PREPARE TAKE ACTION RECOVER FLOOD SMART

Transcription

1 PREPARE TAKE ACTION RECOVER FLOOD SMART Version 2 Published November 2011

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3 CONTENTS KNOW THE FLOOD HISTORY OF YOUR AREA 2 DEVELOP A PLAN 2 UNDERSTANDING FLOOD TERMS 2 SEVERITY OF FLOODING 3 TYPES OF FLOODING 3 FLOOD WARNINGS AND ALERTS 4 PREPARING FOR A STORM SURGE 4 COMMUNITY INFORMATION 4 PREPARE YOUR EMERGENCY AND RELOCATION KIT 5 FOOD AND WATER 5 IF YOU NEED TO RELOCATE 6 RELOCATION CHECKLIST 6 BEFORE YOU LEAVE 7 TRAVELLING DURING A FLOOD 8 IF IT IS TOO LATE TO LEAVE AND YOU ARE ISOLATED 9 RETURNING HOME 10 AFTER A NATURAL DISASTER 11 CLEANING AND SALVAGING HOUSEHOLD ITEMS 12 LOOKING AFTER YOUR VALUABLES 14 DRYING YOUR HOME 15 PREPARE A FLOOD PLAN 16 QUESTIONS TO ASK 16 MY HOUSEHOLD FLOOD PLAN 17 AFTER THE FLOOD 18 NOTES 19 EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS 20 1

4 PREPARE Many devastating floods have occurred in Australia. You may be surprised to discover that where you live has been affected by flood. The most common form of flooding in Australia is the flooding of rivers following heavy rainfall. Flooding also commonly occurs during and after a cyclone, where low lying coastal areas may flood due to storm surge from the ocean and heavy rain. Lakes may also flood due to heavy rain. You may become stranded for many days until the water subsides and some remote areas can be isolated for months by floods. If your home is near a waterway or on low lying land it could be flooded, even if you have never seen floodwaters there. It does not have to be raining in your area for flooding to occur. This guide can help you to Prepare, Take Action and Recover from floods. KNOW THE FLOOD HISTORY OF YOUR AREA It is important to know the flooding history of your area. Some good questions to ask are: Has there been any previous flood activity in my area? What official river height may cause my home to be flooded? What is the closest catchment area where heavy rain could result in flooding near my home? Is there a flood plan that details problem areas, relocation routes and welfare centres in the region? Your local government or shire should be able to help you with answers to these questions. DEVELOP A PLAN If your area has a history of flooding you should prepare and follow a Household Flood Plan. A guide to help you prepare your Household Flood Plan is on page 16 of this booklet. Your Household Flood Plan should include where you will evacuate should the need arise. You should also become familiar with the flood heights that affect your property and identify where higher ground can be found nearby. UNDERSTANDING FLOOD TERMS A flood is defined as the retention of water in the landscape due to excess rain that occurs in low lying areas or near waterways. Floods may start small but can escalate quickly into major disasters. Depending on how bad the flood is, damage to roads and bridges may cause road closures and isolate people or communities. 2

5 PREPARE SEVERITY OF FLOODING The Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) uses the following flood terms. It is important to know what they mean. Minor Flooding Minor flooding has the potential to cause inconvenience. Low lying areas next to waterways are inundated which may require the removal of stock and equipment. Minor roads may be closed and low level bridges submerged. Moderate Flooding In addition to minor flooding the evacuation of some houses may be required. Main traffic routes may be covered, denying access to towns and communities. The area of inundation is substantial in rural areas requiring the removal of stock. Major Flooding Extensive areas of land are inundated. Properties and towns are likely to be isolated and major traffic routes likely to be closed. People from flood affected areas may be relocated by emergency services. TYPES OF FLOODING Local Flooding Intense rainfall could be expected to cause high runoff in limited areas close to the rainfall, but not necessarily leading to significant rises in main streams. Flash Flooding Flooding occurring in less than six hours of rain, usually the result of intense local rain and characterised by rapid rises in water levels. Flash flooding can be difficult to predict accurately and gives little time for effective preventive action. Riverine Flooding Riverine flooding occurs when rivers burst their banks and inundate surrounding low lying land. Storm Surge Storm surges are primarily caused by high winds pushing on the ocean s surface. The force of the wind causes the water to rise abnormally higher than ordinary sea levels. A storm surge is associated with a low pressure weather system, typically a tropical cyclone. Along the coast a storm surge can often pose a threat to lives and property as waves and sea water move inland. Urban Stormwater Flooding Stormwater flooding is a type of flash flooding. It is a flood arising from an overflowing stormwater system. Stormwater drainage systems commonly consist of gutters, pits, pipes, overland flow paths and open drains that ultimately discharge into natural drainage systems. 3

