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1 Moringa: The Miracle Tree Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is one of the world s most nutritious plants. Almost every part of plant is valuable. Its leaves contain high amounts of vitamin A (four times more than carrots), vitamin C (seven times more than oranges), protein (twice that of milk), calcium (four times more than milk), potassium (triple the amount in bananas) and iron (more than spinach). In addition moringa leaf is also rich in plant growth regulators (zeatin a cytokinin) and antioxidants (ascorbate, phenolics, carotenoids) which makes its extract an effective crop growth enhancer and we have recently found up to 35% increase in yields of wheat, maize and rice. Moringa leaves have a negligible content of tannins, no trypsin and amylase inhibitors or cyanogenic glucosides which makes it potential animal feed despite already established miracle nutrition supplement for human being. Fodder production is a major limiting factor for livestock production in Pakistan, especially under fodder scarcity season. This tree has unique capability of re-growth and can be shaped in any forms i.e. tree, bush, hedge, green manure, forage crop etc. Moringa as a field crop for green biomass production is now being introduced to exploit as nutritional vegetable, medicinal usage, fodder, oil seed and its usage as a natural, environmental friendly and cheap source of crop growth enhancer. Benefits of moringa 1. Human food 2. Water purification 3. Pharmaceutical products 4. Animal and fish feed 5. Green manure 6. Plant growth hormone 1. Human food, Moringa- Nutritional Content More than half of all children s death in the third world are due to malnutrition interactive effects on disease*. In Ghana malnutrition is one of the leading causes of death among children < 1 to 14 years of age. Moringa leaves could practically wipe out malnutrition on our planet. Experts agree that the long-term solution to malnutrition is the use of foods rich in the essential nutrients often lacking in people's diets. Modern scientific research is proving that Moringa leaves are one of the richest sources of such nutrients. Even Small amounts of the leaves could protect thousands of People from suffering and death. People in several countries have found that Moringa leaves are quite acceptable to taste, especially when added to common foods. Moringa solve the problem of availability and affordability to all results in improvement from day 10. Leaf powder now recommended in Africa and Asia as a nutritional supplement for lactating mothers, Infants and children

2 ii. Water Purification Moringa seeds can help provide safe, cheaply produced drinking water that could save millions of people from disease or death caused by impure drinking water. River water is always faecally polluted, for water treatment purposes, the seed pods are allowed to dry naturally on the tree prior to harvesting. After shelving, the seeds are crushed and sieved using traditional techniques approximately mg. of ground seed will be needed to treat a litre of river water depending on the quantity of suspended matter. Preparing the seeds for use as a coagulant, remove the seed coats and the wings. The white kernel is then crushed to a powder. The powder is mixed with a small amount of clean water to form a paste, and then shake at least 5 minutes to obtain good water extract. The Moringa oleifera seeds in water purification gave results just as good as those obtained with commercial chemicals by removing % of the bacteria as well as clearing the water solids. Many countries could save huge amounts of money by adopting these ideas, only two teaspoons of crushed seeds are needed to treat about 20 litres of water. The seeds of the Moringa tree contain a cation, which acts as a coagulant in turbid water. Seed powder is as effective as technical, non-organic water-clarifying agents, such as alum. There are no toxic by-products associated with the use of Moringa seeds as a coagulant.

3 Method: Take 2 g (2 Tea spoonfuls) of fine Moringa powder. Add 1 cup of water. Shake for 5 min. Strain through a clean cloth into bucket of untreated 20 L water. Stir rapidly for 2 min. Stir slowly for 10 min. Settle for 1 h. Traditional Medicine Moringa has been used in the traditional medicine for centuries in many cultures around the word, for skin infections, anemia, anxiety, asthma, blackheads, blood impurities, bronchitis, catarrh, chest congestion, cholera, conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhea, eye and ear infections, fever, glandular, swelling, headaches, abnormal blood pressure, hysteria, pain in joints, pimples, psoriasis, respiratory disorders, scurvy, semen deficiency, sore throat, sprain, tuberculosis, for intestinal worms, lactation,diabetes and pregnancy. The healing properties of Moringa oil have been documented by ancient cultures. Moringa oil has tremendous cosmetic value and is used inbody and hair care as a moisturizer and skin conditioner. Moringa oil has been used in skin preparations and ointments since Egyptian times (Fugile, 2000; Monica, 2005; Sairam, 1999; Ramachandra, 1980). Moringa leaf extract (MLE): plant growth enhancer Leaves of Moringa oleifera are rich in zeatin, a cytokinin in addition to other growth enhancing compounds like ascorbates, phenolic and minerals like Ca, K, and Fe that makes it an excellent crop growth enhancer. Foliar spray accelerates the growth of young plants. As a result plants are firmer and more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses and longer life-span. Such plants produce more and larger fruit and higher yield (20-35%) at harvest time. Green manure Using moringa as a can significantly enrich agricultural land. In this process, the land is first tilled. Moringa seed is then planted 1-2 cm deep at a spacing of 10x10 cm or less. After 25 days, the seedlings are plowed into the soil to a depth of 15cm. The land is then prepared again for the crop desired. More uses of Moringa It is a multipurpose tree for semi-arid and drought-prone areas. Even though it is a non nitrogen fixing tree, its different parts can be useful for other purposes i. Pods, leaves and seeds can be eaten as vegetable and are highly nutritious. ii. The extracted oil from the seeds are used for cooking, soap making, cosmetics, fuels and lamps. iii. Wood pulp may be used for paper making. iv. The wood is light and can t be used for heavy constructions but it provides a fairly good fuel for cooking. v. The leaves can be also used as fertilizer. vi. Powered seeds are used to heal bacterial skin infection (all parts of the plant are used in a variety of traditional medicines). How to Grow the Moringa Tree Moringa trees grow easily from seeds or cuttings. They grow quickly even in poor soil, and bloom 8 months after planting.

