Contaminants in oils and fats: analysis and regulations. Florence LACOSTE ITERG

Transcription

1 Contaminants in oils and fats: analysis and regulations Florence LACOSTE ITERG com 1

2 ITERG A synergy of competences services provided Quality of Safety of products Green chemistry And process Industrial environment and Safety Analytical Controls Production, made to order refining Research and Development Consulting, audit Watch and Information Professional Training Technology Refining i Nutrition, Metabolism and Health French CTI (Technical Industrial Center) Authority : French Ministry of Industry Staff : Budget : 6M ISO 9001 V 2008 & ISO

3 Contents Heavy metals Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Mineral oil Phthalates Regulation? Recognized analytical methods? Risks? Regulation Methods Risks 3

4 Origins of undesirable compounds Environmental contamination metals, dioxins & PCBs, PAHs, mineral oil Crop protection pesticide residues, mineral oil Transport & storage phthalates, mineral oil Production process PAHs, mineral oil, phthalates, 3 MCPD esters & glycidol esters 4

5 Heavy metals Environmental contamination (air, soil) Regulation & International Food Standard Codex Standard (EC) n 1881/2006 contaminants in foodstuffs Regulation Methods Risks 5

6 Metals : methods & regulations Hollow cathode Prism graphite furnace graphite furnace atomic absorption Analytical methods ISO 8294 Cu, Fe, Ni ISO Cd ISO Pb inductively coupled plasma ISO/TS Cd, Pb, optical emission Cu, Fe, Ni METALS Cd Pb Ni As Cr LOQ atomic absorption (mg/kg) 0,002 0,010 0,015 0,010 0,005 Regulation limit for oils (mg/kg) 010 0,10 EU&Codex 02 0,2 France 01 0,1 Codex 005 0,05 France 6

7 Metals : occurrence in edible oils & fats Lead may be present in some cold pressed oils Lead Cadmium 20 % ITERG data ( ) 7

8 Heavy metals transfer from soil to rapeseed oil Metals in the seeds are transferred to meals after seed crushing Culture Cd-rich urban sludge Cu-rich urban sludge ADEME Project 1999/2001 0,09 mg/kg Cadmium 309 3,09 mg/kg Copper oilseeds Drying, Crushing, Extraction meal crude oil P R O L E A C E T I O M 0,17 mg/kg Cadmium 6,13 mg/kg Copper < 0,002 mg/kg Cadmium 0,02 mg/kg Copper 8

9 Polycyclic y aromatic hydrocarbons Environmental contamination Production process Regulation (EC) n 1881/2006 contaminants in foodstuffs Regulation Methods Risks 9

10 Oilseeds PAHs origins in vegetable oils v Extraction Crude oil + HAP * Grapeseed oil * Coconut oil * Pomace olive oil * Sunflower oil PAHs Deodorisation Light PAHs Active carbon Heavy PAHs Drying Refined oil (+ HAP) 10

11 Structure of PAHs naphthalene acenaphthene acenaphthylene fluorene phenanthrene anthracene GT GT LIGHT PAHs fluoranthene pyrene benz(a)anthracene chrysene GT GT GT GT benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo(k)fluoranthene benzo(a)pyrene indeno(123cd)pyrene indeno(1,2,3 cd)pyrene GT GT HEAVY PAHs dibenz(ah)anthracene benzo(ghi)perylene GT : genotoxic 11

12 PAHs regulation: (EC) n 1881/2006 contaminants in foodstuffs PAHs Maximum Maximum Maximum levels oils and levels coconut levels cocoa fats (µg/kg) oil (µg/kg) butter (µg/kg) Sum of 4 PAHs: 35,0 benzo[a]pyrene from benz[a]anthracene 10,0 20,0 until benzo[b]fluoranthene 30,0 chrysene from benzo[a]pyrene 2,0 2,0 5,0 from

13 Principle PAHs: determination methods PAH isolation: liquid chromatography (alumina, silica gel,c18 silica gel) or HPLC (donor acceptor complex chromatography, size exclusion chromatography) Analysis: HPLC/fluorescence or GC/MS ISO : benzo[a]pyrene in oils (LC + HPLC/FLD) ISO : 12 PAHs in oils (2 SPE + HPLC/FLD) ISO : 17 PAHs in oils (DACC on line + HPLC/FLD) EN xxxx (JRC) : 4 PAHs in foodstuffs (SEC + SPE + GC/MS) Method ISO ISO ISO BaP LOQ (µg/kg) 0,1 0,2 0,1 Reproducibility (CVR%) 27 % (2,1µg/kg) 41% (3,21µg/kg) 10 % (2,6µg/kg) 13

14 ISO (1) NA (2) AC (3) FL (4) PHE (5) ATR (6) FA (7) PY (8) BaA (9) CHR (10) BbFA (11) BkFA (12) BaP (13) DBahA (14) BghiP (15) IP PAHs: some difficult matrixes LU LU : sunflower oil (1 µg/kg) : reference solution (5 µg/kg) : refined pomace olive oil : reference solution (5 µg/kg) min min 14

15 Edible oils: PAH4 Levels Screening 2012 : 21 vegetable oils EU limit: 10 µg/kg benzo(a)pyèrene chrysène benz(a)anthracène benzo(b)fluoranthène 8 PAH4 en µg/kg ITERG data (2012) 15

16 Mineral oil Environmental contamination (air, soil) Crop protection Transport & storage Production process Regulation (EC) n 1151/2009 import of sunflower oil from Ukraine EFSA Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in food (2012) Regulation Methods Risks 16

