLHJRRb- UD]X EXOZ\ 2WU]\PDQR GZD SDUDPHWU\ OLF]ED SLNVHOL SU]\SDGDMF QD SáDVNL obraz bulwy ARUD]Z\GáX*enie E (rys. 2). D E ( DE DE I II III Rys. 2. 3U]\NáDGRZHRNUHOHQLHZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZ\]LHPQLDNDR]QDF]RQHMQXPerem 10, I SáDVNLREUD]EXOZ\,, HIHNWDQDOL]\SROHRJUDQLF]RQHNU]\ZRNUHODOLF]EDSLNVHOLAZLHONRü bulwy), III Z\GáX*HQLDEXOZ\ E NV]WDáWDLE UHGQLFHHOLSV\ZSLVDQHMZREUD]EXlwy Fig. 1. Example of determination of size and shape of the potato tuber tissue number 10, I flat tuber image, II result of analysis: the area limited by curvilinear boundary defines the number of pixels A (tuber size), III tuber elongation (tuber shape), a and b ellipse diameters inscribed in tuber image $E\RWU]\PDüSRZLHU]FKQLSáDVNLFKREUD]yZEXOZZMHGQRVWNDFK6,Z\No- QDQRZNRPRU]H]GMFLHLGHQW\F]Q\FKSáDVNLFKRELHNWyZR]QDQHMSRZLHU]FKQL przy takich samych ustawieniach jak w przypadku bulw ziemniaka. Umieszczono je na dolnej podstawie komory: jeden w osi kamery, drugi jak najdalej od osi NDPHU\DOHZSROXMHMZLG]HQLDDWU]HFLZSRáRZLHRGOHJáRFLSRPLG]\QLPL :\NRQDQRWRZFHOXRNUHOHQLDEáGXMDNLPR*HP\SRSHáQLüSRGF]DVSRPLDUyZ RELHNWyZXPLHV]F]RQ\FKZUy*Q\FKRGOHJáRFLDFKRGRVLNDPHU\. Skalowanie GRNRQDQHQDRELHNFLHXPLHV]F]RQ\PZSRáRZLHRGOHJáRFLPLG]\RVLNDPHU\D QDMGDOV]\P SXQNWHP RGGDORQ\P RG WHM RVL SR]ZROLáR Z\]QDF]\ü PDNV\PDOQ\ EáG MDNL PR*HP\ SRSHáQLü SRGF]DV RNUHODQLD SRZLHU]FKQL SáDVNLHJR REUD]X bulwy, który nie przekracza 1,5%.

5 ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU 51 WYNIKI I DYSKUSJA :SLHUZV]HMNROHMQRFL]ZD*RQRL]PLHU]RQRUHGQLFHND*GHM]EXOZDE\ RNUHOLüMHMZLHONRüLNV]WDáWWDE 1DVWSQLHSU]\X*\FLXVNRQVWUXRZDQHJRXU]G]HQLDU\VZ\NRQDQR]GM FLHQLHVW\NDMF\FKVLEXOZNWyUHE\áRSRGGDQHDQDOL]LHNRPSXWHURZHMZFHOX MHGQRF]HVQHJRZ\]QDF]HQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXND*GHMEXOZ\ZLGRF]QHMQDREUazie (rys. 3). /LF]EEXOZGHWHUPLQRZDá\Z\PLDU\NRPRU\SDUDPHWU\WHFKQLF]QHX*\WHM NDPHU\RUD]ZLHONRüEXOZ.ROHMQ\PNURNLHPE\áRdokonanie analizy uzyskanego obrazu w celu wyzna- F]HQLDSDUDPHWUyZREUD]XEXOZ\RNUHODMF\FKMHMZLHONRüLNV]WDáW.RPSXWe- URZHMDQDOL]\GRNRQ\ZDQRZ\NRU]\VWXMFVHNZHQFMSU]HNV]WDáFHRSLHUDMcych VLQDILOWURZDQLXLELQDU\]DFMLZ\NRU]\VWXMFSURJUDP$phelion. Rys. 3. =GMFLHEXOZZ\NRQDQHZFHOXRNUHOHQLDLFKZLHONRFLRUD]NV]WDáWX Fig. 3. Photo of 30 potato tubers for determination of their size and shape :SLHUZV]HMID]LHDQDOL]\]REUD]XNRORURZHJRZ\RGUEQiono obrazy w od- FLHQLDFKV]DURFLGODWU]HFKVNáDGRZ\FK5 czerwony, G zielony i B niebieski. Wybrano z nich najbardziej kontrastowy B niebieski w celu dalszej analizy ]DVWRVRZDQRILOWUPHGLDQRZ\[SLNVHODDE\Z\HOLPLQRZDüHZHQWXDOQHV]XP\

