PHUNC IV. An Unaccustomed Earth. Blue and Gray: A Nation Divided

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1 PHUNC IV An Unaccustomed Earth Blue and Gray: A Nation Divided

2 Letter from the Crisis Director Hello Delegates, My name is William Juppenlatz and I will be your crisis director for the Blue and Gray: A Nation Divided committee of PHUNC I am a junior here at The Pennsylvania State University pursuing a double major in History and Economics. I first became interested in Model UN in high school, and decided to continue by joining the Penn State International Affairs and Debate Association (PSIADA). Since joining I have staffed three crisis committees in PHUNC III and PUNC VIII and IX. With regards to this topic, I have for as far as I can remember loved learning about the Civil War. This committee came to me as a way to share my interest in this decisive era in U.S history with others. This committee will begin historically after the attack on Fort Sumter, but with a slight deviation in that we will assume all the states have seceded at that time. After the start of committee, the outcome of the war and the handling of domestic and foreign issues will be determined by the actions you take. Model UN is a great way to have fun with public speaking, debate, and history. I hope you all have fun, and learn, in the process of this committee. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to me before the conference at wxj5064@psu.edu. Sincerely, William 1

3 Letter from the Chair Hi Everyone! My name is Varghese Paul and I will be the chair for the North in the Blue and Grey: A Nation Divided committee for PHUNC! I am currently a senior Finance and Philosophy major at Penn State and have been involved in Model UN since my freshman year. I have been a staffer, crisis director, and chair for our conferences. I have also served on the secretariat of PHUNC. Outside of Model UN, I was the former president of the Penn State Finance Society and am currently the co-president of Penn State s consulting organization which is called the Nittany Consulting Group. Outside of extra-curricular activities, I also love music, sports, and reading. If you have any questions about our committee, college or careers in business, definitely let me know at vpchris96@gmail.com. Thanks, Varghese 2

4 Letter from the Chair Hey Delegates, My name is Patrick Cines and I will be the chair for the South in Blue and Grey: A Nation Divided. I am currently a senior studying Marketing with a digital marking focus. This year represents my 8th and final year of Model UN. I was a high school delegate just like you all several years ago, I ve staffed committees, and this will be the third time chairing. Here at Penn State, I m active within Penn State s entrepreneurship community, I ve worked with a few tech startups, and I write for Onward State. Outside of school, I love photography, traveling (28 countries and counting), and blogging. If you have any questions about the committee structure, being a business major, or even about entrepreneurship, feel free to reach out to me at patrick.cines@gmail.com. Cheers, Patrick 3

5 Committee Vision and Learning Outcomes It is the goal of this committee to have the delegates come away with knowing the difficulties that faced both sides in fighting the Civil War. The delegates will learn how the military tactics used in the beginning of the war had to greatly change by the end of the war. They will learn how to deal with the multiple other issues such as slave revolts, economic issues, draft riots, and potential foreign intervention. Background History of Slavery in America from the Constitution up to 1860 After the treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, the American Revolution officially ended, and the United States of America was an independent nation. For four years the nation operated under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles put the power into the states. In the aftermath of Shay s Rebellion, it became clear to many that the Articles were too weak. So in the summer of 1787, representatives of the 12 of the 13 states met in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. During this convention, it was decided that the Articles should be scrapped and a new governing document be created. This new Constitution gave more power to the federal government. During the convention, one issue proved to be divisive and would continue to be over the next 80 years. That issue was slavery. During the Constitutional Convention, the northern States supported the abolition of slavery, the southern States believed that slavery was too integral a part of the southern economy to abolish at that time. It was eventually agreed, that slavery could not be touched for 20 years. At other points during the Convention, slavery was debated. It was debated for how representation in the House of Representatives would be determined. That debate resulted in the three-fifths compromise. This said that every slave would count as three-fifths of a person. Then the third time to come up was the Fugitive Slave Act. Stated in Article IV Section II, it said that if someone held in service or Labor in one state escaped to another, they must be sent back. The Constitution was ratified by all 13 states, and for a time, the nation lived in unity. In 1808, Congress abolished the transatlantic slave trade. The issue of slavery arose again in the debate on how to handle the spread of slavery into newly acquired territory. In 1819, the Missouri territory met the requirements to apply for statehood, and they did. They did so as a slave state. This brought up debate, because the nation at the time was evenly divided between slave and Free states. In an effort led by Henry Clay a Compromise was reached. It was decided that Missouri would be added as a slave state, and Maine as a free state. It then prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the line. Over the course of the next thirty years, new states were added following the Missouri Compromise. 4

