8 th Grade Science. Directed Reading Packet. The Human Body. Name: Teacher: Period:

Transcription

1 8 th Grade Science Directed Reading Packet The Human Body Name: Teacher: Period:

2 Homeostasis 1) What is homeostasis? Section 1: Organization of Your Body 2) Circle the examples that you think illustrate your body maintaining homeostasis: shivering in a cold swimming pool getting goosebumps on a cold winter day sleeping at night getting thirsty sweating in gym class getting hungry breathing faster when running thinking hard during a test Homeostasis and Cells 3) The human body has many specialized cells. Specialized cells perform specific functions for the body. Match the type of cell with its function to help the body maintain homeostasis. skin cell red blood cell muscle cell nerve cell white blood cell carries electrical messages form the brain to body fights bacteria in body carries oxygen from lungs to rest of body covers and protects the body from the outside contracts and allows for movement Groups of Cells Form Tissues 4) What is a tissue? 5) Fill in the chart below describing the four types of tissue found in the body: Type of Tissue Description Examples Epithelial Made of layers of tightly packed cells that line the surfaces of the body. skin, lining of mouth and nose, lining of the digestive system

3 Groups of Tissues for Organs 6) What is an organ? 7) Describe the role of each type of tissue in the organ of the heart. o nervous tissue sends messages to control the beating of the heart o epithelial tissue o connective tissue o muscle tissue Groups of Organs Form Organ Systems 8) Fill in the chart below describing the functions of the organ systems. Organ System cardiovascular Function Transport oxygen, hormones and nutrients to the body cells. Moves wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells. lymphatic digestive endocrine integumentary muscular nervous reproductive respiratory skeletal urinary immune

4 Homeostasis and Feedback Regulation: Feedback regulation occurs when the response to a stimulus has an effect of some kind on the original stimulus. The most common in a negative feedback loop. See example below: Try to fill in the empty boxes on the following negative feedback loops: Drop in body temperature. Drop in blood sugar level. Lesson Summary The levels of organization in the human body include:,,, and. A is a group of cells working together. An is made of two or more that work together. Organs that work together make up. There are four types of tissue in the body: tissue, tissue, tissue, and tissue. There are major organ systems in the body. Organs and organ systems work together to maintain.

5 Section 2: The Integumentary System Your Skin and Homeostasis 1) What are the three parts of your body that make your integumentary system? 2) What are three ways your integumentary system helps you maintain homeostasis? Functions of Skin 3) Describe how your skin performs the following functions for your body: My skin provides a barrier by My skin helps control body temperature by My skin helps me gather information from my environment by My skin helps me get rid of some types of waste by My skin acts as a sun block by Structure of Skin 4) What is keratin? Use colored pencils to color the cross section of skin below:

6 The Epidermis 5) Describe the structure and function of the epidermis. 6) What is melanin? The Dermis 7) Where is the dermis located? 8) What structures are located in the dermis? Oil Glands and Sweat Glands 9) Oil glands make sebum. What does sebum do for the body? 10) Sweat glands make sweat. What does sweat do for the body? Nails and Hair 11) Hair and nails are made of the protein. Nails 12) What are the functions of nails? 13) Label and color the picture of a fingernail. Hair 14) What makes hair colors different? 15) What are the functions of hair? 16) Label and color the sketch.

7 Keeping Skin Healthy 17) Why is some sunlight good for you? 18) Why do some people get sunburn more easily than others? 19) What causes 90% of skin cancers? Bathing and Hygiene 20) List things that can accumulate on your skin and encourage the growth of bacteria. 21) What effects does the bacteria on skin have? 22) How can you keep your skin healthy? Injury 23) Describe how the skin heals itself? 24) When is it necessary to get stitches for a cut? Lesson Summary Skin acts as a that keeps particles and water out of the body. The skin helps to the body in hot temperatures, and keeps the body in cool temperatures. Skin is made up of two layers, the and the. Pimples occur when the skin produces too much. Hair and nails are made of, the same protein as skin. Nails grow from nail and hairs grow from hair in the skin. Ski cancer can be caused by excess exposure from light from the or tanning beds. Frequent helps keep the skin clean and healthy. Wearing and a when outdoors can help prevent skin cancer.

