Earth s Energy Balance & the Greenhouse Effect

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Earth s Energy Balance & the Greenhouse Effect"

Transcription

1 Earth s Energy Balance & the Greenhouse Effect

2 Outline: The Earth s Energy Balance: Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Blackbody Radiation Albedo (reflectivity) Greenhouse Gases Atmospheric layers

3 Planetary Atmospheres Question: Why does the earth support life but, say Venus and Mars do not?

4 The Goldilocks Problem Life as we know it requires liquid water Venus Earth Mars Too Hot Ave Temp 460C No liquid H20 Just Right! Ave Temp 15C (mmmmm..) H20 in all 3 phases Too Cold Ave Temp -55C (BRRRRRR..) No present signs of H20

5 Planet Energy Balance * How do you heat a planet? Or: what determines that final average temperature?

6 Heat transfer The atmosphere and ocean are heated in three important ways: (i) Electromagnetic Radiation (ii) Convection (iii)conduction

7 Electromagnetic Energy Short wavelength = high energy Long wavelength = low energy

8 High Energy The Electromagnetic Spectrum 10-9 m Low Energy 10-6 m

9 Electromagnetic Spectrum UV: High Energy IR: Low Energy

10 Energy Flux Energy Flux= radiation per unit area per second Units: Joules per second per square meter Written: J s -1 m -2 or J/s m 2 J/second =? = Watts ( POWER = energy/ time) W/m 2 = most common expression of energy flux

11 Concept of Temperature In terms of atmosphere (or water) What is Heat?

12 Concept of Temperature Temperature = average kinetic energy of molecules Kinetic energy is energy possessed by virtue of motion Measures of temperature is

13 Temperature of air: total motion of molecules

14 Concept of Temperature Measures of temperature are

15 Fahrenheit: freezing point of a mixture of snow and salt (0F) and body temp (100F). Celcius: based on freezing point (0C) and boiling point (100C) of pure water. Kelvin: absolute temperature based on molecular motion. All atoms at rest at 0K (absolute zero).

16 Radiation vs. temperature All objects with a temperature above 0 deg K (absolute zero) emit radiation. The intensity and wavelength of the radiation emitted is a strong function of temperature. All objects also absorb radiation. A so-called blackbody emits and absorbs radiation at all wavelengths. None is reflected.

17 As we continuously heat the ball, its color changes. Why?

18 Constant temp (T) Radiation flux vs temperature Stefan-Boltzmann Law: High Temp = High Total Energy output (Total radiation flux emitted as a function of temperature) (T in Kelvin) Wien s Law: High energy = LOW wavelength (wave-length of maximum intensity as a function of Temp) 2898 T (T in Kelvin) max E T W m K 8-2 4

19 The Sun and Earth What are the consequences of Wien s Law and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law for the Sun and Earth? Sun average T=3000K Earth average T=288K

20 Sun emits primarily in visible (short wave radiation, SWR) Note: Sun emissions MUCH LARGER than Earth emissions (Stefan-Boltzmann Law) Earth emits primarily in IR (long wave radiation, LWR)

21 Solar & Terrestrial (Radiation) Sun: Solar Radiation is source of UV and Visible energy Earth: Terrestrial Radiation is infrared energy

22 Recall Albedo Albedo (from daisy-world!) Albedo = Reflectivity of surface ~ how much energy actually makes it into system.

23 14% Solar Radiation is NOT completely absorbed: Albedo Albedo (reflectivity) Albedo is expressed on a scale from 0 to 1. 0 = none of sun s energy reflected 1 = all of sun s energy reflected At 90 sun angle Surface type % reflected albedo Sea water Moistblack soil High grass W hite sand Dirty snow Clean dense snow Average albedo of Earth: Clean dense snow

24 98% But it REALLY matters what the surface is.. Albedo is expressed on a scale from 0 to 1. 0 = none of sun s energy reflected 1 = all of sun s energy reflected At 90 sun angle Surface type % reflected albedo Sea water Moistblack soil High grass W hite sand Dirty snow Clean dense snow Average albedo of Earth: Sea water

25 Albedo Angle (of incidence ) is also very important.. Albedo is expressed on a scale from 0 to 1. 0 = none of sun s energy reflected 1 = all of sun s energy reflected At 90 sun angle Surface type % reflected albedo Sea water Moistblack soil High grass W hite sand Dirty snow Clean dense snow Sea water at different angles Angle % reflected Average albedo of Earth: 0.31