6 Throughout this time, the abolition movement began picking up pace in the north. Actions taken by northerners infuriated the southerners. Those actions included the aiding of slaves in escaping north, the refusal to send slaves back to their owners, and attempts to prevent the spread of slavery into the territories. In 1850, tensions between the north and south grew to a boiling point. The nation was divided over the spread of slavery into the newly acquired territory from Mexico. Again Henry Clay had a compromise. The Compromise of 1850 made California a free state, the Utah and New Mexico territories would be allowed to determine slavery based on popular sovereignty, Texas was admitted as a slave state and its borders defined, the slave trade was banned in the District of Columbia, but slavery was not abolished in the district, and stricter enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act. This compromise didn t cool the tensions for long. In the north states refused to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act. Abolitionists still pushed for the freeing of slaves. In 1859, a radical abolitionist named John Brown led a raid on the U.S arsenal at Harper s Ferry. His intent was to steal the weapons and supply them to slaves, so that they could start a violent uprising and free themselves. His raid failed, defeated by Robert E. Lee, a Colonel in the U.S. Army. It showed many in the south, what they believed northern abolitionists were willing to do to free the slaves. As this was going on. Southern states believed the federal government was ignoring the rights of the southern states to govern themselves. They believed that the time to leave the country was coming. Politics and Election of 1860 As 1860 began, the prospects of who would be the next president began to dominate the culture of the nation, the next president could decide the fate of slavery and the unity of the nation. As the election grew near, it became clear that the new Republican Party that was built on a platform of abolition would be one of the main contenders for the presidency. In April, the Democratic Party met in Charleston, South Carolina. There they discussed the platform of the party. After the minority Northern platform was chosen, the delegates from the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas delegations, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware left in protest. After a presidential nominee could not be named, the Democrats agreed to meet again in Baltimore in June. At this convention, the Democrats were divided. Many delegates, primarily from the south, again left in protest. The remaining delegates chose Senator Steven A. Douglas to be their nominee. The delegates that left, had their own convention, and 5

7 named Senator John C. Breckinridge as their nominee. The Republicans met in May in Chicago, Illinois. There the Convention was divided between two main candidates, Senator William H. Seward and Abraham Lincoln. After three ballots Abraham Lincoln was chosen as the Republican nominee for President. As the election drew near, the decision was made by the Republican s not to put Lincoln on the ballot in the south. The election saw Abraham Lincoln campaigning for votes in the north, John Breckinridge in the south, and Stephen Douglas campaigning everywhere. The election was held on November 6, 1860, with a voter turnout of 81.2%. In the end, Abraham Lincoln won 39.8% of the popular vote, but the received the more than required electoral vote of 180, sweeping all but 4 of the Northern Electoral Votes. John C. Breckinridge won 18.1% of the popular and 72 electoral votes, winning many of the southern states. Constitutional Union candidate John Bell won 12.6% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes, winning the states Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. Senator Stephen A Douglas won 29.5% of the popular vote and 12 electoral votes, winning the state of Missouri and 3 of New Jersey s electoral vote. After Lincoln won the Presidency without a single southern vote, the south was outraged. Many states believed the election was unjust, and calls for secession began ringing throughout the south. In December, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the union on December 20. It was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, between January and February of Then the states of Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee seceded between April and June of Strategic Position April 1861 At the time the war started, the south was at a severe disadvantage in many categories. North South Population: 22 million 9 million Railroads: 22,000 miles 9,000 miles Factories: 110,000 18,000 Percent of Total Farm 65% 35% Acreage: Percent of Total Manufacture 92% 8% Workers: Percent of Total Manufacture 92% 8% Output: Percent of Total Exports: 40% 60% Bales of Cotton Produced (in millions): Percent of World Cotton Production: Negligible 2/3 6

