555 Timer. Digital Electronics

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1 555 imer Digital Electronics

2 his presentation will Introduce the 555 imer. 555 imer Derive the characteristic equations for the charging and discharging of a capacitor. Present the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle for a 555 imer Oscillator. Going Further. Detail the operation of a 555 imer Oscillator. Derive the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle for a 555 imer Oscillator. 2

3 What is a 555 imer? he 555 timer is an 8-pin I (integrated circuit) that is used for many applications and devices: iming events Electronic ignitions Intermittent windshield wipers oys, security alarm systems Medical equipment 3

4 Some 555 imer ircuits 4

5 What is a 555 imer? It is one of the most-used I s ever produced. It is easily obtained and inexpensive at $ $0.50 per chip, with billion produced each year (2003) 555 timer chip typically contains: over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 5 resistors in a dual inline package (DIP). 5

6 ransistors ransistors are electronic components made from a semiconductor material used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Symbols: 6

7 esistors esistors are electronic components made from a semi-conductor material (carbon) used to limit and/or control the flow of current. Symbols: 7

8 Diodes Diodes are 2 terminal (anode & cathode) electronic components made from semi-conductor material. hey only allow current to flow in one direction only! Symbol: 8

9 apacitors capacitor is an electrical component that can temporarily store charge (voltage). Symbols: 9

10 555 Pin onfiguration: Pins of the 555 timer are as follows: Gnd: Ground connection for chip. rigger: 555 timer triggers when this pin transitions from voltage at cc to 33% voltage at cc. Output pin goes high when triggered. Output: Output pin of 555 timer. eset: esets 555 timer when low. 0

11 555 Pin onfiguration: Pins of the 555 timer are as follows: cc: 5 to 5 supply input. Discharge: Used to discharge a capacitor. hreshold: Used to detect when the capacitor has charged. he output pin goes low when capacitor has charged to 66.6% of cc. ontrol oltage: Used to change threshold and trigger set point voltages and is rarely used.

12 555 Operating Modes: he 555 timer has 3 operating modes: Monostable (time delay) stable (oscillator) istable 2

13 555 Operating Modes: Monostable: Monostable mode produces a stable oneshot pulse. he pulse period is determined by the time constant of an network which consists of a resistor () and a capacitor (). 3

14 555 Operating Modes: Monostable: he pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of and. 4

15 555 Operating Modes: Monostable: Monostable mode is also called time delay mode. Monostable applications include timers, touch switches, frequency dividers, bouncefree switches, etc monostable circuit requires an externally applied trigger. 5

16 555 Operating Modes: stable: stable mode produces logic outputs that are unstable and switch back and forth from high to low. his produces a continuous stream of pulses with a set period and frequency. 6

17 555 Operating Modes: stable: he pulse period is determined by the time constant of an network which consists of 2 resistors ( & 2 ) and a capacitor (). 7

18 555 Operating Modes: stable: stable is also referred to as oscillator mode. n astable circuit triggers from the previous output pulse. 8

19 555 Operating Modes: istable: mode in which the circuit will remain in either state (stable or unstable) indefinitely. he circuit can be flipped from one state to the other by an external event or trigger. 9

20 555 Operating Modes: JK Flip-Flop istable: Such a circuit is important as the fundamental building block of a register or memory device. his circuit is also known as a flip-flop. 20

21 555 imer Modes t this time, will limit our use of the 555 timer to the oscillator mode. 2

22 555 imer as an Oscillator he rate of oscillation (pulses) depends on the (resistor & capacitor) values. Oscillator value demo 22

23 555 imer as an Oscillator o understand how the capacitor is used in the 555 imer oscillator circuit, you must understand the basic charge and discharge cycles of the capacitor. 23

24 apacitor harge ycle Equation for harging apacitor apacitor is initially discharged. Switch is moved to position. apacitor will charge to +2 v. apacitor will charge through the 2 K resistor. - e -t/ Final Initial Initial Where : he voltage across the capacitor Final Initial he voltage across the capacitor that is fully charged ny initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to charge 24

25 apacitor Discharge ycle Equation for Discharging apacitor Where Final Initial : -t/ e he he Initial voltage voltage Final across the across the capacitor capacitor apacitor is initially charged. Switch is moved to position. apacitor will discharge to +0 v. apacitor will discharge through the 3 K resistor. that is fully discharged ny initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to discharge 25

26 apacitor harge & Discharge 2 v 20 msec 5 ime 0 v Switch has been at position for a long period of time. he capacitor is completely discharged. Switch is moved to position. he capacitor charges through the 2K resistor. Switch is moved back to position. he capacitor discharges through the 3K resistors. 26

27 555 imer Design Equations t HIGH : calculations for the oscillator s HIGH time HE OUPU IS HIGH WHILE HE PIO IS HGING HOUGH +. 5v v c.666 v 0 v t HIGH HIGH Output LOW t HIGH 27

28 555 imer Design Equations t LOW : alculations for the Oscillator s LOW ime HE OUPU IS LOW WHILE HE PIO IS DISHGING HOUGH. 5v v c.666 v 0 v t LOW HIGH Output LOW t LOW 28