26 Contributions to Albedo

27 Now we can calculate a basic Earth energy balance (and predicted Temp!) Pieces? 1) Incoming radiation 2) Albedo = Reflectivity (out) 3) Blackbody radiation (out)

28 Simplified radiation budget 70% is absorbed and re-radiated as IR (long wavelenghs) Energy arrives as visible (shortwave) sunlight Reflected solar About 30% is reflected albedo Higher reflection albedo at higher latitudes Earth Incoming visible The remainder leaves as outgoing infrared (longwave) radiation Outgoing infrared

29 Radiation Balance equation S = solar constant = 1370 W/m 2 A = albedo S 4 (1-A) = T b 4 = Stefan-Boltzman constant = 5.67 X 10-8 W/m 2 /K 4 T b = blackbody temperature Incoming solar energy heats the earth (blackbody) Outgoing terrestrial energy leaves earth

30 So if you do this calculation, what do you think the current average temp of the earth s surface turns out to be?

31 Answer: ~ -20 C ( -44 F ) avg. global T Amazon Basin landscape (Predicted based on radiation balance alone)

32 Solar System Interesting exercise: Can compare predicted vs. actual temp of three closest earth-like planets

33 predicted Actual Whats going on?

34 Mars: About right Earth & Venus : way, way wrong.. too hot! What s going on?

35 Whats going on? Greenhouse Gasses!

36 Four most common GHGs Greenhouse Gas Water Vapor (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Amount (ppm) ~

37 The greenhouse effect 1. Incoming Energy Budget : The Black Body Effect warm earth radiates energy 2. Radiation Adsorption by certain molecules Heat

38 The Rest of the Planet table..

39 Heli-touring in Tahiti: Earth with No Greenhouse effect

40 Ignore the Hype!

41 Earth s global temperature Earth s global temperature is determined by THREE things: SOLAR HEATING GLOBAL ALBEDO ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES

42 Blackbody T, Albedo & greenhouse T b = blackbody temperature T A = temperature it take into account albedo of 0.3 T a = -18 C -23 C = albedo effect T b = +5 C T actual = +15 C -20 C 0 C +20 C +33 C = greenhouse effect

43 Finally: Atmospheric layers Recall Atmosphere ( and ocean) is heated in three ways: (i) Direct Electromagnetic Radiation (ii)convection (iii)conduction

44 Convection vs. conduction Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement of fluid. Conduction is the transfer of heat from molecule to molecule as a result of molecular collisions.

45

46 Atm: : Pressure vs. Temp Whats going on here?

47 The Stratosphere is heated from above! The stratosphere contains abundant ozone. Ozone is an excellent absorber of UV radiation. stratosphere is directly heated from above by incident solar UV (via greenhouse effect). (A good thing for life on earth)

48

49 BUT -Troposphere heated from below! Most of the atmosphere is largely transparent to incident solar radiation. (why?) Incident solar radiation heats the earth surface. Troposphere is heated from below by conduction, convection and radiation.

50 Atm.. Temp structure Direct Heat from aboveincoming UV + ozone greenhouse Indirect Heating from belowradiated blackbody + greenhouse

51 End

ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation

ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapters 2 and 3 EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun The average Earth-Sun

More information

Solar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth

Solar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Solar Flux and Flux Density Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Luminosity (L)

More information

Energy Pathways in Earth s Atmosphere

Energy Pathways in Earth s Atmosphere BRSP - 10 Page 1 Solar radiation reaching Earth s atmosphere includes a wide spectrum of wavelengths. In addition to visible light there is radiation of higher energy and shorter wavelength called ultraviolet

More information

ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast

ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast ATM S 111, Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 1: OCTOBER 1, 2015 Outline How exactly the Sun heats the Earth How strong? Important concept

More information

Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons

Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons Spectrum of Radiation Intensity and Peak Wavelength of Radiation Solar (shortwave) Radiation Terrestrial (longwave) Radiations How to Change Air Temperature? Add

More information

The Earth s Atmosphere

The Earth s Atmosphere THE SUN-EARTH SYSTEM III The Earth s Atmosphere Composition and Distribution of the Atmosphere The composition of the atmosphere and the way its gases interact with electromagnetic radiation determine

More information

CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth

CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect

More information

Take away concepts. What is Energy? Solar Energy. EM Radiation. Properties of waves. Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption

