(Total 3 marks)

Transcription

1 Q. Many of the plants that we eat as fruits and vegetables in the UK are imported. The transport used to import foods accounts for about.5% of the UK s carbon dioxide emissions. During winter, it is necessary to import foods because most of the UK s fresh vegetables have to be grown in greenhouses. Energy is needed to heat and light these greenhouses. Give one argument for and one against growing all of our vegetables in the UK. These arguments should consider the environmental effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Argument for: Argument against: (Total 3 marks) Q. The following passage is from a newspaper report on a recent conference about global warming. If we keep pumping out greenhouse gases, islands in the Pacific will disappear; droughts in Africa will bring famine to 50 million people; floods in low lying places like Bangladesh will make 00 million people homeless; Venice will be submerged: (a) Name one major greenhouse gas.... () Page of 30

2 (b) Explain how greenhouse gases may cause effects like those described in the passage (4) (Total 5 marks) Q3. People have burned fossil fuels, eg. coal, in Britain for hundreds of years. Until about two hundred years ago the effects of this could only be seen in large towns where buildings became blackened with soot. Now we can see other effects. For example animals are being killed in lakes in country areas far from towns and cities. This is because the water there has become much more acidic. Gases produced by burning fossil fuels are the cause of this. (a) Name two of these gases () (b) These gases are produced in towns. Explain how they can make lakes much more acidic in country areas () (c) The effects of burning fossil fuels are much greater now than they were two hundred years ago. Explain why () (Total 6 marks) Page of 30

3 Q4. The following statement appeared in a popular journal. Removal of tropical rainforests, more rice fields and greater industrialisation may be causing an increase in the greenhouse effect. Explain this statement as fully as you can (Total 5 marks) Q5. Recently the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth s atmosphere has increased slightly. This may be linked to an increase in the greenhouse effect. (a) The human population has grown rapidly. This has caused an increase in the amount of land used for agriculture, especially in tropical areas. This has helped to increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Give two reasons for this () Page 3 of 30

4 (b) The increased greenhouse effect has caused an increase in the Earth s average temperature. Give two possible environmental effects of this increased average temperature () (c) Name another gas, produced by cattle and rice fields, that also helps cause the greenhouse effect.... () (Total 5 marks) Q6. Read the article about sustainable cod fishing. Every December the European Commission makes suggestions for cod fishing quotas in European Union (EU) waters. These quotas use data from scientists investigations. Scientists calculate what proportion of the cod stock is being caught each year. Scientists do this by working out the numbers in each age-group of cod. Every year the fishermen say the scientists are making the danger to the stocks in the North Sea seem worse. The scientists say the fishermen might lose their jobs because the fishermen are ignoring warnings of the cod numbers going down. The scientists say that fishermen go only to parts of the sea where there are a lot of cod, so the fishermen get the wrong idea of the number of cod in the whole area. (a) The scientists and the fishermen have different opinions about the size of the cod population. Explain why () (b) (i) Give one method, other than quotas, by which fish stocks can be preserved.... () Page 4 of 30

5 State how the method you have given in (b)(i) helps to preserve fish stocks () (Total 4 marks) Q7. The drawing shows an industrial estate and the neighbouring area. (a) Use words from the list to complete the sentences about effects on the environment. fertilisers fuels nitrogen oxygen pesticides smoke sulphur dioxide Factories in the industrial estate burn.... This pollutes the air with... and.... The farm may pollute the river with chemicals such as... and.... (5) Page 5 of 30

6 (b) Describe how sulphur dioxide may damage the environment () (Total 7 marks) Q8. Tropical rainforests are being cut down to provide hardwood for furniture and to make way for roads and for agriculture. In the 990s they were being destroyed at a rate of 5 hectares per minute. (a) Calculate the number of hectares destroyed in one day.... hectares () (b) Soil erosion can be increased by deforestation. Explain how () (c) (i) The gas carbon dioxide can contribute to the greenhouse effect. Explain how deforestation over a wide area can contribute to the greenhouse effect (3) Page 6 of 30

7 One result of the increased greenhouse effect is global warming. Describe two possible effects of global warming on the world () (iii) It is possible that planting new forests could stop global warming. Explain why this could happen () (Total 0 marks) Q9. Explain how cars and factories can cause acid rain (Total 4 marks) Page 7 of 30

8 Q0. In December 95, there was a thick fog in London. The graph shows changes in the amounts of sulphur dioxide and smoke in the air and the number of people dying during this period. (a) Describe one human activity which releases sulphur dioxide into the air.... () (b) Human deaths during this period were caused mainly by lung diseases. (i) Why were the lungs particularly affected? () Give evidence from the graph which suggests that sulphur dioxide might have caused these deaths. () (iii) Does the graph prove that sulphur dioxide caused these deaths? Explain your answer. () (Total 4 marks) Page 8 of 30

