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1 Application of Fire and Smoke Modelling to Automatic Fire Detection Presented to: 2013 CFAA British Columbia Technical Seminar Presented by: Andrew Coles Presentation Overview Introduction Sereca Fire Consulting Fire alarm system requirements and design standards Location and spacing requirements for heat and smoke detectors: ordinary spaces Limitations of prescriptive requirements for non- ordinary spaces High atriums, interconnected floor spaces, high bay industrial facilities Application of fire modelling Understanding smoke and heat detection in non-ordinary spaces 1
2 Objective Provide you information about tools and methods available in the industry What Fire Engineering can do to provide cost effective, functional designs Our Company Established in Vancouver in 2003 as a Forensic Investigation Firm Offices in Singapore (2008), Calgary (2009), Toronto (2011) Building & Fire Code Analysis Fire Protection Engineering Design Fire Modeling & Visualization Evacuation Modeling Product Testing & Development Fire Investigation 2
3 Fire Alarm System Requirements Fire alarm systems may be required by: Building Code Insurer Owner s risk management Building Codes specify design standards: Canada: CAN/ULC-S524 Installation of Fire Alarm Systems US:NFPA 72National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Heat and Smoke Detectors In normal buildings and indoor spaces, design standards recognize spot-type heat and smoke detectors where automatic fire (heat or smoke) detection is required Design standards provide prescriptive rules for location and spacing, rules of standards apply within limits: S524 NFPA 72 Heat Detectors Ceilings up to 9000 mm (29.5 ft) high Ceilings up to 30 ft high Smoke Detectors Ceilings up to 3600 mm (11.8 ft) high "Ordinary indoor locations" ( ) Essentially equivalent if a 3600 mm (11.8 ft) ceiling is considered the limit of ordinary 3
4 Detector Listings Detectors are required to be tested and listed by a recognized laboratory (ie: ULC) Heat detectors: listed with a specified maximum rated spacing (often 50 ft) Smoke detectors: listed, but do not have a rated spacing Nominal spacing of 30 ft is assumed, adjusted in accordance with conditions Differences in Detector Listings Heat and smoke detectors are listed differently because heat and smoke behave different Heat: easily generated and measured, permitting repeatable tests Smoke: differs in particle size, chemical composition, and colourdepending on fuel, temperatures, availability of oxygen, ambient conditions Smoke travel paths within a space can be more difficult to predict than heat transfer 4
5 Prescriptive Requirements Revisited Prescriptive rules for smoke detection in S524 and NFPA 72 apply to ordinary spaces Requirements start with listed/nominal spacing, and then adjust for: Ceiling height Ceiling construction: smooth, joists, beams Ceiling slope Within their limits, prescriptive requirements have been found to produce acceptable levels of protection Application in Modern Buildings Many modern buildings contain spaces that are outside of the ordinary category (high atriums, interconnected floor areas, high ceiling bays) S524: Note: Data is not available for ceilings higher than 9000mm, therefore, in such installations, fire type, growth rate, engineeringjudgment, and manufacturer s recommendations should be used. For additional information refer to NFPA 72 S524: On ceilings above 3600 mm in room height, spot-type smoke detector spacing shall be based on fire type, growth rate, engineering judgment, and manufacturer s recommendations. NFPA 72: Requires performance-based design for any condition not included in the prescriptive rules. 5
6 Prescriptive vs. Performance Based Code or Standard Objectives and Functional Statements Prescriptive Objectives met by following exactly what Code/Standard tells you to do Application may not be directly or sufficiently addressed by the Code Performance-based Provethat what is being evaluated meets the Objectives of the Code Alternative Solution Quantifying Fire Effects in Non- Ordinary Spaces Engineering Judgment and Performance-based design: requires understanding of the movement of smoke and heat Some methods for evaluating smoke and heat movement include: Hand calculations/correlations Zone models 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Methods that are applicable depend on the complexity, desired resolution of data, engineer s knowledge/experience, 6
7 Analysis Tools Hand Calculations (NFPA) Zone Fire Modelling: CFAST Contaminant Transport (multi-zone): CONTAM Computational Fluid Dynamics: FDS, OpenFOAM Engineering Analysis - Modelling For design purposes, the time-dependent movement of heat and smoke can be evaluated in greatest detail using CFD CFD fire models were originally developed ~ 30 to 40 years ago as a research tool, and have become mainstream with increase in computing power Validation of CFD models: comparison with measurements from real-world experiments Parametric analysis: evaluation of the effects of various parameter, such as building ventilation, varying the ambient conditions, baffles, smoke curtains, etc. 7
8 What is CFD? Equations for mass, energy, and momentum are solved using a numerical grid (mesh) Detailed predictions of 3D flow and fire Detailed outputs: temperature, smoke, other gases, velocity Fire Modelling Examples Examples of non-ordinary spaces relevant to understanding applications of detection spacing and location Atrium spill plume 1 MW desk fire 6 m (19.7 ft), 12 m (39.4 ft), 18 m (59 ft) height Industrial room with roof beams, 230 KW transformer oil fire 200 mm and 600 mm ceiling beam height High bay with sloped roof 1 MW wood fire Two ceiling beam orientations 8
9 Atrium Examples Examining temperature and smoke distribution from a desk fire into an adjacent atrium space Atrium area: 9 m x 30 m 18 m height 12 m height 6 m height Fire Location Atrium 18 m height (20 x normal speed) 9
10 Atrium 12 m height (20 x normal speed) Atrium 6 m height (20 x normal speed) 10
11 Atrium - Results As height increases there is more smoke compared to heat at the top of the atrium This is why sprinklers are ineffective in high ceiling spaces Beam Ceiling Examples Evaluating the movement of smoke and height at ceiling level in the presence of large beams Room dimensions: 15 m x 30 m x 4.6 m 200 mm beam depth 600 mm beam depth Fire Location 11
12 200 mm Beam Depth (20 x normal speed) Plan view 600 mm Beam Depth (20 x normal speed) Plan view 12
13 Beam Ceiling - Results Deep beams dominant smoke and heat spread laterally within beam pockets Temperature differences between adjacent beam pockets can be significant Smoke dispersion is much less affected by beams High Bay with Sloped Roof Movement of smoke and heat along a sloped ceiling with two orientations of roof beams Compartment dimensions: 16 m x 30 m x 12 m (peak) Parallel Beams Perpendicular Beams Fire Location 13
14 Sloped Roof Parallel Beams (20 x normal speed) Sloped Roof Perpendicular Beams (20 x normal speed) 14
15 Sloped Roof - Results Initial smoke spread is greatly affected by beam orientation Heat dispersion is less impacted relative to smoke movement Gas Detection Simple industrial building with equipment H2S leak: with and without exterior wind Natural gas leak: with and without building ventilation 15
16 H2S Leak No wind (20x speed) H2S Leak Wind (20x speed) 16
17 Natural Gas Leak No ventilation (20x speed) Natural Gas Leak 2 fans on left wall (20x speed) 17
18 Conclusions Standards (ULC and NFPA) provide acceptable life safety requirements within the prescribed limits In reality, non- ordinary spaces require further consideration Smoke and heat movement are not the same for a specific space and require careful consideration when designing appropriate detection systems Other alternative scientifically-based approaches exist to design or evaluate detection systems Thank you! Questions? 18
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