Skin, Skeletal, and. Muscular Systems BIOLOGY. Visual Learning Company. Editors: Brian A. Jerome Ph.D. Stephanie Zak Jerome

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1 Skin, Skeletal, and Instructor s Manual Muscular Systems Editors: Brian A. Jerome Ph.D. Stephanie Zak Jerome Assistant Editors: Louise Marrier Lyndsey Canfield Heidi Berry Graphics: Fred Thodal Dean Ladago Reviewers: Stephen Trombulak Ph.D. Professor of Biology Middlebury College BIOLOGY Visual Learning Company

2 A Message from our Company... Visual Learning is an independently-owned company specializing in the creation of science programs. As former classroom science teachers, we have designed our programs to meet the needs and interests of both students and instructors. Our mission is to help educators and students meet educational goals while experiencing the thrill of science! Viewing Clearances Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems The video and accompanying instructor s manual are for educational use only. In showing these programs, no admission charges are to be incurred. The programs are to be utilized in face-to-face classroom instructional settings, library settings, or similar instructional settings. Duplication Rights are available, but must be negotiated with the Visual Learning Company. Digital Rights are available, but must be negotiated with the Visual Learning Company. Television, cable, or satellite rights are also available, but must be negotiated with the Visual Learning Company. Closed circuit rights are available, and are defined as the use of the program beyond a single classroom but within a single campus. Institutions wishing to utilize the program in multiple campuses must purchase the multiple campus version of the program, available at a slightly higher fee. Discounts may be granted to institutions interested in purchasing programs in large quantities. These discounts may be negotiated with the Visual Learning Company. 2

3 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Use of Materials... Use and Copyright: The purchase of this video program entitles the user the right to reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this instructor s manual and the black line master handouts for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems. The right is restricted only for use with this video program. Any reproduction or duplication, in whole or in part, of this manual and student masters for any purpose other than for use with this video program is prohibited. The video and this instructor s manual are the exclusive property of the copyright holder. Copying, transmitting, or reproducing in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the copyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. Code Sections 501 and 506). Copyright 2010 ISBN

4 Table of Contents A Message from our Company... Viewing Clearances... Use and Copyright... Student Learning Objectives Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Assessment... Introducing the Program... Program Viewing Suggestions... Video Script... Answer Key to Student Assessments... Answer Key to Student Activities... Preliminary Assessment... Post Assessment... Video Review... Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Vocabulary Joints... Making Muscles Work

5 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Student Learning Objectives Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed activities, students will be able to do the following: Understand that the skeleton is the framework of the body. Explain that vertebrate animals possess an endoskeleton that allows for freer movement and greater growth. Explain that bones are living tissues containing nerves, cells, blood vessels, and other structures. Describe the following bone structures and explain their function: periosteum, osteocytes, and Haversian canals. Compare and contrast the characteristics of compact bone and spongy bone. State the role and location of red marrow and yellow marrow. Cite some of the places in the body where cartilage is located. Describe the role of cartilage in the body. Understand that joints are places where bones meet. Explain that some joints enable the body to move. List examples of where the following types of joints are located in the body: immovable joint, hinge joint, ball and socket joint, pivot joint, and gliding joint. Explain the characteristics and function of the three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Understand that ligaments are tough bands of tissues that hold bones together at joints. Also know that tendons attach muscles to bones. State that skeletal muscles move a bone by contracting, or shortening in length. Understand that muscles often work in pairs, with muscles moving in opposite directions. Explain that skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibers which are composed of myofibrils. In turn, myofibrils are made up of tiny filaments. Describe how muscles contract according to the sliding filament theory. List some of the many functions of the integumentary system. Identify the following structures on a diagram of the skin: epidermis, dermis, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. Briefly describe the general function of each of these structures. 5