17 Mineral oil composition EFSA Scientific Opinion, 2012 Mineral oil: complex mixture of hydrocarbons MOSH:straightorbranched ih h alkanes & alkylated l cycloalkanes lk MOAH: aromatic hydrocarbons including alkyl substituted Hydrocarbon compound number in mineral oil > for those with less than 20 carbon atoms! Different products & composition: diesel fuel, white oil, lubricant Technical grade mineral oil contain % MOAH, which is minimised in food grade MOSH (white oils) 17

18 Mineral oil detected in vegetable oils 2008 contamination of sunflower oil from Ukraine with a mineral oil from unknown origin 2009 contamination of walnut oil with a food grade lubricant oil during refining process Natural hydrocarbons Mineral oil : unresolved complex mixture 2010 identification of compounds elutedas mineraloil in grapeseedoils 2011 contamination of milk fat with iha food grade lubricant oil during production Contaminated Sunflower oil (MOSH analysis) 18

19 MOSH determination: ISO/ CD Fractionation of the sample by liquid chromatography on silica gel or silica gel impregnated with AgNO 3 Quantification i with ihan internal standard d(c18 or C20) GC/FID analysis on an short apolar column Vide 18,5 g Silica gel 1 g oil 40 C On column injection (2 µl) DB5 HT (15 m 0,25 mm 0,1 µm) Elution with hexane Solvent evaporation GC analysis 19

20 MOSH determination: critical points Cross contamination to be avoided Quantification ofc10 to C50 without loosingthe volatile hydrocarbons Analysis of all types of samples (crude, refined, vegetable & animal oils & fats) Limit of quantification as low as possible Integration of the hump & subtraction of the natural hydrocarbons It is necessary to integrate twice the chromatogram 20

21 Lab mean value (mg/ /kg) Mineral oil determination: ISO/ CD pre-collaborative trial 43 participants from 12 countries (2012) dispersed results 50 mg/kg spiked olive oil Laboratories g/kg) an value (m Lab me sample olive oil crude soya oil meanvalue (mg/kg) reproducibility (mg/kg) Horrat value 3,3 1,9 450 mg/kg spiked crude soya oil Laboratories 21

22 Phthalates Transport t& storage Production process Regulation EFSA Scientific Opinion on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (2005) (EC) n 10/2011 plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food with food Regulation Mthd Methods Risks 22

23 Chemical structures of phthalates DEHP O C C O O O R 1 Oily visquous liquid MW: 390,6 g/mol BP: 385 C Water solubility: 3µg/l Di-methyl PHT DMP R1=R2=methyl Di-ethyl PHT DEP R1=R2=ethylR2 hl Di-isobutyl PHT DIBP R1=R2=isobutyl Di-butyl PHT DBP R1=R2=butyl Di-hexyl PHT DHexP R1=R2=hexyl R 2 Benzyl butyl PHT BBP R1=benzyl R1=butyl Di-n-heptyl PHT DHepP R1=R2=heptylR2 High affinity for fat (log Kow : 7,5) Di-(2-ethyl hexyl) PHT DEHP R1=R2=ethyl 2 hexyl Di-n-octyl PHT DNOP R1=R2=octyl Di-isononyl PHT DINP R1=R2= isononyl Di-isodecyl PHT DIDP R1=R2=isodecyl 23

24 Phthalates are everywhere Toys Child care articles Shoes Boots Gloves Out door & rainwear Car undercoating Dashboard Door panels Safety glass Flooring Roofing Wall covering Adhesives Sealant Rubber Paints Shower curtains Wires & cables Fresheners Cosmetics : Perfume Hairspray Deodorant Skin emollient nail polish fingernail elongators Pharmaceuticals Medical devices : Catheters Blood bag 24

25 (EC) n 10/ Plastic materials & articles into contact with food BBP DINP DIDP Specific migration limit in food 30 mg/kg = 9 mg/kg To be used as Plasticizer i in single use material containing i non fatty foods except infant formulae DEHP 1,5 mg/kg Plasticizer in repeated use materials containing nonfatty DBP 0,3 mg/kg foods Material containing these phthalates cannot be used for oils & fats 25

26 ITERG data, 2008 DEHP migration in rapeseed oil Chromatogram Plots (PVC tubing) MCounts 50:249 Rapeseed oil before migration SPME/GC/MS CO raff.sms TIC Filtered min DMP min DEP min DIBP min DBP min DHexP min DEHP (DIOP) min DNOP MCounts CO raff + tuyau.sms TIC Filtered 50:249 Rapeseed oil after immersion of PVC tubing min DNHepP DEHP min DMP min DEP min DBA min DBP min DHexP min BBP min DIDP min DNOP Oil sample kept in a bottling machine tub mg/kg g of DEHP! minutes 26

27 1g oil PDMS Phthalates: ITERG s procedure GC/MS DB5ms (30 m; 0,25 mm; 0,25 µm) 5 50: m/z 111 (adipates) m/z 149 (phthalates) DMP DEP DBP DNPP DHexP DEHP HS SPME Analysis Advantages of the method : No contamination, no solvent Rapid analysis (45 min) 2 1 kcounts 200 Sensitive LOQ < 0,1 mg/kg (excepted DINP & DIDP) DINP 50 DIDP 0 DNOP minutes minute 30 s 27

28 DEHP in oils & fats 5 4 mg/kg ITERG data,

29 Conclusions Research of contaminants is part of multiple controls conducted by fat and oil industry to fulfill the EC regulation n 1881/2006. In the absence of regulation, the detection of contaminants must be addressed in partnership with authorities according to the toxicity of molecules. Risks are rather limited due to the efficient elimination during oilrefining steps However some contaminants can be formed during the production process of vegetable oils such as esters of 3 MCPD & esters of glicydol. 29

30 A special thanks to. ITERG Analysis Department team 30