6 PREPARE FLOOD WARNINGS AND ALERTS Community alerts will be issued by the Fire and Emergency Services Authority (FESA) with the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) when a flood is imminent. The Bureau issues two types of alert levels as advised by the Flood Warning Centre. Flood WATCH A Flood WATCH is issued by BoM up to 72 hours in advance if flood producing rain is expected. Flood WARNING A Flood WARNING is issued when flooding is occurring or is expected to occur in a particular location or area. It is a firm prediction of flooding based on actual rainfall measurements and may be issued if there is an imminent threat of floods occurring. PREPARING FOR A STORM SURGE If a storm surge is likely you must be prepared to relocate early. COMMUNITY INFORMATION You can find the most up to date information during an emergency at: FESA Public Information Line BoM Land and Flood Warning Weather Service Information Line ABC radio and other local media 4

7 PREPARE YOUR EMERGENCY AND RELOCATION KIT Preparing your emergency and relocation kits is an important part of planning and essential for short-term survival during a flood. EMERGENCY KIT Your emergency kit should contain the following items: Portable, battery operated AM/FM radio Waterproof torch New spare batteries First aid kit with manual Medications, toiletries, sanitary supplies Special requirements for infants, elderly, injured, disabled or pets Mobile phone and charger, or phone card Identification papers and family records Cash, key cards and credit cards Emergency contact numbers Extra car and house keys Combination pocket knife RELOCATION KIT Your relocation kit should contain the following items: Non-perishable food and water Strong waterproof plastic bags or containers for important documents, valuables and photos Sleeping bags, blankets and towels Waterproof ponchos Spare clothing (one change per person) including strong closed in shoes, sturdy gloves and a hat for everyone involved in the clean up after the flood PREPARE Tent or tarpaulin Books, playing cards or games Map of the safest route to higher safer accommodation Valuables and cherished articles (jewellery, photographs etc) FOOD AND WATER Drinking water* (at least three litres per person per day) for up to four days Canned food* (dried food is also a good alternative) to last four days Can opener, cooking gear, eating utensils A portable gas stove or barbeque Water container (for washing and cooking water) *Check and replace food and water every 12 months EXAMPLE OF A RELOCATION KIT sleeping bags blankets baby formula warm clothes cash Illustration courtesy Emergency Management Queensland pillows valuables & mementos essential medications 5

8 TAKE ACTION IF YOU NEED TO RELOCATE If you are advised or choose to relocate it is important to do so before your property is inundated and while it is safe to move around outside. If you have developed a Household Flood Plan then refer to it, review your emergency and relocation kits and add additional essential items as required. If rising waters threaten your home and you decide to move to a safer location, tell the police, your nearest State Emergency Service (SES) unit or your neighbours of your intentions and where you are going. This guide lists simple things you can do to stay safe and protect your family and property. RELOCATION CHECKLIST Refer to your Household Flood Plan Check your emergency and relocation kits and add last minute items as required (ensure your radio has fresh batteries) etc Keep a list of emergency telephone numbers within easy reach Listen to ABC radio for flood bulletins, monitor community alerts online at or call FESA s Public Information Line on Raise furniture, clothing and valuables onto beds, tables and into roof space (electrical items highest) Secure dangerous objects and relocate vehicles, outdoor equipment, waste containers, chemicals and poisons safely Disconnect power, water and gas supplies Empty freezers and refrigerators and leave doors closed (to avoid damage or loss if they float) Check on the welfare of your neighbours and provide assistance if required Identify the location of your nearest relocation or welfare centre Ensure the safety of pets and livestock. Most welfare centres do not accept pets, but do accept assistance dogs (guide dogs, epileptic sensing dogs, diabetic dogs etc) Prepare pet food, stockfeed and water Lock your home and take recommended evacuation routes for your area 6