6 Assessment Preliminary Assessment (p ): The Preliminary Assessment is an assessment tool designed to gain an understanding of students preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark upon which to assess student progress based on the objectives stated on the previous pages. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Post Assessment (p ): The Post Assessment can be utilized as an assessment tool following student completion of the program and student activities. The results of the Post Assessment can be compared against the results of the Preliminary Assessment to assess student progress. Video Review (p. 18): The Video Review can be used as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are two sections. The first part contains questions displayed during the program. The second part consists of a ten-question video assessment to be answered at the end of the video. 6

7 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Introducing the Program Before showing the video program to students, tell them to look at their arm and hand. Ask them to describe what they see. Then tell them to think about what structures lie underneath the surface of their skin. Ask them to describe what structures they think lie under the skin. Ask them what other parts of the body contain these components. Write the following on the board: skin, bones, and muscles. Have each student write down three examples of each in the body. Then make a class list of their answers on the board. Ask them what they think some of the functions (jobs) of the skin, muscles, and bones are in the body. What would the body be like without these structures? What happens to the body if these structures are not functioning well? Tell students to pay close attention to the video to learn more about the skin, skeletal, and muscular systems. Following the program discuss the role these different systems play in the human body. Program Viewing Suggestions The student master Video Review (p. 19) is provided for distribution to students. You may choose to have your students complete this master while viewing the program or do so upon its conclusion. The program is approximately 20 minutes in length and includes a ten-question video assessment. Answers are not provided to the Video Assessment in the video, but are included in this manual on page 13. You may choose to grade student assessments as an assessment tool or to review the answers in class. The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this reason you may want to periodically stop the video to review and discuss new terminology and concepts. 7

8 Video Script: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 1. The human body is capable of remarkable feats. 2. It can run at relatively high speeds, 3. swim great distances, 4. perform amazing acrobatic movements 5. play complex musical melodies 6. and fight diseases and other maladies to survive to an old age. 7. The body s skeletal and muscular systems, as well as the skin play key roles in accomplishing these tasks. 8. During the next few minutes we are going to take an in-depth look at some of the features and characteristics of skin, and the incredible skeletal and muscular systems. 9. Graphic Transition The Skeleton 10. Organisms need support to keep their shape. 11. Unicellular organisms get the support they need from cytoskeletons and cell membranes. 12. Most larger animals tend to possess a rigid structure called a skeleton for support. 13. The skeleton is the framework for the body. 14. Exoskeletons on the outside of the body, such as that on this crab, do a great job protecting internal organs. 15. Vertebrate animals possess an internal skeleton, or endoskeleton, made of bone and cartilage. 16. Endoskeletons do not do as good a job of protecting the body, but they do allow for freer movement and greater growth. 17. The human skeleton is quite remarkable in its complexity and capabilities. 18. It carries out many important functions beyond just providing a framework for the body. 19. It enables us to carry out various types of movements, 20. and provides a point of attachment for muscles. 21. Certain parts of the skeleton, such as the skull and breastbone, help protect vital organs. 22. You Decide! What vital organs do they protect? 23. The skull protects the brain. The breastbone protects the heart and lungs. 24. The skeleton also plays a vital role in producing red blood cells as many as 2 million per second! It also produces some white blood cells. 25. Graphic Transition Bone and Cartilage 26. The human skeleton is made up of an amazing 206 bones! 27. And, each bone has a specific function. 28. You are probably familiar with some of the major bones such as the femur, tibia, ulna, radius, humerus and ribs. 29. While you may think of bones such as this cow skull as being dead and brittle, 30. bones are actually living tissue containing nerves, cells, and blood vessels. 31. In short, bone is an active, dynamic living tissue. 32. Bone is the hardest tissue in the body 33. getting its hardness from minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 8