6 52 M. GANCARZ, K. KONSTANKIEWICZ NastSQLHSU]\SRPRF\ELQDU\]DFML]JyUQ\PSURJLHPZ\]QDF]RQRJUDQLFH SáDVNLFKREUD]yZEXOZQD]GMFLX.ROHMQ\PNURNLHPE\áRZ\SHáQLHQLHHZHQWu- DOQ\FK RWZRUyZ ZHZQWU] REUD]X EXOZ\ L HW\NLHWRZDQLH REUD]X SU]\SLVDQLH kolejnym znalezionym obszarom unikalnych identyfikatorów - kolor). W dalszej fazie analizy dokonano konwersji obrazu zetykietowanego na zestaw obszarów w FHOXZ\NRQDQLDSRPLDUyZU\V2VWDWQLPNURNLHPDQDOL]\E\áSRPLDUSáDVNLe- JRREUD]XND*GHMEXOZ\ :Z\QLNXSU]HSURZDG]RQHMDQDOL]\NRPSXWHURZHMRWU]\PDQRSDUDPHWU\Sáa- VNLHJRREUD]XND*GHMEXOZ\U\V-HGHQ]SDUDPHWUyZWROLF]EDSLNVHOLSU]\Sa- GDMFQDSáDVNLREUD]EXOZ\ ADGUXJLWRZ\GáX*HQLHSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\ E. Po przeprowadzeniu skalowania parametru ARWU]\PDQRSRZLHU]FKQLSáaskiego obrazu bulwy S w cm 2. Rys. 4.(IHNWDQDOL]\NRPSXWHURZHMXPR*OLZLDMF\X]\VNDQLHOLF]E\SLNVHOLSU]\SDGDMcych na SáDVNLREUD]ND*GHMEXOZ\RUD]Z\]QDF]HQLHNV]WDáWXEXOwy Fig. 4. Result of computer analysis allowing the determination of the number of pixels for the flat image of each tuber and definition of tuber shape :WDEHOL]HVWDZLRQRX]\VNDQHZLHONRFLRNUHODMFHEXOZSRZLHU]FKQL Sáaskiego obrazu bulwy S, mavwz\gáx*hqlhesu]\x*\flxdqdol]\reud]xl ZVSyáF]\QQLNZ\GáX*HQLDZ\]QDF]RQ\PHWRGWUDG\F\MQTS.

7 ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU 53 Tabela 1.=HVWDZLHQLHZ\QLNyZRNUHOHQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZRGPLDQ\3DVDWX]\VNDQ\FK przy pomocy komputerowej analizy obrazu oraz metodami pozv]hfkqlhx*\zdq\pl Table 1. Comparison of size and shape results of the 30 tubers of variety Pasat obtained from computer image analysis and with traditional methods TN S (cm 2 ) W (g) E TS 1 76,97 198,47 0,283 0, ,29 164,80 0,025 0, ,11 119,30 0,044 0, ,45 87,18 0,053 0, ,95 78,44 0,163 0, ,09 75,13 0,047 0, ,59 102,65 0,094 0, ,69 86,58 0,160 0, ,24 87,79 0,200 0, ,28 84,22 0,072 0, ,26 109,79 0,131 0, ,31 82,52 0,137 0, ,84 70,65 0,050 0, ,92 92,70 0,050 1, ,88 95,24 0,085 0, ,74 141,44 0,018 0, ,37 96,09 0,090 0, ,12 103,93 0,087 0, ,55 95,27 0,173 0, ,41 91,45 0,091 0, ,61 93,20 0,288 0, ,47 113,75 0,096 0, ,94 94,00 0,109 0, ,28 135,27 0,021 0, ,41 71,73 0,093 0, ,83 143,86 0,050 0, ,90 120,66 0,202 0, ,29 96,91 0,043 0, ,67 158,57 0,256 0, ,93 120,46 0,140 0,893 TN numer bulwy, S -SRZLHU]FKQLDSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\ZLHONRüEXOZ\: masa bulwy, E Z\GáX*HQLHNV]WDáWEXOZ\76 ZVSyáF]\QQLNZ\GáX*HQLDREOLF]RQ\WUDG\F\MQLHNV]WDáWEXOZ\ TN tuber number, S - area of flat tuber image (tuber size), W mass of tuber, E tuber elongation (tuber shape), TS elongation ratio of tuber obtained with traditional method (tuber shape).