9 TAKE ACTION BEFORE YOU LEAVE Preparing your pets for flood Have a plan for your pets as they will not be allowed at public relocation centres. Assistance dogs however, (guide dogs, epileptic sensing dogs, diabetic dogs etc) will remain in the care of their owners throughout the evacuation including the transport and access into public relocation centres. Preparing your livestock for flood In the event of a flood it is important to have a contingency plan in place to keep your livestock safe in your absence. This may include: Securing loose objects around your property Moving animals to higher ground Providing clean water and food Moving animals to an alternative property Providing access for animals through open gates Keeping a stock register Ensuring livestock can be identified Providing clean water and food Gas Close the main gas valve. The valve is generally located on the gas piping just prior to its entry into the gas meter Gas cylinders/bottles should be tied down or disconnected and moved above anticipated flood height Water Close the main water valve which is usually found on the main water line where the water supply enters your property at the water meter Toilets and Showers Place a strong plastic bag full of sand or earth in the toilet bowl to prevent a backflow of sewage Place a strong plastic bag full of sand or earth over the shower and bath drain openings Fuel Tanks Tie down fuel tanks to prevent them from overturning or floating Close fuel tank valves to prevent leaks, spills and floodwater infiltration Preparing utilities Electricity If flooding is imminent remove all fuses including the one at the main switch and at the range switch located within the meter board fuse-box mounted on the wall of your home and put them in a place above the anticipated flood level. This will minimise the danger of short cuts when the power authority returns services to your home after the flood If you have a circuit breaker switch each circuit breaker to the OFF position 7

10 TAKE ACTION TRAVELLING DURING A FLOOD The majority of flood-related deaths in Australia are a result of people entering floodwaters on foot, in vehicles and boats. It is important to avoid driving, swimming, boating and walking through flooded areas at all times unless absolutely necessary. Driving in flood waters Listen to ABC radio for flood status and information Take your emergency kit and relocation kit Carry plenty of water, food and petrol Obey road closure signs and check road conditions with Main Roads on Stay away from waterways and stormwater drains Keep well clear of fallen, submerged power lines Do not drive into water of unknown depth and current If you have to drive, avoid driving at night as potholes and water may not be visible If your car stalls in rising water, abandon it immediately and seek shelter above floodwater Do not park or camp in a dry river crossing Report dangerous situations to the SES on For life threatening emergencies call 000 Boating in flood waters Consider all fallen wires as dangerous If you are in a metal boat, stay away from power lines and poles If you are in a wooden or fibreglass boat avoid touching the water or metallic parts of the boat Stay away from guy wires as metal from the boat that touches a live wire can cause a spark and ignite oil or any fuel on the surface of the water Wear a life jacket at all times and carry items such as oars, extra fuel, and an anchor Walking or swimming in flood areas Don t swim or wade in floodwater as it is usually contaminated, can often have strong under currents, hidden snags and other hazards Don t allow children to play in floodwater If you have to enter shallow floodwaters, wear protective shoes Take extra care on foot bridges and walkways as they may be very slippery Inform authorities and neighbours where you are going Try to avoid going anywhere alone. It is safer to travel in pairs 8

11 IF IT IS TOO LATE TO LEAVE AND YOU ARE ISOLATED Authorities will coordinate delivery of essential supplies to people in isolated communities. Stay tuned to local radio for updated advice Don t allow children to play in or near floodwaters Avoid entering floodwaters. If you must do so, wear solid shoes and check depth and current with a stick. Stay away from drains, culverts and water over knee deep Don t use gas or electrical appliances that have been in floodwater until checked for safety Don t eat food that has been in floodwaters Boil tap water until supplies have been declared safe TAKE ACTION 9