Take away concepts. What is Energy? Solar Energy. EM Radiation. Properties of waves. Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption Take away concepts Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Conservation of energy. Black body radiation principle Emission wavelength and temperature (Wein s Law). Radiation vs. distance

More information

TOPIC 5 (cont.) RADIATION LAWS - Part 2

TOPIC 5 (cont.) RADIATION LAWS - Part 2 TOPIC 5 (cont.) RADIATION LAWS - Part 2 Quick review ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Our focus in this class is on: UV VIS lr = micrometers (aka microns) = nanometers (also commonly used) Q1. The first thing

More information

Radiation Transfer in Environmental Science

Radiation Transfer in Environmental Science Radiation Transfer in Environmental Science with emphasis on aquatic and vegetation canopy media Autumn 2008 Prof. Emmanuel Boss, Dr. Eyal Rotenberg Introduction Radiation in Environmental sciences Most

More information

Teaching Time: One-to-two 50-minute periods

Teaching Time: One-to-two 50-minute periods Lesson Summary Students create a planet using a computer game and change features of the planet to increase or decrease the planet s temperature. Students will explore some of the same principles scientists

More information

Solar Energy. Outline. Solar radiation. What is light?-- Electromagnetic Radiation. Light - Electromagnetic wave spectrum. Electromagnetic Radiation

Solar Energy. Outline. Solar radiation. What is light?-- Electromagnetic Radiation. Light - Electromagnetic wave spectrum. Electromagnetic Radiation Outline MAE 493R/593V- Renewable Energy Devices Solar Energy Electromagnetic wave Solar spectrum Solar global radiation Solar thermal energy Solar thermal collectors Solar thermal power plants Photovoltaics

More information

ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology. Solar Radiation. Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D.

ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology. Solar Radiation. Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D. 1 ESCI-61 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technology Solar Radiation Ridha Hamidi, Ph.D. 2 The Sun The Sun is a perpetual source of energy It has produced energy for about 4.6 billions of years, and it is

More information

The Greenhouse Effect. Lan Ma Global Warming: Problems & Solutions 17 September, 2007

The Greenhouse Effect. Lan Ma Global Warming: Problems & Solutions 17 September, 2007 The Greenhouse Effect Lan Ma Global Warming: Problems & Solutions 17 September, 2007 What to cover today: How do we calculate the Earth s surface temperature? What makes a gas a greenhouse gas and how

More information

Corso di Fisica Te T cnica Ambientale Solar Radiation

Corso di Fisica Te T cnica Ambientale Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Solar radiation i The Sun The Sun is the primary natural energy source for our planet. It has a diameter D = 1.39x10 6 km and a mass M = 1.989x10 30 kg and it is constituted by 1/3 of He

More information

Name: Class: Date: 10. Some substances, when exposed to visible light, absorb more energy as heat than other substances absorb.

Name: Class: Date: 10. Some substances, when exposed to visible light, absorb more energy as heat than other substances absorb. Name: Class: Date: ID: A PS Chapter 13 Review Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. In all cooling

More information

Chapter 2. The global energy balance. 2.1 Planetary emission temperature

Chapter 2. The global energy balance. 2.1 Planetary emission temperature Chapter 2 The global energy balance We consider now the general problem of the radiative equilibrium temperature of the Earth. The Earth is bathed in solar radiation and absorbs much of that incident upon

More information

1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K

1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K 1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K 2. How does the amount of heat energy reflected by a smooth, dark-colored concrete

More information

Copyrighted Material. 1 Basics of Climate. The climate s delicate, the air most sweet. William Shakespeare, A Winter s Tale

Copyrighted Material. 1 Basics of Climate. The climate s delicate, the air most sweet. William Shakespeare, A Winter s Tale 1 Basics of Climate The climate s delicate, the air most sweet. William Shakespeare, A Winter s Tale To appreciate the role of the ocean in climate, we need to have a basic understanding of how the climate

More information

Chemistry 13: States of Matter

Chemistry 13: States of Matter Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties

More information

Section 1 The Earth System

Section 1 The Earth System Section 1 The Earth System Key Concept Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which matter and energy are continuously cycled. What You Will Learn Energy and matter flow through

More information

Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57

Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Thermodynamics study and application of thermal energy temperature quantity

More information

MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE

MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE 1 MCQ - ENERGY and CLIMATE 1. The volume of a given mass of water at a temperature of T 1 is V 1. The volume increases to V 2 at temperature T 2. The coefficient of volume expansion of water may be calculated

