Key techniques for hemp cultivation in south and north part of China

Transcription

1 FIBRA summer school, Catania, Italy; July 21-27, 2013 Key techniques for hemp cultivation in south and north part of China Fei-Hu Liu (Key scientist for industrial hemp cultivation, China National Network of Modern Agroindustry Technology Research)

2 Main areas for industrial hemp in China seed hemp fiber hemp North province Heilongjiang and south province Yunnan as our examples today Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 2

3 1. Climatic features Main points 2. Farm land quality and soil preparation 3. Fertilization 4. Cultivars 5. Sowing time, density and population 6. Weeds, pests and disease control 7. Harvest 8. Discussion---the effects of P and K depends on the soil nutrient level Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 3

4 1. Climatic features Table 1. Main climatic parameters* within the growth season of hemp (from May to Sept) Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 4

5 Day length (hr) N 50 N Month Fig. 1 Day length variation pattern in south (20 N) and north (50 N) part of China during hemp growth period from April through to Sept. Heilongjiang Pr: Haerbin 45.4 N, Keshan County 48 N; Yunnan Pr: Kunming 25 N, Xishuangbanna 22 N; Guangxi Pr: Nanning 22.5 N Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 5

6 2 Soil quality and farm land preparation 2.1 Soil nutrition status Table 2 Soil nutrient level Surprisingly, the nutrients content shows no significant difference between the north and south part of China, exception for soil ph. Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 6

7 2.2 Farm land preparation Table 3 Farm land preparation Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 7

8 Land feature Yunnan Heilongjiang Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 8

9 Land preparation Heilongjiang Yunnan Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 9

10 3 Fertilization management 3.1 Basal fertilizers Table 4 Basal fertilizers Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 10

11 3.2 Top dressing Table 5 Top dressing Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 11

12 4 Main cultivars Table 6 Main cultivars of industrial hemp Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 12

13 Hemp is sensitive to photoperiod, therefore, Cultivars originated from southern area, grown in the northern area: growth duration elongated, flowering time delayed, or even do not flower, no or little seeds produced, but biomass and fiber yields enhanced. YM 1, south originated, grown at Daqing, Heilongjiang Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 13

14 While cultivars originated from northern area, grown in the southern area: growth duration evidently shortened, march less growth vigor, very low biomass and fiber yields, flowering and seed setting very early result in low yield of seeds. Local cultivar Local cultivar Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 14

15 5 Sowing time, density and population Table 7 Sowing time, density and population Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 15

16 Scene of seed sowing Heilongjiang Yunnan Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 16

17 6 Weeds, pests and diseases control 6.1 Main Pests Table 8 Main pests Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 17

18 Important pests inchworm Cutworm flea beetle longhorn beetle aphids stem borer Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 18

19 6.2 Main diseases Table 9 Main diseases Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 19

20 white spot disease apical wilt Important diseases spot mildew downy mildew brown spot common leaf spot 褐斑病 Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 20

21 6.3 Main weeds Table 10 Main weeds Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 21

22 Alternanthera philoxeroides Important weeds 胜红蓟 Ageratum conyzoides 稗草 Echinochloa crusgallis 龙葵 Solanum nigrum 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 22 婆婆纳 Veronica polita

23 狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon 灰菜 Chenopodium album 狗尾草 Setaria viridis 苣荬菜 Sonchus arvensis 马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 23 卷茎蓼 Polygonum convolvulus

24 For controlling the pests, diseases and weeds, comprehensive measures are applied: agricultural control such as crop rotation, physical control such as light trap, biological control such as trichogrammatid for stem borer, as well as chemical control. Trichogrammatids used to kill stem borer Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 24

25 7 Harvest of fiber hemp Table 11 Harvest of fiber hemp Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 25

26 Yunnan Heilongjiang Hemp at harvest time Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 26 Yunnan

27 Hemp harvest Heilongjiang Yunnan Dew retting Hemp scutching Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 27

28 In LuAn, AnHui Province (middle east of China), from late June to the 1st 10 days of July, stems are cut by manpower, top branches and leaves removed, graded by the diameter and sheafed, fully sundried on a ground, peeled manually in the leisure time from Autumn to next Spring. Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 28

29 8 Discussion---the effects of P and K depends on the soil nutrient level It is well know that bast fiber plant as hemp needs big amount of N and K, but little amount of P. Next page show the NPK content in hemp plant tested from large number of samples Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 29

30 Table 12 N, P, K content in hemp plant The NPK ratio in hemp plant is 1: 0.18: : 0.2: 2 Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 30

31 How about the nutrients (fertilizers) we applied and the effects of the nutrients? We take experiments at Daqing (Heilongjiang) and Kunming (Yunnan) as examples: Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 31

32 Table 13 Nutrients applied for the field experiment at Daqing, Heilongjiang Ratio of applied NPK (element) is 3.1: 1: 3.8 Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 32

33 The yield increasing effect of N at Daqing Standardized amount of N applied Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 33

34 The yield increasing effect of P at Daqing Standardized amount of P applied Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 34

35 The yield increasing effect of K at Daqing Standardized amount of K applied Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 35

36 The effects of P and K are not so good as expected, why? Table 14 Soil nutrients content (Daqing, Heilongjiang) Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 36

37 What is the situation at Kunming? Table 15 Nutrients applied for the field experiment at Kunming, Yunnan Ratio of applied NPK (element) is 6.9:1: 3.8 Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 37

38 The yield increasing effect of N at Kuming Standardized amount of N applied Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 38

39 The yield increasing effect of P at Kunming Standardized amount of P applied Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 39

40 The yield increasing effect of K at Kunming Standardized amount of K applied Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 40

41 How to understand the effects of P and K at Kunming? Table 16 Soil nutrients content (Kunming, Yunnan) Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 41

42 Conclusion: The soil has abundant level of P and K nutrients, therefore, the effect of applied P is not visible, while the applied K shows negative effect to the hemp bast yield. What should we do? Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 42

43 Fei-Hu Liu, 2013, Catania 43