12 RECOVERY RETURNING HOME Floods disrupt households and communities. When you return home, essential services such as power, water, sewage and gas services may not be working. There could also be road and airport closures and loss of communications. You may require emergency accommodation, welfare support services, money, food or water. Getting back to normal as quickly as possible is the best thing you can do after an emergency. Tips for returning home Wait for the all clear from emergency services before going into an affected area Before entering your property ask authorities if it is safe to do so If your property has been badly damaged, stay out until a building inspector or engineer has checked it Check that all electrical, gas and water services are switched off or disconnected Stock up on basic items such as nonperishable food, bottled water, medications, torch and batteries Withdraw cash as ATMs in your area may not be working or banks may be closed Fill up your fuel tank Keep listening to your radio for up to date information Be prepared for a slow journey as road conditions may have changed and closures may be in place Watch for potential dangers such as snakes, spiders and other animals. If wildlife has entered your home contact your local council or wildlife rescue service to arrange for their care Use a torch when entering a building never use matches, cigarette lighters or naked flames due to the potential of flammable gas Throw away all food or medication that may be contaminated through contact with floodwater Wear rubber soled shoes and rubber or leather gloves Check to see if your neighbours are safe Check the whereabouts of pets and animals Before using your electrical appliances have them checked by a licensed electrician There are steps you can take to help you and your family Encourage your family to talk about their experience with friends and neighbours Seek out official information from the authorities If you need to, seek support from local welfare agencies If your home has sustained serious damage and you need help call the SES on for assistance Insurance If you are insured, it is important to contact your insurer, request an assessment and specific advice relating to your policy before discarding, authorising repairs or cleaning any damaged or flood affected property. To assist with the claims process it is advisable to take photographs, video footage and make an inventory of your property and contents and list brands and models of electrical appliances impacted by floodwaters. For further information and advice contact the Insurance Council of Australia on or visit 10

13 RECOVERY AFTER A NATURAL DISASTER Western Australia Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (WANDRRA) The State and Australian governments provide a range of relief measures to assist communities severely affected by an eligible natural disaster. Relief and recovery assistance can only be considered once a declaration has been made under the WANDRRA. If the flooding region is proclaimed an eligible natural disaster then joint State and Australian Government emergency assistance may be made available under the WANDRRA for individuals or families to alleviate personal hardship or distress arising as a direct result of the natural disaster. What is the assistance for? The measures that may be offered under these arrangements are intended to assist in the recovery of communities and are offered on a needs basis. The arrangements provide for assistance to: Individuals and families Small businesses Primary producers Local government and state government agencies Contact your local Department for Child Protection (DCP) office for further information. In a major flooding incident, the DCP may activate the Disaster Line. Health and safety advice Before cleaning up make sure all gas and electricity supplies are turned off. Protect yourself from possible bacterial contamination in remaining floodwaters by wearing protective clothing and covering any open wounds before you start cleaning. What to wear during the clean-up: Rubber gloves and goggles to protect your hands and eyes from splashing water Water resistant clothing, preferably long trousers to protect legs from sharp objects Protective shoes like gum boots and enclosed footwear Mosquitoes and snakes Floodwaters attract increased activity from wildlife including mosquitoes and snakes that have associated health risks. Mosquitoes can spread human disease easily and are very common after flooding. Health risks can be avoided by following a few simple steps: Cover up as much as possible with loose fitting clothing and enclosed footwear Use an effective repellent containing Diethyl Toluamide (DEET less than 20%) on exposed skin and reapply regularly Burn mosquito coils or use vaporising mats Do not attempt to handle or approach snakes that have entered your property If you find snakes in your home contact your local council or wildlife rescue service who will help coordinate removal and relocation 11

14 RECOVERY Animals, livestock and pet welfare After human safety, the welfare of your animals is the most important consideration before, during and after a flood crisis. Pets can behave differently under stress. Pets that are normally calm and friendly may become defensive or aggressive during and after an emergency situation. Relocating your pet may cause them to feel unsettled and run away. The RSPCA WA may provide support and relocation for lost and injured animals after natural disasters and can be contacted on The Department of Environment and Conservation operates a 24 hour, seven day a week Wildcare helpline on to provide immediate assistance for sick, injured or orphaned native animals. The Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA) will provide advice about assessing the health and nutritional requirements of livestock after a natural disaster. For further information, contact your local DAFWA office. It is your responsibility after an emergency to address any trauma or injury to livestock. As soon as you can, assess your animals and provide clean water and food. CLEANING AND SALVAGING HOUSEHOLD ITEMS It is important to thoroughly wash and disinfect every part of your home that has been inundated by floodwaters. General hygiene Wash all surfaces that have been inundated to reduce the danger of flood related infections Boil all drinking water or only drink bottled water until supplies have been declared safe by health authorities Discard medication that may be contaminated through contact with floodwater Discard all foods exposed to floodwaters except those in sealed airtight cans Use disinfectant when cleaning Wash your hands thoroughly with a disinfectant soap after handling contaminated articles and before eating or drinking Shower thoroughly after the clean-up and use antiseptic soaps Disinfect any cuts quickly and cover with a waterproof dressing Remove, burn or bury rubbish, decaying vegetation and driftwood Bury any faecal matter or sewage 12