More information

Review 1. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Review 1. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Review 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei a. the nuclei die. c. particles collide. b. energy

More information

Climate Change and Renewable Energy A Perspective from a Measurements Viewpoint

Climate Change and Renewable Energy A Perspective from a Measurements Viewpoint Climate Change and Renewable Energy A Perspective from a Measurements Viewpoint Regional Workshop on Metrology and Technology Challenges of Climate Change and Renewable Energy Guatemala City, Guatemala

More information

a) species of plants that require a relatively cool, moist environment tend to grow on poleward-facing slopes.

a) species of plants that require a relatively cool, moist environment tend to grow on poleward-facing slopes. J.D. McAlpine ATMS 611 HMWK #8 a) species of plants that require a relatively cool, moist environment tend to grow on poleward-facing slopes. These sides of the slopes will tend to have less average solar

More information

FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE FACTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 1. What is climate change? Climate change is a long-term shift in the climate of a specific location, region or planet. The shift is measured by changes in features associated

More information

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to

More information

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Test 2 f14 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Carbon cycles through the Earth system. During photosynthesis, carbon is a. released from wood

More information

1. Theoretical background

1. Theoretical background 1. Theoretical background We consider the energy budget at the soil surface (equation 1). Energy flux components absorbed or emitted by the soil surface are: net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat

More information

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse molecules, their spectra and function in the atmosphere by Jack Barrett Reprinted from ENERGY & ENVIRNMENT VLUME 16 No. 6 2005 MULTI-SCIENCE PUBLISING C. LTD. 5 Wates Way, Brentwood, Essex CM15

More information

Clouds and the Energy Cycle

Clouds and the Energy Cycle August 1999 NF-207 The Earth Science Enterprise Series These articles discuss Earth's many dynamic processes and their interactions Clouds and the Energy Cycle he study of clouds, where they occur, and

More information

Chapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy

Chapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy Chapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy Goals of Period 4 Section 4.1: To define temperature and thermal energy Section 4.2: To discuss three methods of thermal energy transfer. Section 4.3: To describe

More information

SOLAR ENERGY How much strikes the earth? How much can my building get? When is it too much?

SOLAR ENERGY How much strikes the earth? How much can my building get? When is it too much? SOLAR ENERGY How much strikes the earth? How much can my building get? When is it too much? The sun: friend of foe? Drawing by Le Corbusier ENGS 44 Sustainable Design Benoit Cushman-Roisin 14 April 2015

More information

Module 2.2. Heat transfer mechanisms

Module 2.2. Heat transfer mechanisms Module 2.2 Heat transfer mechanisms Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this module learners will be able to - Describe the 1 st and 2 nd laws of thermodynamics. - Describe heat transfer mechanisms.

More information

How does snow melt? Principles of snow melt. Energy balance. GEO4430 snow hydrology 21.03.2006. Energy flux onto a unit surface:

How does snow melt? Principles of snow melt. Energy balance. GEO4430 snow hydrology 21.03.2006. Energy flux onto a unit surface: Principles of snow melt How does snow melt? We need energy to melt snow/ ice. GEO443 snow hydrology 21.3.26 E = m L h we s K = ρ h = w w we f E ρ L L f f Thomas V. Schuler t.v.schuler@geo.uio.no E energy

More information

AZ State Standards. Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred.

AZ State Standards. Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred. Forms of Energy AZ State Standards Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred. PO 1. Describe the following ways in which

More information

Principle of Thermal Imaging

Principle of Thermal Imaging Section 8 All materials, which are above 0 degrees Kelvin (-273 degrees C), emit infrared energy. The infrared energy emitted from the measured object is converted into an electrical signal by the imaging

More information

What Is Heat? What Is Heat?

What Is Heat? What Is Heat? What Is Heat? Paul shivered inside the wood cabin. It was cold outside, and inside the cabin it wasn t much warmer. Paul could hear the rain beating down on the roof. Every few minutes there would be a

More information

Overview. What is EMR? Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) LA502 Special Studies Remote Sensing

Overview. What is EMR? Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) LA502 Special Studies Remote Sensing LA502 Special Studies Remote Sensing Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Dr. Ragab Khalil Department of Landscape Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King AbdulAziz University Room 103 Overview What

More information

Introduction to the Greenhouse Effect

Introduction to the Greenhouse Effect Introduction to the Greenhouse Effect Planetary Temperature by Arthur Glasfeld and Margret Geselbracht ver the past 10-15 years there has been growing concern over changes in the climate and the possibility