8 54 M. GANCARZ, K. KONSTANKIEWICZ W wyniku przeprowadzonego eksperymentu dla bulw odmiany Pasat otrzy- PDQR]DOH*QRüSRPLG]\SRZLHU]FKQLSU]\SDGDMFQDSáDVNLREUD]EXOZ\L PDVWHMEXOZ\U\V3RUyZQDQRZVSyáF]\QQLNZ\GáX*HQLDZ\]QDF]RQ\MHdQ ]SRZV]HFKQLHX*\ZDQ\FKPHWRGLZ\GáX*HQLHSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\Z\]Qaczonej przy pomocy komputerowej analizy obrazu (rys. 6). 5 :>J@ Rys. 5.:\NUHV]DOH*QRFLSRZLHU]FKQLSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\ S od masy bulwy W Fig. 5. Diagram of dependence between area of flat tuber image S and tuber mass W 76 5 ( Rys. 6. 3RUyZQDQLH ZVSyáF]\QQLND Z\GáX*HQLD Z\]QDF]RQHJRWUDG\F\MQLH 76LZ\GáX*HQLD Sáaskiego obrazu bulwy wyznaczone przy pomocy komputerowej analizy obrazu E Fig. 6. Comparison of elongation ratio obtained with traditional method TS and elongation of flat tuber image obtained from computer image analysis E

9 ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU 55 :\VRNLZVSyáF]\QQLNGHWHUPLQDFML5 2 = 0,SRPLG]\SRZLHU]FKQLSáa- VNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\DPDVEXOZ\SR]ZDODQDX*\FLHWHMPHWRG\ZFHOXZ\]Qa- F]HQLDZLHONRFLEXOZ\0R*OLZHMHVWZLFEDUG]RV]\ENLHLGRNáDGQHZ\]QDF]e- QLHZLHONRFLNLONXG]LHVLFLXEXOZMHGQRF]HQLHFR]QDF]QLHRJUDQLF]DF]DVo- FKáRQQRüMDNUyZQLH*QDNáDG\SUDF\ 1DU\VXQNXSU]HGVWDZLRQR]DOH*QRüSRPLG]\ZVSyáF]\QQLNLHPZ\GáX*e- QLDZ\]QDF]RQHJRWUDG\F\MQLHLZ\GáX*HQLDSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\Z\]QDF]o- QHJRSU]\SRPRF\NRPSXWHURZHMDQDOL]\REUD]X:VSyáF]\QQLNGHWHUPLQDFMLMHVW bardzo wysoki R =Z\NUHVXZ\QLND*HPR*OLZHMHVW]DVWRVRZDQLHWHM mewrg\wdn*hgrrnuhodqldnv]wdáwxexoz\7dnmdnzsu]\sdgnxz\]qdf]hqld 2 ZLHONRFL EXOZ\ WX UyZQLH* PR*HP\ Z\]QDF]\ü NV]WDáW NLONXG]LHVLFLX EXOZ jednof]hqlh]qdf]qlhvnudfdmf czas pracy. 2WU]\PDQHZ\QLNLSR]ZDODMVWZLHUG]Lü*HZLHONRüEXOZ\EDGDQHMRGPLa- Q\NWyURNUHODMHMPDVDPR*HE\üZSURVW\LV]\ENLVSRVyERSLVDQDSU]H]So- ZLHU]FKQLSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\SU]\SRPRF\NRPSXWHURZHMDQDOL]\REUazu. -HGQRF]HQLHPR*QDRNUHOLüMHMNV]WDáWR]QDF]RQ\SU]H]Z\GáX*HQLH0HWRGDWD PR*HE\ü]DVWRVRZDQDGRZLNV]HMOLF]E\EXOZFR]QDF]QLHVNUDFDF]DVLQLH Z\PDJDGX*\FKQDNáDGyZSUDF\3R]ZDODWH*QDV]\ENLHLRELHNW\ZQHRNUHOHQLH ZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZ\0R*HE\üRQDUyZQLH*SRPRFQDZGRERU]HEXOZWHM VDPHMZLHONRFLLNV]WDáFLHGREDGD WNIOSEK =DSURSRQRZDQRPHWRGNRPSXWHURZHMDQDOL]\REUD]XGRV]\ENLHJRMHGQo- F]HVQHJRRNUHOHQLDZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXNLONXG]LHVLFLXEXOZ]LHPQLDND3U]eprowadzone pomiary dla odmiany PaVDWZ\ND]Dá\GX*]JRGQRüSRPLG]\SarameWUDPLSRZLHU]FKQLLZ\GáX*HQLDSáDVNLHJRREUD]XEXOZ\RNUHODMF\PLMHM wielnrürud]nv]wdáw]z\qlndplx]\vndq\plphwrgdplwudg\f\mq\pl0hwrgdpr*h E\ü]DVWRVRZDQDGRV]\ENLHMRFHQ\ZLHONRFLLNV]WDáWXEXOZEDGanej odmiany w SUDNW\FHODERUDWRU\MQHMMDNUyZQLH*NRQWUROLMDNRFLLMHGQRURGQRFLVXURZFD 3,0,(11,&7:2 Abbott J.A., Quality measurement of fruits and vegetables. Postharvest Biology and Technology 15, Achenbach J., The power of light. National Geographic, 10, %DUDQRZVNL3/LSHFNL-0D]XUHN::DOF]DN57'HWHNFMDXV]NRG]HPHFKDQLFznych MDEáHN]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHPWHUPRJUDILLActa Agrophysica, 125, 6(1), Baritelle, A.L., Hyde G.M., The effect of tuber size on the impact sensitivity of potato tubers. Transaction of the ASAE, 42(1),