8 vulnerable. Although the strategic situation for the south looks bleak, it is up to the delegates of the south, as it was for the south in history, to come up with a way to make these differences smaller. In some categories the south had advantages. Augusta, Ga was the home to the world s second largest powder family. This factory meant that the south was never lacking in ammunition or guns heading into battle. Also the northern textile industry relied heavily on southern cotton, lack of which left the Northern economy Committee Structure Crisis Crisis will play the part of all outside bodies and powers, including marauding groups such as the Vikings as well as religious organizations such as the Christian church. You will generally communicate with crisis through notes sent back and forth. However, you may request an attaché when the need arises to meet with outside the room as well as asking them to come into the room. In these cases, a crisis staffer will represent the requested party. Crisis is there to provide a dynamic and unpredictable experience for delegates. Do not fight Crisis; use it to your advantage and work with it. Crisis will allow you to act within your portfolio powers as you please. This means you have freedom to be creative and effective. When communicating with crisis, use detailed yet simple notes. An example of a note to move troops would look like this: Front Inside To: Crisis From: Name of your position Please move 1,000 soldiers from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. 7

9 Your troops encountered X number of enemy soldiers. You lost 600 soldiers in the battle. You now have 400 soldiers camped in State College. They are unable to continue to Pittsburgh Crisis will respond clearly to your request. If they deny it, you ll be told you don t have enough supplies to move these soldiers or whatever other reason it is that you cannot do so. Perhaps your soldiers, on their way to Pittsburgh, encounter an enemy force in State College. In that case, you will receive a note that looks like the one below. Here it is important to remember that your troops never made it to Pittsburgh, they are trapped. They require reinforcements to move on to Pittsburgh. Crisis will provide periodic individual updates on your financial and military situations as well as newsworthy alerts. While these notes are simple, they also include all the information Crisis will need. Crisis cannot move soldiers unless it knows where they are coming from and where they are going. This same process works for all things you do be they economic, humanitarian, political, etc. Value detail and quality over quantity. Your effectiveness in Crisis is determined by your ability to use it to your advantage and play to your own strengths. Structure As a committee you will be representing elements of the government of the United States or the Confederate States. The chair will act as president of either nation; the chair will provide guidance on the parliamentary system if need be, maintain decorum, and control debate. Your task as the Union is to bring peace to the nation and reunify, while also solving the issues that caused the Civil War. As the South your task is to gain Independence and be recognized on the world stage. Sessions While the topics above and below represent some of the main themes of the committee, the actions of the committees will shape and form the debate. There will be no crisis map and while Crisis will make exciting crises, it will react to the actions taken by committee members. The pace of the committee and debate will largely be determined by the actions taken in committee. Portfolio Powers Portfolio powers are the individual powers each delegate will have during the conference. Portfolio powers can be used by sending a note to crisis, with either a question or an action you would like to take unilaterally. Different Types of Positions Secretary of State: The Secretary of State is in charge of the foreign relations of a nation. They have the ability to negotiate with foreign nations. They will be the only ones with the ability to formally talk with the other committee. This position will be critical in negotiating foreign intervention, or in negotiating peace. Secretary of the Treasury: The Secretary of Treasury is in charge of the finances of the central government. They will have the ability to raise taxes and fund the war effort or any domestic projects that a state or army may require. 8