More information

5. The Nature of Light. Does Light Travel Infinitely Fast? EMR Travels At Finite Speed. EMR: Electric & Magnetic Waves

5. The Nature of Light. Does Light Travel Infinitely Fast? EMR Travels At Finite Speed. EMR: Electric & Magnetic Waves 5. The Nature of Light Light travels in vacuum at 3.0. 10 8 m/s Light is one form of electromagnetic radiation Continuous radiation: Based on temperature Wien s Law & the Stefan-Boltzmann Law Light has

More information

The Ideal Gas Law. Gas Constant. Applications of the Gas law. P = ρ R T. Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics

The Ideal Gas Law. Gas Constant. Applications of the Gas law. P = ρ R T. Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics Ideal Gas Law (Equation of State) Hydrostatic Balance Heat and Temperature Conduction, Convection, Radiation Latent Heating Adiabatic Process Lapse Rate and Stability

More information

7. Our Solar System. Planetary Orbits to Scale. The Eight Planetary Orbits

7. Our Solar System. Planetary Orbits to Scale. The Eight Planetary Orbits 7. Our Solar System Terrestrial & Jovian planets Seven large satellites [moons] Chemical composition of the planets Asteroids & comets The Terrestrial & Jovian Planets Four small terrestrial planets Like

More information

2. Room temperature: C. Kelvin. 2. Room temperature:

2. Room temperature: C. Kelvin. 2. Room temperature: Temperature I. Temperature is the quantity that tells how hot or cold something is compared with a standard A. Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecular translational

More information

Forms of Energy. Freshman Seminar

Forms of Energy. Freshman Seminar Forms of Energy Freshman Seminar Energy Energy The ability & capacity to do work Energy can take many different forms Energy can be quantified Law of Conservation of energy In any change from one form

More information

Overview of the IR channels and their applications

Overview of the IR channels and their applications Ján Kaňák Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Jan.kanak@shmu.sk Overview of the IR channels and their applications EUMeTrain, 14 June 2011 Ján Kaňák, SHMÚ 1 Basics in satellite Infrared image interpretation

More information

Physics 1010: The Physics of Everyday Life. TODAY Black Body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect

Physics 1010: The Physics of Everyday Life. TODAY Black Body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect Physics 1010: The Physics of Everyday Life TODAY Black Body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect 1 Admin Stuff Exams are at back of room, alphabetically in four piles. Please collect AFTER class Grades posted

More information

Composition of the Atmosphere. Outline Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen and Oxygen Lightning Homework

Composition of the Atmosphere. Outline Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen and Oxygen Lightning Homework Molecules of the Atmosphere The present atmosphere consists mainly of molecular nitrogen (N2) and molecular oxygen (O2) but it has dramatically changed in composition from the beginning of the solar system.

More information

Temperature. PJ Brucat

Temperature. PJ Brucat PJ Brucat Temperature - the measure of average kinetic energy (KE) of a gas, liquid, or solid. KE is energy of motion. KE = ½ mv 2 where m=mass and v=velocity (speed) 1 All molecules have KE whether solid,

More information

Electromagnetic Radiation Energy that comes to us from the sun is transported in the form of waves known as electromagnetic energy.

Electromagnetic Radiation Energy that comes to us from the sun is transported in the form of waves known as electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic Radiation Energy that comes to us from the sun is transported in the form of waves known as electromagnetic energy. This combines electricity and magnetism such that setting up an electric

More information

CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere

CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere In Chapter 2 we examined the nature of energy and its interactions with Earth. Here we concentrate initially on the way in which energy interacts with the atmosphere

More information

The Earth's Atmosphere. Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere

The Earth's Atmosphere. Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere The Earth's Atmosphere The atmosphere surrounds Earth and protects us by blocking out dangerous rays from the sun. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space.

More information

Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat

Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat What are temperature and heat? Are they the same? What causes heat? What Is Temperature? How do we measure temperature? What are we actually measuring? Temperature and Its

More information

Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor

Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 2: 9/30/13 Water Water is a remarkable molecule Water vapor

More information

CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.

More information

Current Staff Course Unit/ Length. Basic Outline/ Structure. Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas. Properties of Waves A simple wave has a PH: Sound and Light

Current Staff Course Unit/ Length. Basic Outline/ Structure. Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas. Properties of Waves A simple wave has a PH: Sound and Light Current Staff Course Unit/ Length August August September September October Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas Basic Outline/ Structure PS4- Types of Waves Because light can travel through space, it cannot be

More information

1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion

1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic

More information

From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?