15 RECOVERY Furniture Mattresses soaked with floodwater are difficult to salvage and should be discarded Place pieces of wood or aluminium foil under furniture with castors or metal caps to avoid staining carpets Remove the backs of the furniture piece to let air circulate Do not force open swollen doors, windows or drawers Use wood alcohol or turpentine to remove mildew spots Upholstered furniture is rarely recoverable and should be disposed of Check all drawers and cupboards for valuable or sentimental personal contents before disposing Floor coverings If carpeting is left on the floor it is at risk of mould, decay, mildew and warping and removing carpets may cause shrinkage If linoleum is broken, brittle and cannot be salvaged; remove it and be sure to let the underfloor thoroughly dry before laying any type of floor covering Appliances Do not use any electricity until you have had the power supply reconnected and your appliances have been checked by a qualified licensed electrician Ensure sewerage and drainage lines are safe before using dishwashers and washing machines Clean and disinfect dishwashers, washing machines and dryers prior to use Check and professionally clean refrigerators and freezers prior to use Kitchen Disinfect refrigerators, freezers and dishwashers after they have been checked by an electrician Dispose of soft, porous plastic and wooden items that have been in contact with floodwater Hand wash dishes and pots that have been in contact with floodwater using disinfectant Air dry disinfected dishes or use paper towels. Do not use a tea towel Food When you return home throw away all perishable food or medication that may have been contaminated by floodwaters. For tinned food that is sealed, intact and not bulging but has come into contact with floodwater, you need to: Remove the labels Wash cans and dip them in a solution of 1.56 cups of household chlorine bleach in 10 litres of water for two minutes Re-label the cans with a waterproof marker pen Fridges and freezers left unopened and turned off will only hold their temperature for a short time, but you may be able to save the frozen food. Keep the freezer closed as it has enough insulation to keep frozen food for at least one day. Do not refreeze any food that has thawed. 13

16 RECOVERY LOOKING AFTER YOUR VALUABLES Clothes Shake out mud and dirt, and hose off muddy items before washing Add chlorine bleach to wash cycle to remove mildew (be aware that bleach can damage some fabrics) Run the washing machine through one full cycle before washing clothes. Use hot water and disinfectant or sanitiser Check clothing labels and wash in warm water if possible Take Dry Clean Only and leather items to a professional cleaner Photos Freeze photos in a frost free freezer to slow down damage Place wet or frozen photos in cold, clear water and separate those stuck together Do not let photos come into direct contact with running water Lay images face up on tea towel Never wipe photos when wet Paper and books Rinse and freeze valuable documents in a frost free freezer When thawed, dry immediately using a blow dryer Place blotting paper between pages Do not force paper sheets apart, dry them until they come apart easily Photocopy valuable documents as soon as you can Use baking soda to absorb odours (do not allow baking soda to come into contact with the paper) Discs and tapes Rinse in clear water and place in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. Later, take disks or tapes to a professional drying centre and have the data transferred 14

17 RECOVERY DRYING YOUR HOME It may take several weeks, even longer in winter, to completely dry out your home. To avoid trapping moisture inside the home, everything that is wet and can be moved should be taken outside to dry. In dry weather, open all doors and windows On wet days, leave windows partly open as the inside of the house will only dry when moisture can get out If you have heaters, turn them on in as many rooms as possible and leave windows open Do not use more than one heater per room as too much heat may warp and crack wood Clean walls from the bottom up Apply commercial grade cleaner to walls and floors and give it time to work After cleaning surfaces, go over the entire room with disinfectant If you have taped the windows and fridges, remove tape and use glass cleaner to remove adhesive Look for trapped mud in less obvious places like under shower trays, baths, benches and bottom shelves Hose or pump out mud or water, then dry as quickly as possible Ignore any mould growing until drying is complete, then remove with household bleach (seek advice if you or your family suffer from asthma or respiratory diseases) To assist drying, cut back or remove plants obstructing vents Remove foundation cladding such as baseboards or sheet materials for ventilation Dig a drainage pit or pump out water that collects under or around your home Where you cannot access water in walls or under floorboards, cut a trap door 15