9 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Video Script: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 34. Foods such as dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains are rich in minerals and vitamins needed by bones to develop and remain healthy. 35. Bones are covered by a tough membrane called periosteum. 36. Its primary role is to make new bone for growth and repairs. 37. Small blood vessels branch through the periosteum to move nutrient-rich blood to layers deeper in the bone. 38. Beneath the periosteum are bone cells. 39. There are two types of bony tissue compact bone and spongy bone. 40. Compact bone, as its name suggests, is very dense and provides support. 41. It is found in the shafts of long bones such as in the legs and arms. 42. Spongy bone on the other hand, is filled with many spaces and is less dense. 43. It forms an open lattice on the interiors and ends of long bones. 44. Scattered throughout both types of bone tissue are cells called osteoblasts. Osteoblasts make new bone cells called osteocytes. 45. In some types of bone, osteocytes are arranged in circular patterns around a common cavity called the Haversian canal. 46. Blood vessels and nerves go through the Haversian canal and provide bones with nutrients, gases, and other materials. 47. A soft tissue called marrow fills the internal spaces of some bones. 48. There are two types of marrow red marrow and yellow marrow. 49. Red marrow, found in vertebrae, breastbone, long bones and the cranium is responsible for producing red blood cells, platelets and some types of white blood cells. 50. Yellow marrow consists of fat cells and is found in the hollow centers of long bones. 51. Another very important type of connective tissue is cartilage. 52. It is located between bone joints, in the nose and ears, and in other places in the body. 53. You Observe! Touch your ear and nose. Move them. How do they feel? 54. They feel flexible. Cartilage is a tough, durable, but flexible material. It allows bones to bend more easily at joints. It also cushions bones at joints against pressure. 55. Much of the skeleton of infants is made of cartilage that s gradually replaced by bone over time in a process called ossification. 56. Graphic Transition Joints 57. Think about what enables your skeleton to bend so that you can run, jump, talk, and play an instrument. 58. The answer is movable joints. 59. A joint is the place where bones meet. 60. Immovable joints, such as those in the cranium, are fitted tightly together and move little. 61. Movable joints, on the other hand, have a range of motion that enable the body to move. There are several types of movable joints 62. Including hinge joints such as in the elbow and knee, 9

10 Video Script: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 63. ball and socket joints such as at the shoulder and hip, pivot joints such as those at the base of the skull 65. and gliding joints such as those in the wrists and between vertebrae. 66. Tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue called ligaments hold the ends of bones together at movable joints. 67. Graphic Transition Muscles in the Body 68. You might say this person has lots of muscles. 69. In reality though, all people have the same number of muscles but they vary in size from person to person. 70. The muscular system consists of muscle tissues in the body working together. 71. Muscles enable the body to move, pump blood, digest food, and do many other things. 72. There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body. 73. Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle tissue that enables us to move our arms, legs and other body parts. 74. Skeletal muscles are sometimes called voluntary muscles because they are under conscious control. 75. A close-up look at skeletal muscle reveals that it possesses narrow bands. It s sometimes called striated tissue. 76. The bands are arranged into bundles that contract in response to nerve impulses. 77. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tough bands called tendons. 78. Smooth muscle, sometimes referred to as involuntary muscle, works without conscious control. 79. It is found in the walls of digestive organs, in the walls of arteries and veins, in the diaphragm, as well as other internal organs. 80. The cells in smooth muscle tissue are long and form overlapping sheets of muscle. 81. The third type of muscle, cardiac muscle, is found exclusively in the heart. 82. Cardiac muscle is striated, but it has a different design than skeletal muscle, enabling the tissue to contract in unison. 83. You Decide! Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary? 84. It s involuntary you can t consciously control heart muscle. 85. The amazing thing about cardiac muscle is that it s designed to work steadily and tirelessly throughout your entire life. 86. Graphic Transaction Muscles in Action 87. Make a fist. Now move your arm. How are your muscles able to carry out this movement? 88. Skeletal muscles move a bone by contracting, or shortening in length. 89. The movements of fingers, legs, arms, and other body parts involve the contraction of skeletal muscles that are responsible for the movement of bones. 90. Because a muscle exerts force only when it contracts, it moves a bone in just one direction. 91. Therefore, muscles often work in pairs, with muscles moving in opposite directions. In this model of the arm, the forearm is pulled up when the biceps contract, and the triceps relax. The reverse occurs when the forearm moves down. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 10