9 Q. The graph shows changes in temperature and in carbon dioxide concentration in the earth s atmosphere between 860 and 990. (a) Give two human activities which may have helped to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere () (b) (i) Describe the changes in temperature shown by the graph between 860 and 990. () Do the data in the graph prove that increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere caused the changes in temperature you described in part (b)(i)? Give a reason for your answer. () Page 9 of 30

10 (c) Describe one way in which a change in temperature such as that shown in the graph might affect the environment () (Total 6 marks) Q. Deforestation affects the environment in many ways. (a) Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Give two reasons why () (b) Deforestation also results in a loss of biodiversity. (i) What is meant by biodiversity? () Give one reason why it is important to prevent organisms from becoming extinct. () (Total 4 marks) Q3. A large supermarket chain is advertising our goal is to make our business carbon neutral in the next five years. (i) Why does the supermarket management think that this will attract more customers? () Page 0 of 30

11 One step that the supermarket chain intends to take is to obtain as much food as possible from British sources. Explain how this will help the environment () (Total 3 marks) Q4. The diagram shows what happens to some of the energy in the food that a chicken eats. (a) Calculate the percentage of energy used for growth. Show clearly how you work out your answer Energy used for growth =... % () (b) The energy that is not transferred into growth is lost. Give three ways in which this energy is lost (3) Page of 30

12 (c) The pictures show two ways of keeping chickens to produce eggs. Battery chickens produce more eggs per year than free-range chickens. Suggest one reason why () (d) The animals that we raise for food are usually herbivores (plant eaters) rather than carnivores (flesh eaters). Explain why () (Total 8 marks) Q5. (a) Name the fuel gas present in biogas.... () (b) Name the process that produces biogas.... () Page of 30

13 (c) The graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of biogas production. (i) What is the best temperature for biogas production?... C In India, daytime temperatures can sometimes be higher than 40 C. It is useful to place the biogas generator underground. Use information from the graph to suggest why. () () Page 3 of 30

14 (d) Temperatures at the UK sewage works vary between 0 C and 5 C. The UK biogas generator has concrete walls, 60 cm thick. How does the thickness of the walls affect the rate of biogas production? Give a reason for your answer () (Total 7 marks) Q6. (a) Tuna fish are carnivores. In the wild they feed on smaller fish called herring. Herring feed on plankton. Tuna can be attacked by parasitic worms which feed on their flesh. (i) In the space below sketch the appearance of a pyramid of biomass for this food chain. Do not forget to label each section of the pyramid. () If a tuna eats kg of herring, it gains about 65 g in mass. Give two reasons why so little of the mass of the herring is converted into mass of the tuna () Page 4 of 30

15 (b) Young tuna are caught by fish farmers and reared in large pens in the sea. The fish are fed more food than they would normally catch themselves so they grow quickly. When they reach 400 kg they are sold. The graph below shows the effect of feeding tuna different amounts of protein in their food. (i) Calculate the average increase in mass per month of the fish fed on the low-protein diet over the six months. Show clearly how you work out your answer. Average increase in mass per month... kg () There is not enough information in the graph to allow the fish farmer to decide whether to use the high-protein diet or the medium-protein diet. Suggest one other piece of information that he needs in order to make this decision. () (c) Some consumers will not buy tuna grown in this way. Suggest one reason for their decision () (Total 8 marks) Page 5 of 30

16 Q7. Read the passage below about biogas production in Sri Lanka, which is a country with a much warmer climate than the UK. Mr Ratnayake is a farmer. Using nothing more than cow dung, he has enough power to cook and provide heat and light for his home without using a single piece of wood. He collects the manure from his cows in their cattle shed. He then mixes the manure with water and leaves it to ferment in a large concrete pit. The gas produced is collected in a simple storage tank and is piped into his house for use. The dried manure left after this biogas is generated is richer than ordinary manure. It makes a good organic fertiliser for Mr Ratnayake s crops. He can then sell his crops at a higher price as they are organic produce. i-sis.org.uk (a) (i) What is the fuel gas present in biogas? () Name the process which produces biogas. () (b) (i) Give two ways in which Mr Ratnayake benefits from making biogas as described in the passage () This design of biogas generator works well in Sri Lanka. It would not work so well in the UK. Explain why. () (Total 6 marks) Page 6 of 30