From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation? From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation? From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly

More information

Atmospheric Layers. Ionosphere. Exosphere. Thermosphere. Mesosphere. Stratosphere. Troposphere. mi (km) above sea level 250 (400) 50 (80) 30 (50)

Atmospheric Layers. Ionosphere. Exosphere. Thermosphere. Mesosphere. Stratosphere. Troposphere. mi (km) above sea level 250 (400) 50 (80) 30 (50) mi (km) above sea level Atmospheric Layers Exosphere 250 (400) Thermosphere Ionosphere 50 (80) Mesosphere Ozone Layer 30 (50) 7 (12) Stratosphere Troposphere Atmospheric Layers Earth s atmosphere is held

More information

ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure,

ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure, ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE. The vertical distribution of temperature, pressure, density, and composition of the atmosphere constitutes atmospheric structure. These quantities also vary with season and location

More information

PTYS/ASTR 206 Section 2 Spring 2007 Homework #2 (Page 1/5) NAME: KEY

PTYS/ASTR 206 Section 2 Spring 2007 Homework #2 (Page 1/5) NAME: KEY PTYS/ASTR 206 Section 2 Spring 2007 Homework #2 (Page 1/5) NAME: KEY Due Date: start of class 2/6/2007 5 pts extra credit if turned in before 9:00AM (early!) (To get the extra credit, the assignment must

More information

The Surface Energy Budget

The Surface Energy Budget The Surface Energy Budget The radiation (R) budget Shortwave (solar) Radiation Longwave Radiation R SW R SW α α = surface albedo R LW εσt 4 ε = emissivity σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant T = temperature Subsurface

More information

TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY

TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY In general, when an object performs work on another object, it does not transfer all of its energy to that object. Some of the energy is lost as heat due to

More information

6 th Grade Science Assessment: Weather & Water Select the best answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this test.

6 th Grade Science Assessment: Weather & Water Select the best answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this test. Select the be answer on the answer sheet. Please do not make any marks on this te. 1. Weather is be defined as the A. changes that occur in cloud formations from day to day. B. amount of rain or snow that

More information

13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory

13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,

More information

The Sun. Solar radiation (Sun Earth-Relationships) The Sun. The Sun. Our Sun

The Sun. Solar radiation (Sun Earth-Relationships) The Sun. The Sun. Our Sun The Sun Solar Factoids (I) The sun, a medium-size star in the milky way galaxy, consisting of about 300 billion stars. (Sun Earth-Relationships) A gaseous sphere of radius about 695 500 km (about 109 times

More information

Treasure Hunt. Lecture 2 How does Light Interact with the Environment? EMR Principles and Properties. EMR and Remote Sensing

Treasure Hunt. Lecture 2 How does Light Interact with the Environment? EMR Principles and Properties. EMR and Remote Sensing Lecture 2 How does Light Interact with the Environment? Treasure Hunt Find and scan all 11 QR codes Choose one to watch / read in detail Post the key points as a reaction to http://www.scoop.it/t/env202-502-w2

More information

COST OF GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION [21jun, 10jul 1pm]

COST OF GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION [21jun, 10jul 1pm] 5 COST OF GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION [21jun, 10jul 1pm] Fix of Section 5 tables, but no change needed. EEH 955am 11nov00: The cost of greenhouse gas mitigation using renewable energy technologies depends

More information

UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA CHEMISTRY 102 Midterm Test 1 January 31, 2014 5-6 pm (60 minutes) DISPLAY YOUR STUDENT ID CARD ON THE TOP OF YOUR DESK NOW

UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA CHEMISTRY 102 Midterm Test 1 January 31, 2014 5-6 pm (60 minutes) DISPLAY YOUR STUDENT ID CARD ON THE TOP OF YOUR DESK NOW Version B UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA CHEMISTRY 102 Midterm Test 1 January 31, 2014 5-6 pm (60 minutes) Version B DISPLAY YOUR STUDENT ID CARD ON THE TOP OF YOUR DESK NOW Answer all multiple choice questions

More information

Convection, Conduction & Radiation

Convection, Conduction & Radiation Convection, Conduction & Radiation There are three basic ways in which heat is transferred: convection, conduction and radiation. In gases and liquids, heat is usually transferred by convection, in which