11 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Video Script: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 92. As we previously discussed, skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibers. 93. Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils which are small cylinder-shaped structures. 94. In turn myofibrils are made up of tiny filaments. Some of these filaments are thin and others are thick. 95. According to the sliding filament theory, when a muscle is stimulated by a nerve impulse, the thin filaments pass by the thick filaments, and the muscle shortens, or contracts. 96. This is a rather general, and simplistic explanation of how skeletal muscle contracts. 97. Graphic Transition The Integumentary System 98. You Decide! What s the largest organ in the body? 99. Even though you may not think of the skin as an organ, it is actually a huge organ, covering the entire body, accounting for about 15% of the body s total weight The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, helps prevent microorganisms and other foreign materials from entering the body. It also holds in fluids, and prevents the body from drying out The integumentary system plays a key role in the process of excretion, removing excess urea and salts in the form of sweat When the human body becomes too warm, extra heat is lost as sweat evaporates. Heat is also emitted through capillaries close to the skin Pigments in the skin protect the body from the sun s harmful ultraviolet rays The skin also makes vitamin D from sunlight Millions of nerve endings in the skin serve as important sensory points for heat, cold, and pressure There are two main layers in the skin the epidermis and the dermis The outer layer, the epidermis, consists of tightly packed epithelial cells that form a layer only about as thick as this piece of paper Deeper within the epidermis, new cells are produced, which are gradually pushed to the outer surface Here they form a tough, protective, waterproof protein called keratin before dying and shedding The dermis lies below the epidermis, and consists of a thick layer of connective tissue Within the dermis are blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sense receptors, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles Sebaceous glands secrete oils that serve as a protective coating to the skin Sweat glands release sweat through pores in the epidermis Underneath the dermis is a layer of fat, also called adipose tissue, that helps insulate the body Graphic Transition Video Review 116. During the past few minutes we have explored some of the fascinating features of the skeletal and muscular systems, as well as the skin. 11

12 Video Script: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 117. We began by discussing some of the functions of the skeletal system, as well as the structures and characteristics of bones and cartilage The role of joints and the different types of joints were highlighted We then focused on the three types of muscle tissue in the body emphasizing their role in the muscular system Specific emphasis was placed on describing the general way skeletal muscle is designed and contracts Last, we investigated some of the major characteristics of the integumentary system, 122. learning about the basic structures of the skin and the very important functions it serves in the amazingly complex human body Graphic Transition Video Assessment Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence. 1. The is the framework of the body. 2. Bones are covered by a tough membrane called. 3. Bones get their hardness from such as calcium. 4. Red, found inside long bones is responsible for producing red blood cells. 5. is a type of connective tissue found between bone joints and other body parts. 6. hold the ends of bones together in movable joints. 7. The stomach, blood vessels, and diaphragm consist of muscle tissue. 8. Movement occurs as the result of shortening of the muscle called muscle. 9. Skin is the largest organ in the body and is referred to as the system. 10. The is the layer of the skin containing sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 12