17 M. indication that carbon dioxide emissions contribute to global warming accept greenhouse effect for global warming argument for: in terms of decreases carbon dioxide emissions because less (fuel / energy used for) transport / imports argument against: in terms of increases carbon dioxide emissions because of (fuel / energy used for) heating and lighting greenhouses [3] M. (a) carbon dioxide / methane / natural gas / North Sea gas (credit CO / CH 4 ) for mark (b) reduce energy / heat radiated by / lost by Earth (into space) (not heat / energy trapped) heat / energy radiated back to Earth (not reflected) keep the Earth warmer (than it would otherwise be) or cause of global warming (not greenhouse effect) causes seawater to expand causes ice (caps) / glaciers to melt cause a rise in sea level cause changes in the Earth s climate (credit named climatic change but not drought) (NB. Deduct mark for any reference to ozone layer) any four for mark each 4 [5] Page 7 of 30

18 M3. (a) sulphur dioxide / SO nitrogen oxide(s) / NO / NO / NO (allow N O 4 ) (do not credit carbon dioxide) for mark each (b) idea that gases blown by the wind / spread into the air / atmosphere (not rise / go into the air / atmosphere) dissolve / mixes with rain / water droplets (not water alone) or makes rain acidic rain falls on / runs into these lakes / river or it rains or comes down in rain any two for mark each (c) idea that because more people / industry / vehicles / towns burning more fossil fuels idea of accumulative effect of carbon dioxide / CO (reference to ozone layer is incorrect) any two for mark each [6] Page 8 of 30

19 M4. methane is given off from rice fields industry / burning fossil fuels which increases CO in the atmosphere deforestation increases CO due to burning / rotting trees deforestation means less CO used (in photosynthesis) / less carbon locked up in wood methane / carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas greenhouse gases increase Earth s temperature / cause global warming reduce radiated energy or reflect back radiation any five for mark each (do not credit references to cattle producing methane or to effects of global warming) [NB claims that SO a greenhouse gas and/or referring to acid rain referring to ozone layer[deduct mark for each] [5] M5. (a) any two from deforestation reduces carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere accept less photosynthesis for reduces carbon dioxide removal accept cutting down trees for deforestation ignore cutting down plants accept there are less trees to remove carbon dioxide burning wood / trees (releases carbon dioxide) (b) microbes decay / decompose wood / trees (releasing carbon dioxide may cause a rise in sea level accept may cause polar / ice caps to melt / flooding do not accept global warming or greenhouse effect or erosion may cause changes in the Earth s climate accept causes changes in the weather or named, comparative type of weather or drought accept seasonal changes Page 9 of 30

20 (c) methane accept natural gas or CH 4 [5] M6. (a) the scientists figures based on research / calculations / data or scientists sample whole area ignore reasons based on bias because scientists sample a wider area than the fishermen = marks whereas the fishermen s opinions are based on impression / hearsay / experience or fishermen s opinions are based on fishing in well-stocked / limited areas because fishermen only fish in well-stocked areas = marks (b) (i) net size if no marks gained fishermen s opinion and scientists opinion gains mark allows younger fish to reach maturity / breeding age [4] M7. (a) fuels smoke / sulphur dioxide smoke / sulphur dioxide pesticide / fertiliser pesticide / fertiliser for mark each 5 (b) produces acid (rain) for mark which may damage trees (reject plants unqualified) which may make lakes / rivers too acid for animals or plants which may affect stonework / metals / paint (ozone damage or global warming disqualifies the effect mark) any one for mark [7] Page 0 of 30

21 M8. (a) 600 no marks for working (b) soil not held in by tree roots water falls on the soil or wind reaches soil or trees normally intercept or soil washed away or soil blown away (c) (i) less carbon dioxide removed or trees (normal) remove CO ignore reference to O more carbon dioxide added by burning (wood) or (more ) CO from decomposition (carbon dioxide) stops (radiant) heat escaping from earth or less heat escapes any two from: changed patterns of rainfall or wind or causes drought NOT just climate change accept increased evaporation polar ice caps melting or sea levels rise or desert formation or loss of habitat changed plant growth or changed distribution of species or species become extinct accept named example accept killing and dying of species Page of 30

22 (iii) (more) photosynthesis (because more trees) (more) carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere or trees remove CO ignore references to transpiration or water vapour (as a minimum photosynthesis uses CO = marks) ignore reference to oxygen [0] M9. burning fossil fuels (produces gases) [] do not accept give off unless qualified by burning or combustion named gas i.e. CO or SO or NO or No x [] dissolves in water or rain [] do not accept mix with accept combines with accept reacts to form a (weak) acid or the rain becomes acidic[] accept a correctly named acid [4] M0. (a) burning fossil fuels / named example accept driving cars / lorries etc burning fuels in power stations ignore combustion unqualified do not accept catalytic converter on its own or emissions from power stations Page of 30