10 Generals: Generals will each be given a certain number of troops. They will have total control over the movement and use of them. Movement and use is not unlimited. They must receive funding from the Secretary of the Treasury. An army can t move on an empty stomach, or fight without bullets. For the purpose of this simulation, each general will begin at the same rank. All Union Generals will be given the rank of Major General. All Confederate Generals will be given the rank of General. General rankings can be increased based general rank and popular opinion. The rankings will be listed below. Each general will also be given a skill rating. This will help determine their success in battle. General (skill) rating can go up or down based on actions taken. Generals will earn popular opinion based on actions taken. This popular opinion can be used to help in requesting troops from the federal government, or in being made Commander of all forces. Governors: Governors will have complete control over the affairs of their individual state. They will have the ability to raise taxes on a smaller scale than the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of in state needs. Each governor may raise a militia. However, there is a limited pool, and any soldier sent to the federal army can t be used in the militia. Also, militias won t be able to grow to the size of an army. Governors are the ones that will have to invest in infrastructure needs. Governors will earn popular opinion based on actions taken. This popular opinion can be used to help in proposing a loan from the federal government, or staking a run in the Presidential elections. Secretary of the Navy: The Secretary of the Navy will be given a certain number of ships. They will have full control over the movement and use of them. Movement and use is not unlimited. They must receive funding from the Secretary of the Treasury. The ships can t sail without supplies or fight without cannons. The Secretary of the Navy will have the ability to order new ships, but again will need funding. General Rankings All generals will begin at the lowest rank. As stated above, a general can increase in rank based on general skill and popular opinion. Crisis will be the determining factor, based on the chairs input. Each rank will come with an increase in portfolio powers. Each position will allow you to control more soldiers and have more leeway in their actions. However, with each increase, they will have greater responsibility. Popular Opinion will be more reactant to actions taken. For instance, inaction at high rank will drastically lower Popular Opinion, while success can drastically improve Popular Opinion. Each general will be able to command over a certain number of troops. Each general in the beginning may only command troops in their own theatre, they however may send reinforcements to other generals as is necessary. A higher ranking will also mean priority in getting new recruits. North (Total Possible) South (Total Possible) Command Major General (6) General (6) 25,000 troops Corps Commander (4) Corps Commander (4) 40,000 troops Army Commander (2) Army Commander (2) 90,000 troops and ability to command troops in other theatres General of the Army (1) Commander of Confederate Forces (1) 125,000 troops and ability to command troops in other theatres 9

11 Delegate Positions Union Roles 1. William H. Seward - U.S Secretary of State Former Governor and Senator from New York. Seward was a staunch anti-slavery advocate. After losing out on the Republican Presidential nomination to Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln seeing the merit in his unifying skill named him Secretary of State. 2. Gideon Welles - U.S Secretary of the Navy Named Secretary of the Navy in 1861 for his support of Lincoln in the 1860 election. Welles was opposed to the Anaconda Plan, but dutifully enacted it. 3. Salmon P. Chase - U.S Secretary of the Treasury Former Governor and Senator from Ohio. As Secretary of the Treasury, Chase strengthened the federal government through the creation of the first paper currency, and a national bank. 4. General Ulysses S. Grant - Commanding General of the United States Army Known early in the war for his victories in the west, notably at Vicksburg. By the end of the war Ulysses S. Grant was the Commanding General of the Army. He begins as a major general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Grant will begin committee by commanding Union forces in the Mississippi River theatre, with his base in Illinois. 5. General George Meade - Commanding General of the Army of the Potomac The commanding general at the Battle of Gettysburg, Meade delivered Robert E. Lees first defeat. He begins as a major general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Meade will begin committee by commanding Union forces along the Coastal theatre (primarily areas along the coast, and coastal invasions in the Deep South, or coastal defense), with his base in Philadelphia. 6. General George B. McClellan - Major General in the North Once commanding General of the Army of the Potomac and 1864 Democratic Presidential Candidate. He begins as a major general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. McClellan will begin committee by commanding Union forces in the Eastern Virginia and Eastern North Carolina theatre, with his base in the area around D.C. 7. General William Tecumseh Sherman - Commanding General of the Army of the Tennessee Grant s right hand man throughout the battles of the western theatre and known for his burning of Atlanta and his path to the sea. He begins as a major general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Sherman will begin committee by commanding Union forces in the Kentucky and Tennessee theatre, with his base in the Indianapolis area. 8. General Winfield Scott Hancock - Commander of the 2 nd Corps of the Army of the Potomac A military man for over 40 years. Known for his great leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg, Hancock gained the name of Hancock the Superb. Hancock begins as a major general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Hancock will begin committee in command of Union forces in the Western Virginia and Western North Carolina theatre with his base in Harpers Ferry. 9. General George Custer - General of Cavalry George Custer is probably best known for his death at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Before that he was a cavalry commander in the Civil War. Custer will be in charge of U.S cavalry, free to lead raids into the territories or 10