13 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Answer Key to Student Assessments Preliminary Assessment (p ) Post Assessment (p ) 1. b - endoskeleton 1. c - minerals 2. d - reasoning 2. b - red blood cells 3. c - minerals 3. a - skeletal muscle 4. a - periosteum 4. a - contracts 5. a - compact bone 5. c - dermis 6. b - red blood cells 6. a - periosteum 7. d - cartilage 7. c - ball and socket joint 8. c - ball and socket joint 8. b - skin 9. a - skeletal muscle 9. d - reasoning 10. b - involuntary 10. d - heart 11. d - heart 11. a - compact bone 12. a - contracts 12. d - integumentary system 13. b - skin 13. b - involuntary 14. d - integumentary system 14. b - endoskeleton 15. c -dermis 15. d - cartilage 16. The skeleton provides a framework for the body. It 16. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that enables the enables the body to carry out various movements, and it body to move. It is attached to bones. Smooth muscle is provides a point of attachment for muscles. Some parts of involuntary muscle found in the walls of digestive organs, the skeleton protect vital organs and produce blood cells. in the walls of arteries and veins, in the diaphragm, and in 17. Red marrow, found in vertebrate, breastbone, long other internal organs. Cardiac muscle is not under voluntary bones and the cranium is responsible for producing red control and is found exclusively in the heart. blood cells and some types of white blood cells. Yellow 17. The skeleton provides a framework for the body. It marrow consists of fat cells, and is found in the hollow enables the body to carry out various movements, and it center of long bones. provides a point of attachment for muscles. Some parts of 18. A joint is the place where bones meet. A hinge joint is the skeleton protect vital organs and produce blood cells. an example of a joint. Hinge joints are found in the knees 18. The integumentary system helps prevent and elbows. microorganisms and other foreign materials from entering 19. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that enables the thee body. It holds in fluids and prevents the body from body to move. It is attached to bones. Smooth muscle is drying out. It also plays a key role in excretion, removing involuntary muscle found in the walls of digestive organs, excess urea and salts in the form of urea. in the walls of arteries and veins, in the diaphragm, and 19. A joint is the place where bones meet. A hinge joint is in other internal organs. Cardiac muscle is not under an example of a joint. Hinge joints are found in the knees voluntary control and is found exclusively in the heart. and elbows. 20. The integumentary system helps prevent 20. Red marrow, found in vertebrate, breastbone, long microorganisms and other foreign materials from entering bones and the cranium is responsible for producing red thee body. It holds in fluids and prevents the body from blood cells and some types of white blood cells. Yellow drying out. It also plays a key role in excretion, removing marrow consists of fat cells, and is found in the hollow excess urea and salts in the form of urea. center of long bones. Video Review (p. 19) 1. The skull protects the brain. The breastbone protects the heart and lungs. 2. The ear and nose feel flexible. Cartilage is a tough, durable, but flexible material which allows joints to bend more easily. 3. Cardiac muscle is involuntary. A person can t consciously control heart muscle. 4. The largest organ in the body is skin. Skin covers the entire body, accounting for about 15% of the body s total weight. Video Assessment (p. 19) 1. skeleton 4. marrow 7. smooth 2. periosteum 5. cartilage 8. contraction 3. minerals 6. ligaments 9. integumentary 10. dermis Vocabulary (p. 20) 1. m - myofibrils 2. j - skeletal muscle 3. g- marrow 4. d - compact bone 5. a - endoskeleton 6. l - tendons 7. f - osteoblasts 8.. o - epidermis 9. i - joint 10. c - periosteum 11. k - cardiac muscle 12. b - bone 13. e - spongy bone 14. n - integumentary system 15. h - cartilage 13

14 Answer Key to Student Activities Joints (p ) Making Muscles Work (p ) A 1. This joint is found in the knee. 2. The knee joint is a movable joint. 3. This joint is an example of a hinge joint. 4. The bones in the knee joint move back and forth in one direction, enabling a person to walk or run. It also helps support the upper body. B 1. The skull is found in the head. 2. The skull is an immovable joint. 3. N/A 4. The function of the skull is to protect the brain. C 1. This joint is found in the back of the neck. 2. The joint is an example of a movable joint. 3. The joint is a pivot joint. 4. This joint allows a person to move the head in different directions. D 1. This joint is found in the elbow. 2. The elbow joint is a movable joint. 3. This is an example of a hinge joint. 4. The elbow joint enables a person to bend the arm. E 1. This picture represents joints found in the spine. 2. These joints are slightly movable joints. 3. The joints are gliding joints. 4. These joints enable a person to walk upright and to bend their neck. F 1. The joint represented in the picture is the shoulder joint. 2. It is a movable joint. 3. This joint is a ball-and-socket joint. 4. This joint allows a person to move the arm in a complete circle. 1. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that enables the body to move. It is attached to bones. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle found in the walls of digestive organs, in the walls of arteries and veins, in the diaphragm, and in other internal organs. Cardiac muscle is not under voluntary control and is found exclusively in the heart. 2. The movements of body parts involve the contraction of skeletal muscle which cause the movement of bones. 3. Because a muscle initiates force only when it contracts, it moves a bone in just one direction. When it contracts, the opposing muscle relaxes. To create the opposite movement, the other muscle relaxes and the other one contracts. Therefore, muscles often work in pairs, with muscles moving in opposite directions. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 14

