Biomass to Alcohol to Jet/Diesel

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1 1 Biomass to Alcohol to Jet/Diesel Presented to: Our colleagues from Australia Presented by: Dr. Michael Wright NAVAIR

2 2 Navy Energy Goals Sail the Great Green Fleet Will require multiple production pathways 50% Alternative Energy by % Net Zero Installations by % Less Petroleum in Commercial Vehicles by Green Strike Group Demo 2016 Great Green Fleet Sail Energy Efficient Acquisition

3 3 Process developed and being streamlined based on HRJ/HRD experience Phase 1: Chemical And Physical Property Similarity Specification Fit For Purpose Phase 2: Performance Similarity Materials Components Propulsion/Fuel Systems Distribution Systems Phase 3: Operational Similarity Weapon System Trials Phase 4: Long Term Operability Field Trials

4 Biofuel Production Pathways Feedstocks Processing Biorefining Distribution/Utilization Oil seeds Hydroprocessing Alcohols to Fuel Aviation Biomass Biological Conversion Sugars Gasification Pyrolysis Expeditionary Algae Other Maritime MSW 4 4

5 5 BLUF Multiple Production Pathways/ Sources Required to Meet SECNAV % Alternative Energy Goal Biomass to Alcohol to Jet/Diesel pathway opens the door to potentially large quantities of non-food crop competitive feedstocks NAVAIR s Alcohol-to-Fuel (ATF) Production Pathway has potential to be test fuel surrogate for certification of multiple ATF companies Good example of Dual Use R&D with a Transition to the Private/Commercial Sector: Drives Cost Down (in Theory)

6 6 Alcohol to Fuel Players Produce fuel having similar chemistry Can be qualified together

7 Biomass-to-Biofuel Processes 7 Outstanding Features * * * * Feedstock Diversity Bioprocess Robustness Platform Molecule Centered Process Chemistry Scalable/Reproducible 100% Synthetic Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene Fuel Product Versatility Cost Parity, Favorable LCA & Energy Balance Full Performance SPK Jet Fuel (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, nonaromatic *Key Patented Technology

8 Non-food Biomass to CLJ-5 Biojet 8 Overall process for making CLJ-5 Biojet Non-food biomass as feedstock Sugar extraction Cellulosic sugars: C5/C6 or C3 sugars fermentation Bio-1-butanol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH CLJ-5 Biojet A Pure Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Superb & Tested Fuel Qualities: Cold Flow (<-83 deg C) Density (0.78 g/ml) Energy Content (44 MJ/Kg) Virtually no Sulfur Content High flashpoint (>61 deg C) Cetane Index >50 NAVAIR Protected IP Bio-1-butene CH 3 CH 2 CH=CH 2 NAVAIR Protected IP Meets all ATJ acquisition specs And predicts a 70+% reduction in GHG CLJ-5 when blended with JP-5 creates a safer, full performance, and cleaner burning Jet fuel product.

9 Weight Percentage Fuel chemistry & processing overview Final Fuel Cut Before Processing C8- C12 C16 C20 C24+

10 Secondary products no waste! Bottoms Crude Oligomeric Product Lights 2-ethylhexene (dimer) Bio- White gas Oligomers of C 12 C 32 H 2 & catalyst C 12 C 20 Bottoms Finished CLJ-5 & F-76 Fuels H 2 & catalyst Mixture of C 16 isomers C 20 C 32 Oligomers PAO lubricants Growth accelerators 10 10

11 11 Data Summary Fit for Purpose of Neat Fuel (ASTM & NAVY) Test Units ATJ5 DLA Req. ATJ-SPK Spec CLJ-5 ASTM Navy Commercial COMPOSITION Acidity mg KOH/g Max D3242 VOLATILITY Distillation Temperature initial boiling point report report % recovered C Max % recovered C Max report report % recovered C Max report report 247 Final boiling point C Max T90-T10 C Min D86 Flash Point C Min D93 Density at 15 C kg/m 3 Min D4052 kg/m 3 Max Freezing Point C Max < -83 D5972 THERMAL STABILITY JFTOT (2.5 h at 325 C) Temperature C Min D3241 Filter pressure drop mm Hg Max 25 0 Tube deposits Visual Method <3 1 Copper Strip 100 C Visual Method Max 1 1 1a D130 ADDITIVES Anti-oxidants mg/l Min Operator mg/l Max Operator HYDROCARBON CONTENT Cycloparaffins mass% Max NA D2425 Aromatics mass% Max % D1319 Paraffins mass% Report Report NA Carbon and Hydrogen mass% Min D5291 Hydrogen Content mass% Min 13.4 NA 14.9 D7171