12 the South. He can also send cavalry to fellow Union armies. Custer will have his base in the area around Columbus. 10. Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin - Governor of Pennsylvania As Governor Curtin, was greatly involved in the war effort and supporting Abraham Lincoln. Curtin was instrumental in creating the first militia training camp outside of Harrisburg. He was also instrumental and organizing efforts to stop Lee s advance through Pennsylvania. 11. Governor Thomas Holiday Hicks - Governor of Maryland As Governor, Hicks was anti-immigrant and pro-slavery. However when the states began to secede he took measures to keep the state from seceding and cutting off D.C. Throughout the process of preventing secession, he encouraged Lincoln to pursue peace with the South. 12. Governor Beriah Magoffin - Governor of Kentucky A pro-slavery man, Magoffin initially tried to get the Southern states to agree to compromises, so as to prevent secession. After failing to achieve his goal, in a session of the state legislature declared Kentucky s neutrality. Magoffin sent letters to both Presidents Lincoln and Davis, to abide the neutrality. 13. Governor Edwin D. Morgan - Governor of New York Prior to being elected Governor, Morgan was chosen as the first Chairman of the Republican National Committee. 14. Governor Richard Yates - Governor of Illinois A staunch anti-slavery Governor, Yates encouraged volunteers for the war effort. Under his term, the largest northern prisoner of war camp was built, Camp Douglas. 15. Provisional Governor Hamilton Rowan Gamble - Governor of Missouri After the state legislature removed Governor Claiborne Jackson, Hamilton Gamble was chosen to serve as provisional governor. He served until the end of the war. During the war, the state of Missouri also fought a micro civil war, due the strong unionist and strong secessionist movements that divided the state. Confederate Roles 1. Judah P. Benjamin - C.S Secretary of State Before the war, a U.S. Senator from Louisiana. During the war, Benjamin s chief mission was attempting to get official recognition of the Confederacy by Britain and France. 2. Stephen R. Mallory - C.S Secretary of the Navy Prior to the war, Mallory served as a U.S. Senator from Florida. While a Senator, Mallory served as Chairman of the Committee on Naval affairs. Here he advocated for the improved quality of U.S navy ships to compete with the British and French. During the war, Mallory was able to form the Confederate navy to his views, creating some ideas that were incorporated around the world. 3. Christopher Memminger - C.S Secretary of the Treasury Initially a moderate on the secession issue, until the election of Abraham Lincoln. As Secretary of the Treasury he attempted to finance the Confederacy through various ways. 4. General Robert E. Lee- Commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia Robert E. Lee began the war as an officer in the U.S army and was even offered the command of the Army of Potomac. However when Virginia was on the point of secession, Lee chose duty his to home state over duty to nation, and left to became a general in the South and to organize the Confederate Forces.. After the wounding of Joseph E. Johnston in 1862, Lee was promoted to commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee begins as a regular general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Lee will begin 11