15 Preliminary Assessment Directions: Circle the best answer for each of the following: 1. Vertebrate animals possess the following type of skeleton: a. exoskeleton b. endoskeleton c. protective skeleton d. skeletal shell Name: 9. The type of muscle tissue that enables us to move our arms, legs, and body parts is: a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. cardiac muscle d. involuntary muscle 2. The human skeleton does not carry out the following function: a. protection of vital organs b. framework for the body c. movement d. reasoning 3. Bone is the hardest tissue in the body, getting it s hardness from: a. muscle b. nerves c. minerals d. carbohydrates 4. Bones are covered by a tough membrane called: a. periosteum b. calcium c. chitin d. skin 5. The following type of bone is dense and is found in the shafts of long bones: a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. calcium d. cartilage 6. Red marrow, found in vertebrae, long bones, breastbone, cranium, and other bones is responsible for producing platelets, some types of white blood cells, and: a. fat b. red blood cells c. proteins d. enzymes 7. The type of connective tissue located in the nose, ears, and between bone joints is called: a. muscle b. ligaments c. striated muscle d. cartilage 10. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is largely: a. voluntary b. involuntary c. weak d. striated 11. Cardiac muscle is located exclusively in the following organ: a. stomach b. quadricep c. uterus d. heart 12. A muscle exerts a force when it: a. contracts b. relaxes c. rests d. lengthens 13. The largest human body organ is the: a. stomach b. skin c. large intestine d. liver 14. The skin and all that it contains is referred to as the: a. circulatory system b. immune system c. external system d. integumentary system 15. The inner layer of the skin that contains sweat glands and sebaceous glands is called the: a. epidermis b. sub layer c. dermis d. outer layer 8. The type of joint in the shoulders and hips is called a: a. pivot joint b. hinge joint c. ball and socket joint d. gliding joint Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 15 Visual Learning Company

16 Preliminary Assessment Name: Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences: 16. List two functions of the skeleton. 17. What is red marrow and yellow marrow? And, where are they found? 18. What is a joint? Describe a type of joint and where it can be found in the body. 19. Describe two of the three types of muscle tissue, and describe where they are found in the body. 20. Describe two functions of the integumentary system. Skin, Skeletal, and Visual Learning Company Muscular Systems 16

17 Post Assessment Directions: Circle the best answer for each of the following: 1. Bone is the hardest tissue in the body, getting it s hardness from: a. muscle b. nerves c. minerals d. carbohydrates Name: 9. The human skeleton does not carry out the following function: a. protection of vital organs b. framework for the body c. movement d. reasoning 2. Red marrow, found in vertebrae, long bones, breastbone, cranium, and other bones is responsible for producing platelets, some types of white blood cells, and: a. fat b. red blood cells c. proteins d. enzymes 3. The type of muscle tissue that enables us to move our arms, legs, and body parts is: a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. cardiac muscle d. involuntary muscle 4. A muscle exerts a force when it: a. contracts b. relaxes c. rests d. lengthens 5. The inner layer of the skin that contains sweat glands and sebaceous glands is called the: a. epidermis b. sub layer c. dermis d. outer layer 6. Bones are covered by a tough membrane called: a. periosteum b. calcium c. chitin d. skin 7. The type of joint in the shoulders and hips is called a: a. pivot joint b. hinge joint c. ball and socket joint d. gliding joint 8. The largest human body organ is the: a. stomach b. skin c. large intestine d. liver 10. Cardiac muscle is located exclusively in the following organ: a. stomach b. quadricep c. uterus d. heart 11. The following type of bone is dense and is found in the shafts of long bones: a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. calcium d. cartilage 12. The skin and all that it contains is referred to as the: a. circulatory system b. immune system c. external system d. integumentary system 13. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is largely: a. voluntary b. involuntary c. weak d. striated 14. Vertebrate animals possess the following type of skeleton: a. exoskeleton b. endoskeleton c. protective skeleton d. skeletal shell 15. The type of connective tissue located in the nose, ears, and between bone joints is called: a. muscle b. ligaments c. striated muscle d. cartilage Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 17 Visual Learning Company