10 56 M. GANCARZ, K. KONSTANKIEWICZ Diener R.G., Elliott K.C., Nesselroad P.E., Ingle M., Adams R.E., Blizzard S.H., Bruise Energy of Peaches and Apples. Transaction of the ASAE, 22(2), DoEU]DVNLMU%5\EF]\VNL5,QWHUSUHWDFMDIL]\F]QDRFHQ\EDUZ\Z]DVWRVRZDQLXGR klasyfindfmlmdnrflrzhmmdeáhn$fta Agrophysica, 37, 'REU]DVNLMU%5\EF]\VNL5&XVWRPHUSHUFHSWLRQRIFRORURQ3ROLVKPDUNHWRIIUXLW and vegetable. Information & technology for sustainable & vegetable production. Post Harvest Technology, 25, 1-8. Eguchi T., Kitano M., Eguchi H., On-line system for volume measurement in sweet potato tuber. Biotronics, 26, Gancarz M., KonstankiewiF].3DZODN.=PLHQQRüSDUDPHWUyZVWUXNWXU\NRPyUNRZHM w bulwie ziemniaka. (Variability of parameters of cellular structure in potato tubers), Acta Agrophysica, 127, 6(3), Gancarz M., Konstankiewicz K., Pawlak K., Zdunek A., Analysis of plant tissue images obtained by confocal tandem scanning reflected light microscope. Int. Agrophysics, 21, 1, Hartmut Gall., A ring sensor system using a modified polar coordinate system to describe the shape of irregular objects. Meas. Sci. Technol., 8, Heinemann P.H., Pethare N.P., Morrow C.T., An automated inspection station for machinevision grading of potatoes. Machine Vision and Applications, 9 (1), Konstankiewicz K., Czachor H., Gancarz M., Król A., Pawlak K., Zdunek A., Cell structural parameters of potato tuber tissue. Int. Agrophysics, 16, 2. /LVLVND*=LHPQLDNMDNRVXURZLHFGODSU]HP\VáX3RVW1DXN5ROQ-39. Mohsenin N.N., Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science publishers, New York. Noordam J.C., Otten G.W., Timmermans A.J.M., van Zwol B.H., High-speed potato grading and quality inspection based on a color vision system. Proc. SPIE Vol. 3966, p , Machine Vision Applications in Industrial Inspection VIII, Kenneth W. Tobin; Ed. Studman C. J., Computers and electronics in postharvest technology a review. Computers and electronics in Agriculture, 30, ZLHWOLNRZVND.UHG6XURZFHVSR*\ZF]HSRFKRG]HQLDUROLQQHJR6**: Tabatabaeefar A., Size and shape of potato tubers. Int. Agrophysics, 16, 4, :RMQDU/.XU]\GáRZVNL.-6]DOD-3UDNW\NDDQDOL]\REUD]X3ROVNLH7RZDU]\VWZR Stereologiczne, Kraków. Zdunek A., Konstankiewicz K., Acoustic emission in investigation of plant tissue microcracking. Transactions of ASAE, 47 (4),

11 ZASTOSOWANIE KOMPUTEROWEJ ANALIZY OBRAZU 57 APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR FAST DETERMINATION OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF POTATO TUBERS Marek Gancarz, Krystyna Konstankiewicz Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy Sciences, uo'rzldgf]doqd-290 Lublin Abstract. The paper presents the application of computer image analysis for fast determination of size and shape of potato tubers. In the experiment 30 tubers with different sizes and shapes were tested. Each tuber was weighed with 0.01g accuracy and its diameter was measured with 0.1 mm accuracy. Images of potato tubers were acquired by means of a device consisting of a box chamber with opaque walls, a CCD camera, and a set of bulbs illuminating objects placed inside the chamber for examination. This device permitted photos of the tubers to be taken under conditions of controlled optical parameters. Analysis of obtained images was performed using a set of options of the Aphelion software package. The developed procedure allows fast determination of tuber size and shape during one measurement for many tubers simultaneously. The size of a tuber is described by the area of flat tuber image, while its shape is defined by the elongation of tuber image. The method can be applied for fast estimation of potato tubers in laboratory practice and also for the control of quality and homogeneity of material. Keywords: image analysis, potato tuber morphology