13 committee by commanding Confederate forces in the Eastern Virginia and Eastern North Carolina theatre, with his base in the Richmond area. 5. General Braxton Bragg - Commanding General of the Army of Mississippi and Tennessee Initially a Colonel in the Louisiana Militia. After secession he was promoted to Major General in command of a Louisiana Army. In March of 1861, he was made a Brigadier General in the Confederate State Army. Given command of troops in Florida, he is known to have trained his troops to be some of the best in the Confederacy. By 1862, he was sent with his force to Tennessee, where he engaged in the battle of Shiloh. Bragg begins as a regular general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Bragg will begin committee by commanding Confederate forces in the Mississippi River theatre, with his base in the area of Jackson, Ms. 6. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson - Commander of the Stonewall Brigade Stonewall Jackson began his career as an officer in the United States Army. After Secession Jackson was promoted to General in the Army of Virginia. He gained fame at the First Battle of Manassas, where he stood in front of his forces looking like a stone wall. Jackson begins as a regular general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Jackson will begin committee by commanding Confederate forces in the Western Virginia and Western North Carolina theatre, with his base in Winchester, Va. 7. General James Longstreet - Commander of the 1 st Corps of Army of Northern Virginia Longstreet was during the war promoted to Lieutenant General in the Army of Northern Virginia. He was seen and acted as Lee s right hand man in battle. Longstreet begins as a regular general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Longstreet will begin committee by commanding Confederate forces in the Tennessee and Kentucky theatre, with his base in the area of Nashville, TN. 8. General Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard - Commander who opened fire on Fort Sumter Beauregard was the commander in Charleston when the bombardment of Fort Sumter occurred. He eventually was in other key battles such as Shiloh, and the defense of Richmond. Beauregard begins as a regular general and must earn that title through his victories in battle. Beauregard will begin committee by commanding Confederate forces Coastal theatre (primarily areas along the coast, and coastal invasions in the north, or coastal defense), with his base in the Charleston, SC area. 9. General Nathan Bedford Forrest - General of Cavalry Distinguishing himself as a cavalry commander at the Battle of Fort Donelson. Forrest also distinguished himself at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Forrest will be in charge of C.S cavalry, free to lead raids into the territories or the North. He can also send cavalry to fellow Confederate armies. Forrest will begin in the area around Birmingham. 10. Governor Isham G. Harris - Governor of Tennessee After Lincoln was elected Harris called for a referendum on secession. The referendum failed. After Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for Harris to send 50,000 volunteers. Harris refused this and the legislature allowed him to create a compact with the Confederacy. Later another referendum was held that passed and secession was completed. 11. Governor John Letcher - Governor of Virginia Initially opposed to war and secession, Governor Letcher supported the state legislature in seceding the Union. 12. Governor John J. Pettus - Governor of Mississippi Governor Pettus was a huge proponent of secession and called for a convention that would decide the states status. The convention decided on secession. 12

14 13. Governor George W. Johnson - Governor of Kentucky Initially an anti-secessionist, however after the violation of Kentucky s neutrality, Johnson began a secessionist campaign. He was instrumental in the Russellville Convention, which created a shadow Confederate government, where he was unanimously elected Governor of Confederate Kentucky. 14. Governor Thomas Overton Moore - Governor of Louisiana Greatly opposed to the Republican Party when he was elected governor. He was a proponent for secession, to the point that as the state government was voting on secession, he used the state militia to secure the Federal weapons depots. New Orleans is the largest city in the Confederacy, home to the only mint, and controls the mouth of the Mississippi. 15. Governor Francis Wilkinson Pickens - Governor of South Carolina A strong advocate of secession, he however did not sign the South Carolina order of Secession. He ordered Confederate forces to fire on the relief ship Star of the West, which was headed to Fort Sumter. He later ordered the shelling of Fort Sumter. Research and Sources For the purpose of this committee, we feel that everything that you need to know is in the delegate guide. Any other research that you do will be beneficial to your idea of the culture, lifestyle, technology, customs, and time period that you are working in. We also recommend looking at Wikipedia for basic background knowledge as it works well as a stepping point for further understanding. To help you begin your research, here are some guiding questions: 1. What role were you given? Are you in the military or government? What was your life like before the war? What potential influences could you have? 2. What actions did you take during the war? Although the committee may not follow a completely historical route, knowing what you did may help you in your committee experience. 3. What are your relationships with the other delegates? Did you have friendships with any delegates on the other side before the war? 4. What is your stance on slavery? Whether or not you supported slavery could shape the policies that you pursue during committee. Sources Wikipedia. American Civil War. Accessed June 20, Civil War Trust. Accessed June 20, Historynet. Accessed June 20, National Archives. U.S Constitution. Accessed June 20, Learn NC. North and South in Accessed July 25, Teaching American History Accessed July 25,

15 (This source was used in a Civil War course I took. This website has many different primary sources from the era.) Awards Criteria Effectiveness in Crisis Frequency of communication. Appropriate use of portfolio powers. Impact of portfolio actions on crisis. Coherence and quality of communication. Creativity Originality of ideas. Ability to adapt actions to evolving crises. Ability to manipulate existing powers beyond their initial capacity. Effectiveness in Committee Initiative in proposing solutions. Quality of proposed solutions. Contribution to directives. Direction of committee. Diplomacy Eloquence of speech. Influence amongst other delegates. Leadership during moderated caucuses. Ability to negotiate and collaborate with fellow delegates. Professionalism and consideration. 14

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