More information

INSPIRE GK12 Lesson Plan. The Chemistry of Climate Change Length of Lesson

INSPIRE GK12 Lesson Plan. The Chemistry of Climate Change Length of Lesson Lesson Title The Chemistry of Climate Change Length of Lesson 180 min Created By David Wilson Subject Physical Science / Chemistry / Organic Chemistry Grade Level 8-12 State Standards 2c, 4d / 2a, 4d /

More information

BRSP-7 Page 1. A Open B Covered C Covered / Water. Two different experiments are presented, each experiment using a different pair of models:

BRSP-7 Page 1. A Open B Covered C Covered / Water. Two different experiments are presented, each experiment using a different pair of models: BRSP-7 Page 1 Perhaps you have heard of the greenhouse effect. In a greenhouse, short-wave radiation from sunlight passes freely through the glass and is converted to long-wave radiation inside. But the

More information

Introduction to Chapter 27

Introduction to Chapter 27 9 Heating and Cooling Introduction to Chapter 27 What process does a hot cup of coffee undergo as it cools? How does your bedroom become warm during the winter? How does the cooling system of a car work?

More information

Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX

Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Refrigeration 101 Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Compressor Basic Refrigeration Cycle Evaporator Condenser / Receiver Expansion Device Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling by the removal of heat

More information

Chapter 7: Greenhouse gases and particulate matter

Chapter 7: Greenhouse gases and particulate matter Additional material for Fundamentals of Sustainable Development, Niko Roorda, 2012. Chapter 7: Greenhouse gases and particulate matter Debates on the anthropogenic greenhouse effect and climate change

More information

Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.

Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have

More information

Climate Lingo Bingo. Climate Discovery: Climate Future. http://.eo.ucar.edu. Teacher s Guide. National Science Content Standards Addressed:

Climate Lingo Bingo. Climate Discovery: Climate Future. http://.eo.ucar.edu. Teacher s Guide. National Science Content Standards Addressed: Climate Discovery: Climate Future Climate Lingo Bingo Teacher s Guide http://.eo.ucar.edu Subject Focus: Earth Science Environmental Science Political Science and Social Studies Materials & Preparations:

More information

California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping

California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,

More information

Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. California State Science Content Standards. Mobile Climate Science Labs

Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. California State Science Content Standards. Mobile Climate Science Labs Earth Sciences -- Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 California State Science Content Standards Covered in: Hands-on science labs, demonstrations, & activities. Investigation and Experimentation. Lesson Plans. Presented

More information

Homework #4 Solutions ASTR100: Introduction to Astronomy Fall 2009: Dr. Stacy McGaugh

Homework #4 Solutions ASTR100: Introduction to Astronomy Fall 2009: Dr. Stacy McGaugh Homework #4 Solutions ASTR100: Introduction to Astronomy Fall 2009: Dr. Stacy McGaugh Chapter 5: #50 Hotter Sun: Suppose the surface temperature of the Sun were about 12,000K, rather than 6000K. a. How

More information

Seasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity

Seasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity Seasonal & Daily Temperatures Seasons & Sun's Distance The role of Earth's tilt, revolution, & rotation in causing spatial, seasonal, & daily temperature variations Please read Chapter 3 in Ahrens Figure

More information

Characteristics of the. thermosphere

Characteristics of the. thermosphere Characteristics of the Atmosphere. If you were lost in the desert, you could survive for a few days without food and water. But you wouldn't last more than five minutes without the ' Objectives Describe

More information

Science Tutorial TEK 6.9C: Energy Forms & Conversions

Science Tutorial TEK 6.9C: Energy Forms & Conversions Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: Science Tutorial TEK 6.9C: Energy Forms & Conversions TEK 6.9C: Demonstrate energy transformations such as energy in a flashlight battery changes from chemical energy to electrical

More information

Multiple Choice Exam Questions

Multiple Choice Exam Questions Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Exam Questions 1. The primary source of energy for the earth's atmosphere is: a. energy from within the earth b. the sun c. erupting volcanoes d. lightning discharges associated

More information

The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering

The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering Section 5: Reflow Oven Heat Transfer The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering There are three different heating modes involved with most SMT reflow processes: conduction, convection, and infrared

More information

8.1 Radio Emission from Solar System objects

8.1 Radio Emission from Solar System objects 8.1 Radio Emission from Solar System objects 8.1.1 Moon and Terrestrial planets At visible wavelengths all the emission seen from these objects is due to light reflected from the sun. However at radio

More information

Thermodynamics AP Physics B. Multiple Choice Questions

Thermodynamics AP Physics B. Multiple Choice Questions Thermodynamics AP Physics B Name Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the name of the following statement: When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium

More information

Absorption by atmospheric gases in the IR, visible and UV spectral regions.