12 12 Data on NAVAIR Test ATJ Fuel FRL Description Detailed pass/fail criteria Fuel Quantity SPK requirements NAVAIR ATJ Fuel FRL 5 Lab scale production verified 55 gal 55 gal MSDS supplied Yes Thermal Stability Report - Freeze Point (D5972) < -40 o C <-83 o C Distillation (D86) T90-T10 >22 o C > 45 o C (lab) Hydrocarbon type (D6379) <15% c-paraffinic 0 % Heat of Combustion (D4809) >42.8 MJ/kg 44 MJ/kg Density (D4052) Flash point (D93) >38 o C o C Aromatics (D1319) < 0.5 vol-% 0 % Elemental composition Report 85% C, 15% H Cetane Number - 55

13 D86 data JP-5 Max JP-5 Average JP-5 Min CLJ-5 ASTM D86 Curve /50 Blend: JP-5/CLJ-5 100% CLJ T90-T10 >22 o C spec 61 o C % 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Fuel composition for CLJ-5 : 56% C12, 40% C16, 5% C20 Fractionation 100 torr, fuel cut 100 to 210 o C NAWCWD 13

14 Olefin content Olefin content determines the thermal stability of the fuel. It also has an effect on CLJ-5 has 0.01 to 0.1 aging of the fuels. For all fuels, petro or bioderived, the finishing process is critical. Finishing means treating the fuel with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst

15 15 Hydrogen content and Cetane number Hydrogen is a indirect measure of aromatic content. Less aromatics, more hydrogen content. CLJ-5 Hydrogen 14.9 For all fuels, petro or bioderived, more hydrogen means a lower maintenance cost (GE document). Cetane number speaks to if the fuel will be a good diesel fuel. CLJ-5 CLJ-5 hit the is index bullseye! is 63

16 Freezing point 16 Freezing point is a measure of fuel flow properties at high flight levels. Usually branching in the carbonchains make for good cold flow properties. JP- 4 This is one very unique aspect for CLJ-5. It is all iso-paraffinic; thus, has superb cold flow properties and does not require a expensive energy intensive hydroprocessing step.

17 17 Biomass Feedstock Sustainability Feedstock Price Stability* Total Forest/Wood Waste, Agriculture and Bioenergy Crop Biomass $40/ton, estimated dry tons available in US: million million million $50/ton, estimated dry tons available in US: million million million $60/ton, estimated dry tons available in US: million million million million Biofuel Yields Based on Feedstocks** Projected Feedstock Availability (Million Dry Tons) Fuel Production (Billion Gallons) ~ ~ ~ ~23 **Based on 30 gal/dry ton biofuel yield * U.S. Department of Energy. August U.S. Billion-Ton Update- Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry.

18 Projected Biofuel Production Cost 18 Total Production Cost = Biomass Cost $/ton ~31 gal/ton BioButanol Processing (~$0.95/gal) + + Fuel Processing (~$0.80/gal)

19 19 Commercialization Timeline Private Capital & Gov t Commercial* Lab 60 ml batch Bench Milestone Q Pilot Q x 1-month runs Bio-1-Butanol Demo Plant Biomass Boiler 500,000 GPY Q MGPY Potential gal/ton *$2/gal biobutanol based on ASPEN modeling used to predict CAPEX /OPEX

20 20 NAVAIR s ATJ Biofuel Process Checklist Feedstock No competition with food crops Poised to utilize all components of biomass Sustainable and affordable feedstocks Other waste streams such as glycerol viable Environmental Approximately 80% reduction in GHG relative to petroleum Feedstock diversity promotes eco-balance Allows for more effective land/water usage Lower requirements for pest control and fertilizer Energy Scorecard 1 ton sugar represents 16 GJ energy and produces 80 gals fuel 80 gals fuel equates to ~10 GJ energy Net Energy Capture is approximately 60%

21 Patents pending on the ATJ process 21 Charlene Haley, NAWCWD Lead Patent Attorney Crude Bio-1-butanol Pure Bio-1-butanol Bio-1-butene Oligomers Jet/Diesel Fuel NC **776 water & contaminant removal from butanol NC **821 alcohols to alkenes via selective catalysts NC **384 oligomerization of butene to fuels NC **302 turbine & diesel fuels oligomerization NC **148 oligomerization of mixed olefins. NC **133 oligomerization & isomerization. NC **782 Oligomerization & isomerization distill NC **558 New Homogeneous ZN catalysts..

22 22 BLATE Biomass to alcohol to jet/diesel fuels pathway offers potentially significant cost and production-capacity advantages NAVAIR ATJ/D technology positions the Navy to: 1) increase biofuel supply to support 2020 Energy Goals and 2) provide a near term source of fuel for qualification Timely qualification of the Alcohol to Jet/Diesel pathway will increase qualified candidates for the Navy/DOE/USDA biorefinery competition. With current DLA call and transition of the technology to licensees, this fuel could be flying by the end of the calendar year or early 2013.

23 23 Points of Contact Dr. Michael Wright Senior Scientist Research Department, Chemistry Division Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division 1900 Knox Rd. Mail Stop 6303 China Lake, CA and (fax)

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