Issues in Ganga Basin. N.N.Rai Director, Hydrology Central Water Commission

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1 Issues in Ganga Basin By N.N.Rai Director, Hydrology Central Water Commission

2 Issues in Ganga basin Health of river in certain reaches Flood problems in Eastern states More consumptive water demand due to high population pressure Huge variability in non-monsoon and monsoon water availability Huge rainfall variability in southern and northern part of basin Cloud burst in Himalayas

3 Drainage area map of Ganga

4 Important facts Drainage area of Ganga basin in India Mean annual runoff (MAF) Glacier runoff (Source: IWMI RR 150) Seasonal snow melt (Source: IWMI RR 150) Utilizable surface water resources in India Utilizable GW resources in India Utilizable surface water resources in Ganga basin Replenishable GW resource in Ganga basin Population in Ganga basin (yr 2010) Per capita water availability in Ganga basin (yr 2010) Live storage created so far in Ganga basin Live storage in projects under construction sq.km BCM 3% of MAF 1% of MAF 690 BCM 431 BCM 250 BCM BCM million 1039 cubic meter < BCM BCM

5 Health of river in certain reaches 1.3 million ha, 85% div Non Monsoon, 8.4 BCM-Annual, 2.4 BCM-NM, 40-65% spill monsoon 800 km, Ganga Canal System 0.7 million ha Command, 51 million population, 21 districts

6 Russia Australia Brazil USA Turkey Spain China S Africa India Ganga Basin More consumptive water demand due to high population pressure Per capita Live Storage (m 3 ) How the food and water security can be achieved with water availability in India skewed in time and space, and still lower per capita storage?

7 Indus Ganga Brahmaputra Barak + Godavari Krishna Cauvery Pennar EFR up to Pennar EFR (Pennar-KK) Mahanadi Brahmani-Baitarni Subernrekha Sabarmati Mahi WFR (Kutch, Saurashtra, Narmada Tapi WFR (Tapi-Tadri) WFR (Tadri-KK) Minor rivers BCM Basin wise water availability and live storage Water Availability Live Storage

8 Basin wise Population in Millions (estimated for year 2010) and per capita water availability m3/person/yr

9 Live Storage (BCM) Virtual Water Flows (India) North West and Central South East Source: Inter-regional virtual water flows Kampman (2007)

10 State Per capita Water Availability (SW+GW) m3/capita/yr Net Virtual Water Import BCM/yr Haryana UP Punjab Jharkhand Bihar Odisha Source : Inter-regional virtual water flows - Kampman (2007) Water-rich Eastern and North-eastern regions of India (in terms of per capita water availability) are ironically the virtual water importing regions. Northern region, having much less per capita water availability as compared to Eastern region, is exporting huge quantity in terms of virtual water to Eastern region. Northern region is not so good in terms of storage reservoirs either as compared to Western or Southern regions. Ironically, the Northern region is exporting virtual water by mining groundwater from very deep aquifers. This is absolutely unsustainable.

11 Huge variability in nonmonsoon and monsoon water availability Rainfall in mm Winter Monsoon (Jan-Feb) Pre Monsoon (Mar- May Monsoon (Jun-Sep) Post Monsoon (Oct-Dec) Jun-I Jun-III Jul-II Aug-I Aug-III Sep-II Oct-I Oct-III Nov-II Dec-I Dec-III Jan-II Feb-I Feb-III Mar-II Apr-I Apr-III May-II 75% dependable inflows and demands (Typical) % dependable inflows DMI demands Irrigation Demands

12 Discharge (cumec) Ganga Rishikesh Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

13 Huge rainfall variability in southern and northern part of basin

14 Cloud burst in Himalayas

15 Thank You

16 Historical List of Famines in India ( ) Year Famine Name (if any) Mortalit y Year Famine Name (if any) Mortalit y Great Bengal Famine Madras Famine Chalisa Famine Doji Bara / Skull Famine 10 Million 11 Million 11 Million Agra Famine 800, Upper Doab Famine 2 Million Orissa Famine 1 Million Rajputana Famine Great Famine Madras / Bombay Ganjam, Orissa, Bihar 1.5 Million 5.5 Million Indian Famine 5 Million Needless to emphasize that no famine like situation occurred after India started making dams. Indian Famine 1 Million Bombay 235, Bengal Famine 1.5 Million Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume III

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