29 555 imer nimation Demo 555 imer animation 29

30 lock Diagram for a 555 imer cc (8) Discharge (7) ontrol oltage (5) hreshold oltage (6) - + OMP Flip-Flop ESE Q + OMP2 SE Q Output (3) rigger oltage (2) - Ground () eset (4) 30

31 Schematic of a 555 imer in Oscillator Mode 5 olts Discharge N/ hreshold / rigger.666 Output Ground N/ 3

32 555 imer Period / Frequency / D Period: t t HIGH LOW t t HIGH LOW 2 Duty ycle: D D D t HIGH 00% % 00% Frequency: F F 2 32

33 Example: 555 Oscillator Example: For the 555 imer oscillator shown below, calculate the circuit s, period (), frequency (F), and duty cycle (D). 33

34 Example: 555 Oscillator 34 Solution: F msec F % D 00% D 00% 2 D Period: Duty ycle: Hz F msec F F Frequency:

35 Example: 555 Oscillator 35 Solution: F msec F Hz F msec F F 76% D 00% D 00% 2 D Period: Frequency: Duty ycle:

36 Example: 555 Oscillator 36 Solution: F msec F Hz F msec F F 76% D 00% D 00% 2 D Period: Frequency: Duty ycle:

37 Example: 555 Oscillator 37 Solution: F msec F Hz F msec F F 76% D 00% D 00% 2 D Period: Frequency: Duty ycle:

38 Example: 555 Oscillator Solution: F Period: msec F Frequency: Duty ycle: F F msec F Hz D D D 76% 00% % 38

39 Example: 555 Oscillator Solution: F Period: msec F Frequency: Duty ycle: F F msec F Hz D D D 76% 00% % 39

40 Example: 555 Oscillator Solution: F Period: msec F Frequency: Duty ycle: F F msec F Hz D D D 76% 00% % 40

41 Example: Example: 555 Oscillator For the 555 imer oscillator shown below, calculate the value for & so that the oscillator has a frequency of % duty cycle. 4

42 Example: 555 Oscillator Use frequency provided to find period (they are inversely related) Frequency (f) = 2.5 KHz (2,500 Hz) Period = 400 Sec f 2.5 khz

43 Example: 555 Oscillator Use frequency provided to find period (they are inversely related) Frequency (f) = 2.5 KHz (2,500 Hz) 400 Sec Period = 400µs (.0004 sec) f 2.5 khz

44 Example: 555 Oscillator Plug the period into the equation below (for ) 400µs msec msec 280 apacitance ( ) was given plug this value in! msec 400µs 2.47 µf F F 44

45 Example: 555 Oscillator Divide out the.693 constant &.47 µf on OH sides of the equation to isolate & 2 ewrite the new equation: 400µs 2.47 µf x.47 µf = x.47 µf msec 6.8F 45

46 Example: 555 Oscillator Next, cancel out like terms on the right side and rewrite the new equation: 400µs x.47 µf = x.47 µf 2.47 µf x.47 µf msec 400µs = msec F 6.8F 46

47 Example: 555 Oscillator Solve for µs msec 2 x.47 µf msec = msec = F F 6.8F 47

48 Example: 555 Oscillator Solve for µs msec 2 x.47 µf msec = msec = 280 2, Ω 6.8F F 6.8F 48

49 Example: 555 Oscillator 49 Solution: Frequency: f 0.47 Sec Sec 400 f Sec Sec khz f

50 Example: 555 Oscillator % 00% 2 D Duty ycle:

51 Example: 555 Oscillator % 00% 2 D Duty ycle:

52 Example: 555 Oscillator Solution: Frequency: Duty ycle: Substitute and Solve for Substitute and Solve for

53 Going Further 555 Oscillator Detail nalysis 53

54 Detail nalysis of a 555 Oscillator 5v v c.666 v 0 v ESE HIGH LOW SE HIGH LOW Q HIGH LOW ON OFF Q HIGH LOW 54

55 Detail nalysis of a 555 Oscillator 5v v c.666 v 0 v ESE HIGH LOW SE HIGH LOW Q HIGH LOW ON OFF Q HIGH LOW 55

56 Detail nalysis of a 555 Oscillator 5v v c.666 v 0 v ESE HIGH LOW SE HIGH LOW Q HIGH LOW ON OFF Q HIGH LOW 56

57 Detail nalysis of a 555 Oscillator 5v v OUPU IS HIGH WHILE HE PIO IS HGING HOUGH +. c.666 v 0 v ESE HIGH LOW SE HIGH LOW Q HIGH LOW ON OFF Q HIGH LOW OUPU IS LOW WHILE HE PIO IS DISHGING HOUGH. 57

58 555 imer Design Equations 58 t 2 t t t Initial t Initial Final e - e - e - e - e - t t t e ln ln e e - HIGH HIGH t 2 t 2 t 2 t HIGH : alculations for the Oscillator s HIGH ime

59 555 imer Design Equations 59 t 2 t t t t Final Initial e e e e 0 e t t t e ln ln e LOW LOW t 2 t 2 t LOW : alculations for the Oscillator s LOW ime

60 555 imer Period / Frequency / D Period: t t HIGH LOW t t HIGH LOW 2 Duty ycle: D D D t HIGH 00% % 00% Frequency: F F 2 60

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