Absorption by atmospheric gases in the IR, visible and UV spectral regions. Lecture 6. Absorption by atmospheric gases in the IR, visible and UV spectral regions. Objectives: 1. Gaseous absorption in thermal IR. 2. Gaseous absorption in the visible and near infrared. 3. Gaseous

More information

BY NASIF NAHLE SABAG* Submitted to Review on 10 May 2007. Published on 12 May 2007.

BY NASIF NAHLE SABAG* Submitted to Review on 10 May 2007. Published on 12 May 2007. EARTH S ANNUAL ENERGY BUDGET (ECOLOGY) BY NASIF NAHLE SABAG* Submitted to Review on 10 May 2007. Published on 12 May 2007. The author is grateful to TS for his kind assistance with the text. To quote this

More information

Science I Classroom Guide

Science I Classroom Guide SkillsTutor Science I Classroom Guide Table of Contents Getting Started... 1 Science I Lessons... 2 Quizzes...2 Tests...2 Science I Lesson Summaries... 3 Life Science...4 Physical Science...6 Earth Science...8

More information

Climate Change and Protection of the Habitat: Empirical Evidence for the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

Climate Change and Protection of the Habitat: Empirical Evidence for the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Complexity and Analogy in Science Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Acta 22, Vatican City 2014 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/acta22/acta22-ramanathan.pdf Climate Change and Protection of the Habitat:

More information

The Atmosphere. Introduction Greenhouse Effect/Climate Change/Global Warming

The Atmosphere. Introduction Greenhouse Effect/Climate Change/Global Warming Introduction Greenhouse Effect/Climate Change/Global Warming The Atmosphere The terms Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and Global Warming are often used interchangeably, yet they really refer to three

More information

Cooling of Atmosphere Due to CO 2 Emission

Cooling of Atmosphere Due to CO 2 Emission Energy Sources, Part A, 30:1 9, 2008 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1556-7036 print/1556-7230 online DOI: 10.1080/15567030701568727 Cooling of Atmosphere Due to CO 2 Emission G. V. CHILINGAR,

More information

Every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold

Every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold Every mathematician knows it is impossible to understand an elementary course in thermodynamics. ~V.I. Arnold Radiation Radiation: Heat energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves Q t = εσat 4 emissivity

More information

The Gas Laws. Our Atmosphere. Pressure = Units of Pressure. Barometer. Chapter 10

The Gas Laws. Our Atmosphere. Pressure = Units of Pressure. Barometer. Chapter 10 Our Atmosphere The Gas Laws 99% N 2 and O 2 78% N 2 80 70 Nitrogen Chapter 10 21% O 2 1% CO 2 and the Noble Gases 60 50 40 Oxygen 30 20 10 0 Gas Carbon dioxide and Noble Gases Pressure Pressure = Force

More information

Materials Needed: Time Needed: Adaptations: 2 flyswatters (optional) Vocabulary Definitions (below) Vocabulary Scramble Sheets (below)

Materials Needed: Time Needed: Adaptations: 2 flyswatters (optional) Vocabulary Definitions (below) Vocabulary Scramble Sheets (below) Vocabulary Slap Game ( Flyswatter Game ) Directions: Project a Vocabulary Scramble sheet on a projection screen or Smart Board. Divide the class into two teams. Each team sends one person up to the screen.

More information

ES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

ES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE ES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Introduction Heat transfer is the movement of heat energy from one place to another. Heat energy can be transferred by three different mechanisms: convection,

More information

Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.

Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance. .1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations

More information

Solar System Fundamentals. What is a Planet? Planetary orbits Planetary temperatures Planetary Atmospheres Origin of the Solar System

Solar System Fundamentals. What is a Planet? Planetary orbits Planetary temperatures Planetary Atmospheres Origin of the Solar System Solar System Fundamentals What is a Planet? Planetary orbits Planetary temperatures Planetary Atmospheres Origin of the Solar System Properties of Planets What is a planet? Defined finally in August 2006!

More information