18 Post Assessment Name: Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences 16. Describe two of the three types of muscle tissue, and describe where they are found in the body. 17. List two functions of the skeleton. 18. Describe two functions of the integumentary system. 19. What is a joint? Describe a type of joint and where it can be found in the body. 20. What is red marrow and yellow marrow? And, where are they found? Skin, Skeletal, and Visual Learning Company Muscular Systems 18

19 Video Review Name: Directions: Answer these questions as you watch the video: 1. You Decide! What vital organs do they protect? 2. You Observe! Touch your ear and nose. Move them. How do they feel? 3. You Decide! Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary? 4. You Decide! What s the largest organ in the body? Video Assessment Directions: After you watch the video, fill in the blank to complete the sentence. 1. The is the framework of the body. 2. Bones are covered by a tough membrane called. 3. Bones get their hardness from such as calcium. 4. Red, found inside long bones is responsible for producing red blood cells. 5. is a type of connective tissue found between bone joints and other body parts. 6. hold the ends of bones together in movable joints. 7. The stomach, blood vessels, and diaphragm consist of muscle tissue. 8. Movement occurs as the result of shortening of the muscle called muscle. 9. Skin is the largest organ in the body and is referred to as the system. 10. The is the layer of the skin containing sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 19 Visual Learning Company

20 Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Vocabulary Name: Directions: Unscramble the vocabulary words in the first column. Match the words to the definitions in the second column. 1) yfbisormli 2) lsakteel emlucs 3) rmroaw 4) mcotacp noeb 5) kosnldneteoe 6) dnoenst 7) eaobsltsots 8) rpmedeiis 9) itjno 10) utorpeimes 11) driaacc csluem 12) ebno 13) nsogpy oebn a. An internal skeleton possessed by vertebrate animals. b. An active, dynamic living tissue that is the major component of the skeletal system. c. Tough membrane that covers the exteriors of bones. d. A dense type of bone found in the shafts of long bones such as in the legs and arms. e. A type of bone that forms an open lattice on the interiors and ends of long bones. f. Cells that make new bone cells called osteocytes. g. A soft tissue that fills the internal spaces of some bones. h. Tough, durable connective tissue located between bones, and in the nose and ears. i. The place where bones meet. j. Muscles that are under conscious control and enable the body to move. k. A type of muscle tissue found exclusively in the heart. l. Strong, tough fibers of connective tissue that attach skeletal muscle to bones. m. Small, cylinder-shaped structures that make up muscle fibers. n. Consists of the skin and other structures contained within it. o. The outer layer of the skin that consists of tightly packed epithelial cells. 14) eertnimnatyug ssmety 15) laactirge Skin, Skeletal, and Visual Learning Company Muscular Systems 20