18 PREPARE PREPARE A FLOOD PLAN If you live in a flood prone area it is vital to prepare your family and property for the possibility of flooding. Try to include the whole household in your plan and assign specific tasks. Talk with your local government or State Emergency Service (SES) unit to find out the flood history of your area. QUESTIONS TO ASK Is there a local flood relocation plan, that can be provided to residents? Will my house or property become isolated if it floods in my area? What is the official river height that will cause my home to be flooded? Where is the catchment area in which heavy rain could result in floods near my home? If I had to evacuate where do I go? What flood advices will be issued and by who? Does our home and contents insurance cover us for flood damage? Family considerations (children, the elderly, disabled, pets and animals) 16

19 MY HOUSEHOLD FLOOD PLAN PREPARE If we cannot make it home or contact each other where will we meet or leave a message? This flood plan is for the following people: (list all household members) Who will be responsible for checking and stocking the emergency kit? Where will it be stored? What date was it last checked? How will we know a flood advice has been issued? Neighbours who may need our help or can help us are: Does our home and contents insurance cover us for flood damage? Who will collect the children from school and where will we go? PREPARING PROPERTY Who will get cash? (banking services may not be available) What are the potential risks around our home? Who will we inform about our plan or contact in case we lose touch with each other? 17

20 PREPARE What actions will we need to take and when? What will you do when water levels are rising? raise furniture prepare sand-bags relocate valuables secure personal papers tape windows List other actions below: AFTER THE FLOOD Who will check that everyone is safe? If you have evacuated, stay away until authorities tell you it is safe to return take care when travelling as roads may still be dangerous. List any equipment we will need and where we will store it: If it is safe to do so, check your property for signs of damage Contact your insurance company for advice take photos of damage as soon as possible The recovery section of Flood SMART has tips for households after the flood. What will we do with our pets and animals? 18

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22 PREPARE EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS POLICE, FIRE, AMBULANCE (FOR LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES) 000 STATE EMERGENCY SERVICE (SES) ASSISTANCE AUSTRALIAN RED CROSS CENTRELINK CRISIS CARE, DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITIES (DAY/NIGHT) FREE CALL STD DEPARTMENT FOR CHILD PROTECTION HOMELESS ADVISORY SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING WESTERN POWER HORIZON POWER ALINTA GAS WATER CORPORATION TELSTRA (8AM TO 5PM MONDAY TO FRIDAY) RSPCA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION WILDCARE HELPLINE FOR RESIDENTIAL FAULTS INSURANCE COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA LOCAL GP/DOCTORS SURGERY HOSPITAL OUT OF AREA FAMILY CONTACT WORK NUMBERS LOCAL SHIRE / COUNCIL NEIGHBOURS SCHOOL INSURANCE COMPANY LOCAL POLICE LOCAL SES 20

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24 WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION ABC radio and other local media to find your local ABC station FESA Public Information Line FESA website Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) and click on your region of interest BoM Cyclone Warning Advice Line BoM Land Weather Warning/Flood Warning Service Main Roads WA (Road conditions) FESA HEAD OFFICE FESA House, 480 Hay Street Perth, Western Australia 6000 GPO Box P1174, PERTH WA 6844 T: F: E: fesa@fesa.wa.gov.au W: Disclaimer The information contained in this publication is provided voluntarily as a public service by the Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA). This publication has been prepared in good faith and is derived from sources believed to reliable and accurate at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the reliability and accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed and FESA expressly disclaims liability or any act or omission done or not done in the reliance on the information and for any consequences whether direct or indirect, arising from such act or omission. The publication is intended to be a guide only and readers should obtain their own independent advice and make their own necessary inquiries. FESASEP11_061