23 (b) (i) pollutants / smoke breathed in SO and deaths rise (and fall) at same times or SO and deaths parallel each other / show same pattern (iii) no could be due to some other factor / pollutant / to smoke or correlation not precise / described explanations must come to a conclusion named examples must be plausible allow coincidence [4] M. (a) burning / combustion fossil fuels / burning wood deforestation accept named fossil fuel accept driving cars / any vehicles do not accept burning / combustion unqualified do not accept factories ignore factory chimneys unqualified ignore respiration (b) (i) (overall) increase fluctuations highs are higher and lows are not as low = marks no could be due to some other factor or could be coincidence or fluctuations ± same size as the overall rise or large fluctuations or sometimes when CO rises temperature doesn t (c) any one biotic or abiotic effect eg: do not credit just climate / weather change allow extreme climate / weather change Page 3 of 30

24 changes in rainfall accept drought, desert formation ice-caps melting / rise in sea level accept flooding changed pattern of winds changed pattern of migration changed species survival changed growth [6] M. (a) any two from: ignore CO release unqualified burning activity of microbes / microbial respiration less photosynthesis do not accept CO taken in for respiration or trees take in CO or less CO locked up in wood CO given off by clearing machinery Page 4 of 30

25 (b) (i) range of different species accept idea of variety of organisms or plants or animals any one from: organisms may produce substances useful to humans do not accept if food is only example duty to preserve for future generations effect on other organisms e.g. food chain effects ignore effect on human food supply loss of environmental indicators [4] M3. (i) customers concerned with the environment / green issues (will be attracted) owtte allow idea of helping the world reduces transport of food less carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas / emissions / harmful gases / lower carbon footprint (from transport) allow less fuel used ignore pollution unqualified [3] M4. (a) 8.3 or 8.3 recurring or 8 award both marks for correct answer, irrespective of working 7 / or equivalent for mark (b) any three from: heat allow keeping warm respiration not for respiration movement or example of movement eg exercise / kinetic faeces / waste / urine / excretion / urea ignore eggs / sound 3 Page 5 of 30

26 (c) any one from: less / no movement allow examples of movement less / no heat loss reference to selective breeding reference to controlled / better / more feeding (d) any two from: less steps in food chain less losses of biomass / energy / examples of losses cheaper to feed herbivores allow dangerous to keep carnivores herbivores contain more energy is insufficient [8] M5. (a) methane accept CH 4 / CH4 / CH 4 extras cancel (b) anaerobic respiration or fermentation ignore decay / decomposition / digestion do not allow aerobic (c) (i) in range 3 33 keep cool(er) or keep below 40 ( C) or insulate from heat allow keep at optimum temperature if (c)(i) < 40 high(er) / optimum rate of biogas production or rate decreases at higher temperatures or works more efficiently allow correct reference to rate of enzyme action eg high temperature would denature enzyme owtte Page 6 of 30

27 (d) increases rate / high rate allow works better insulates / keeps warm allow maintains optimum temperature [7] M6. (a) (i) a triangular-shaped pyramid, with 4 layers widest at the bottom either in blocks or as a triangle labels in food chain order (from widest part) ie plankton herring tuna parasitic / worms upside down labelled pyramid with producer at top gains marks upside down labelled pyramid with producer at bottom gains mark for labels unlabelled upside down pyramid = 0 marks accept separate boxes correct food chain with correct arrows if given gains mark Page 7 of 30

28 any two from: waste / excreted / urine / faeces / CO (from tuna) from / of tuna not required but do not accept if of / from other organisms respiration (of tuna) ignore used in reproduction movement (of tuna) / hunting if a mark is not awarded for respiration / movement / heat allow mark for energy (unqualified) used for heat (production) (of tuna) not digested / absorbed (b) (i) 40 award both marks for correct answer, irrespective of working allow (90 50) /6 or 40/6 for mark allow 48.3 / 48 / 48 for mark cost of food / protein (c) any one from: concern about animal welfare or examples or cruel to tuna or unethical or lack of space allow immoral ignore not natural poorer flavour / quality [8] M7. (a) (i) methane apply list principle allow symbols anaerobic respiration / (anaerobic) fermentation ignore decay / decomposition etc Page 8 of 30

29 (b) (i) any two from: manure disposed of gains fertiliser (for crops) gets (free) fuel or cheap supply of energy or (free) cooking / heating / lighting allow converse allow not using wood / trees can sell crops at higher price in the UK allow converse arguments for Sri Lanka lower temperature or not enough heat ignore other factor(s) process is slower or enzymes action slower ignore references to efficiency / bacteria working [6] Page 9 of 30

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