21 Joints Name: Background: The human skeleton is made up of an amazing 206 bones! These bones come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Each bone has a specific function. The shape and size of a bone enables it to perform specific functions. For example, the femur in the thigh is the longest bone in the body, enabling the leg to support the upright position of the body. This upright position enables us to walk on two legs. Generally speaking, bones are separate units that are connected to each other. How they are connected determines the way each part of the body functions. Joints are places in the body where bones come together. Most joints in the body allow for movement, but some do not. One way joints are grouped is based on the amount of movement they permit. Listed below are three different types of joints, based on movement: Immovable joints - Slightly movable joints - Movable joints - joints that do not allow movement, such as the joints between bones of the skull. joints that allow some movement, such as vertebrae in the spine. joints that allow the most movement, such as elbows and knees. There are many types of movable joints. These various types of joints are designed in ways that enable different types of movement. For example, gliding joints, such as those in the wrist, allow side to side movement. Ball-and-socket joints, such as those in the shoulder, enable movement in a complete circle. Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis. For example, some joints in the neck enable you to move your head up and down. In a gliding joint, bones slide past one another. Your neck also contains gliding joints, which enable your head to move from side to side. Directions: There are images of six joints on the following two pages. For each joint, answer the following: 1. Where is the joint found in the body? 2. Is it an immovable, slightly movable, or movable joint? 3. If it is a movable joint, decide whether it is a gliding joint, pivot joint, hinge joint, or ball-andsocket joint. 4. Describe the function of this type of joint in the body. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 21 Visual Learning Company

22 Joints Name: A B C Skin, Skeletal, and Visual Learning Company Muscular Systems 22

23 Joints Name: D E F Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 23 Visual Learning Company

24 Making Muscles Work Name: Background: While you may know people who seem like they have a lot of muscles, in reality, we all have the same number of muscles. It is just that some people have muscles that are larger or more toned. The muscular system consists of muscle tissues in the body working together. Muscles enable the body to move, pump blood, digest food, and do many other things. There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal tissue. Smooth muscles, sometimes referred to as involuntary muscles, work without conscious control. It is found in the walls of digestive organs, in the walls of arteries and veins, in the diaphragm, in the female uterus, and in other organs. Cardiac muscle is found exclusively in the heart. It also is involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle is amazing in that it is designed to work continuously and tirelessly throughout your entire life. Skeletal muscles, a third type of muscle tissue, enables us to move. We wouldn t be able to walk, talk, or move our arms without skeletal muscle. The movement of fingers, legs, arms, and other body parts involve the contraction of skeletal muscle that are responsible for the movement of bones. Skeletal muscles move a bone by contracting (shortening in length). Skeletal muscles are attached to bone by strong fibers of connective tissue called tendons. Because a muscle initiates force only when it contracts, it moves a bone in just one direction. Therefore, muscles often work in pairs, with muscles moving in opposite directions. In this activity you will make a simple model demonstrating the process by which muscles work in pairs. Materials: two rubber bands, two wood splints or popsicle sticks, screw, screwdriver Directions: 1. Read the Background information above. Make sure you understand how skeletal muscles often work in pairs. 2. Obtain the materials listed above. 3. You will use the materials to create a simple working model of the muscles in your arm. In the arm, the forearm is pulled up when the biceps contract, and the triceps relax. The reverse occurs when the forearm moves down. 4. Using the screwdriver and a screw, carefully create a hole at the end of each wooden splint. Remove the screw. The holes should line up. Then create a hole at the opposite end of one of the splints. 5. The splint with two holes represents the upper arm. The splint with a single hole represents the forearm. 6. Cut each rubber band. Take one of the rubber bands and loop it through both holes in the splint, and then tie the loose ends. Do the same with the other rubber band on the opposite side of the splint. Skin, Skeletal, and Visual Learning Company Muscular Systems 24

25 Making Muscles Work Name: 7. The top rubber band represents the bicep muscle and the lower rubber band represents the tricep muscle. Lay the splints flat on the table fully extended. This represents your arm straight out. Describe the muscles that are contracted and relaxed in the space below. 8. Next, slowly move the stick ends toward each other. Observe what happens to the rubber bands. Describe the muscles that are contracting and relaxing in the space below. Questions: 1. List the three types of muscle tissues in the body and describe their general function. 2. Describe the relationship between muscles and bones that enables the body to move. 3. Explain how muscles work in pairs to create movement. Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems 25 Visual Learning Company