What is Cancer? Pediatric Oncologist. What is Cancer? A doctor who takes care of kids with cancer
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1 Public Education Seminar Community Outreach Program January 27th, 2010 What is Cancer? Introduced by Aubrey Van Kirk What is Cancer? Patrick Campbell, MD, PhD Department of Oncology St. Jude Children s Research Hospital Patrick K. Campbell, MD, PhD Memphis Health Careers Academy January 27 th, 2010 Who am I? Pediatric Oncologist A doctor who takes care of kids with cancer What are cells? Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made up of cells Trillions of cells make up our bodies! Skin Cells
2 Grow, carry out cellular functions, replicate DNA Divide nuclear material and cytoplasm to create new cells Mitosis Highly Regulated Process What is cancer? Cancer is a disease of unhealthy cells. Cancer cells divide quickly and out of control Normal cells can accumulate mutations, or changes, in their DNA DNA mutations can cause a loss of cell cycle control cancer
3 What is cancer? In children - it is complicated but researchers are working hard to understand more! Cancer is not contagious! It cannot be passed between people so you cannot catch it. Genetic component Nutritional considerations Environmental aspects Other UV A, B Benzene (Tobacco chemical) Radiation Viruses others In adults - normal DNA sometimes mutates with age; carcinogens cause damage to a cell s DNA Changes in DNA! If the DNA damage happens to occur in a location that helps control cell growth, cancer can occur Tumor-suppressor gene - a gene that can help stop normal cell growth Proto-oncogene - a gene that promotes normal cell growth and division A mutated tumor suppressor gene can fail to prevent growth of tumors Oncogene - results from a mutation in a protooncogene; unable to be turned off How do you diagnose cancer? Usually, cancer is the result of an accumulation of DNA mutations over time History and Physical Exam Natural mutations occur with age Carcinogens cause additional mutations X-Rays Biopsy Blood Tests
4 Can cancer be treated? There are different treatments for different cancers. 94% of children with the most common childhood cancer survive and lead normal lives. St. Jude Patient St. Jude Nurse Practitioner What is chemotherapy? Chemotherapy is a class of strong drugs used to treat cancer IV Machine Targeted at rapidly dividing cells (cancer cells) Stop cell division by: disrupting spindle fibers blocking DNA replication other methods What is radiation therapy? Radiation therapy delivers radiation to cancer cells DNA in cancer cells is destroyed so they cannot continue dividing Patients can t see or feel the rays but there are some side effects What are side effects? Sometimes healthy cells get harmed during cancer treatment. Side effects are problems that happen because of the cancer medicine. Sometimes a patent s hair falls out. The hair grows back after the treatment stops. What is surgery? A tumor is a clump of cancer cells. Surgery is used to physically remove tumors. Usually combine two or more methods to treat a patient surgery + radiation, for example What are side effects? Upset Stomach Nausea Appetite Changes Memory Troubles Weight Loss, Weight Gain Feeling Tired Infections
5 What is remission? How can I help people with cancer? Be nice to people with health problems. Remission is when a doctor cannot find any more cancer cells in the body. Do not be afraid of a person with cancer. Learn more about science and medicine. St. Jude has a celebration when a child is in remission and finishes therapy. Donate blood, register to be a bone marrow donor No Mo Chemo Party Have hope! How can I reduce my risk of cancer as an adult? Avoid tobacco products and second- hand smoke Protect yourself from harmful UV rays from the sun and tanning beds Get at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day Eat a balanced diet including lots of fruits and veggies with antioxidants Get regular checkups by your doctor screening for pre-cancerous conditions Questions?? End Patrick K. Campbell, MD, PhD Questions and Answers Some questions were asked without a microphone nearby and may be difficult to hear. More medical education materials are available at: Cure4Kids is an initiative of St. Jude Children s Research Hospital More cancer and health education materials are available at: You may print and download select content for educational use only. All materials are copyrighted by St. Jude Children s Research Hospital. See legal terms and conditions at
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