4 To grow from a cutting: After the trees have stopped producing fruits, branches need to be cut off so that fresh growth may take place. These branches are excellent for growing new trees.make a cutting at least 1" (2.5cm) in diameter and at least six feet (1.8m) long. Dig a hole 3 ft. (1m) x 3 ft. (1m) and 3 ft. (1m) deep. Place cutting in this hole and fill with a mixture of soil, sand and composted manure. Pack firmly around base of the cutting. Form a slight dome or cone shape, sloping down away from the cutting. It is desirable that water not touch the stem of the new tree. Water generously, but do not drown the cutting in water. To grow from seed: Moringa seeds have no dormancy periods and can be planted as soon as they are mature. In the ground It is best to plant the seeds directly where the tree is intended to grow, and not transplant the seedling. The young seedlings are fragile and often cannot survive transplanting. To plant seeds directly in the ground: Choose an area with light and sandy soil, not heavy with clay or water-logged. Dig holes 1 ft (30 cm) square and 1 ft deep. Back-fill the holes with loose soil. Compost or manure will help the tree grow better, even though Moringa trees can grow in poor soils. Plant 3 to 5 seeds in each hole, 2 in. (5 cm) apart. Plant the seeds no deeper than three times the width of the seed (approximately ½ in. or 1.5 cm -- the size of one's thumbnail). Keep the soil moist enough so that the top soil will not dry and choke the emerging saplings, but not too wet or else the seeds can drown and rot. When the saplings are four to six inches tall, keep the healthiest sapling in the ground and remove the rest. Termites and nematodes can kill a young sapling. Take measures to protect saplings from these two dangers. Note: If the soil is heavy, dig a larger hole of up to 3 ft (90 cm) in diameter and 3 ft deep, and backfill with 1 part sand and 2 parts original soil. Added compost or manure will help. In Plastic Bags When it is not possible to plant directly in the ground, use the following method: Fill bags with light soil mixture, i.e. 3 parts soil to 1 part sand. Plant two or three seeds in each bag, ¼ in. (0.5 cm) deep. Keep moist but not too wet. Germination will occur within two weeks. Remove extra seedlings, leaving one in each bag. Seedlings can be transplanted after four to six months, when they are 2-3 ft (60-90 cm) high. Transplanting The ground where the trees are to be planted should be light and sandy, not heavy with clay or water-logged. Dig a hole 1 ft (30 cm) square and 1 ft deep. Backfill with loose soil. Adding compost or manure will help the trees grow better. Water the planting holes one day before transplanting the seedlings. Plant seedlings in the late afternoon to avoid the hot sun the first day. Make a hole in the pit to accept all soil in the bag. Carefully cut open the sack and place the seedling in the planting hole. Be careful to keep the soil around the seedling's roots intact. Pack soil around the seedling base. Water only lightly for the first few days. If the seedlings fall over, tie them to a stick for support. Protect young saplings from termites and nematodes. (A) Moringa as Field Crop

5 For Fodder or biomass production: Direct seeding at 2 cm deep and 2 seeds per hill at on 3 feet apart ridges irrigate immediately For Roots for pickle: Pora method, on 3 apart rows and irrigate immediately. If the gap is left between plants then branching of roots will start which is not required Irrigation. First irrigate weekly until seedling are established then according to crop requirement Fertilizer: Two bags urea per acre Weeding: ROUND UP spray with 24 h of sowing otherwise weed control will be very difficult Thinning After one month one plant per hill will be maintained for biomass production, no need of thining in case of root crop Cutting frequency Whenever the plants are ready to cut Cutting Height Plants are allowed to grow upto 3-4' and then maintain this height.

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