8 Section 3: The Skeletal System Your Skeleton 1) The main organs of the skeletal system are the. 2) Humans have a backbone, therefore they are classified as. 3) The adult human skeleton has bones. 4) How does the skeleton of babies and small children compare to the skeleton of an adult? 5) What are the functions of cartilage and ligaments? cartilageligamants- 6) Label the picture of the skeleton with the names of the bones.

9 Functions of Bones 7) Explain how the skeletal system provides the following functions for the body: Support- Protection- Movement- Making blood cells- Storage- Structure of Bones 8) Describe the two main types of bone found in the body. 9) Describe the two types of marrow found in the body. 10) Label and color the picture of the femur. Joints and How They Move Draw lines to match the type of joint on the left with the description on the right. Fixed joint Partly moveable joint Moveable joint Allows for little movement. Found in vertebrae. Allows for movement. Found in limbs. Do not allow for any bone movement. Found in skull

10 Moveable Joints Fill in the chart below to describe the different types of joints. Type of Joint Short Description Locations in Body ball and socket A ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cup-like shape of another. Allows for movement in all directions. hip and shoulder hinge pivot gliding Keeping Bones and Joints Healthy Eating Well 11) What two nutrients are important to maintain a healthy skeletal system? 12) List some foods that contain nutrients important to maintaining a healthy skeletal system? 13) How does your skin help you maintain a healthy skeletal system? Lesson Summary Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up the system. The skeleton supports the body against the pull of. The skeleton provides a that supports and protects soft of the body. Bones work together with to move the body. Blood cells are mostly made inside the bone. There are three types of joints in the body:, partly and. and are the two most important nutrients for a healthy skeletal system. The breakdown of the leads to pain and stiffness in the joint. A is an injury to a ligament. A is a break or crack in a bone.

11 Section 4: The Muscular System Types of Muscles 1) Long, thin cells that are able to contract are called muscle. 2) What is the difference between voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles? 3) Fill in the chart below to describe the three types of muscles. Type of Muscle Voluntary/Involuntary Location in Body Job skeletal involuntary move food through the digestive system heart pump blood through body Below are pictures of muscle cells. Write the type of cells below each picture: Muscles, Bones, and Movement 4) Draw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right. tendon ligament flexor extensor the muscle that contracts to cause and joint to bend the muscle that contracts to cause a joint to straighten a tough band of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone connective tissue that joints bones together

12 Muscles and the Nervous System 5) Draw a sketch in the space to the right, and label it showing how the nervous system controls muscles. Include the following parts in your sketch: brain, nerves, muscle. Muscles and Exercise - Fill in the chart below to describe the three types of exercise Type of Exercise Purpose Examples aerobic increase muscle strength stretching Muscle Injuries 6) How does warming up before exercise reduce the chance of injury? 7) What is a strain? 8) What is tendonitis? Steroids 9) What are some of the negative effects of taking anabolic steroids to increase muscle size? Lesson Summary The body has three types of muscle tissue:,,. Muscles move the body by against the skeleton. Muscles are controlled by the system. Regular improves the health of the muscular system and makes muscles bigger and stronger. Muscular is the ability of a muscle to exert during a contraction. Muscular is the ability of a muscle to continue to contract over a long time without getting tired. A is an injury to a muscle in which the muscle tear because the muscle contracts too much or contracts before the muscle is warmed up. Tiny tears and swelling in a tendon results in.

13 Functions of the Cardiovascular System 1) The four jobs of the cardiovascular system are: 1. a delivery service 2. a 3. a system 4. a against diseases 2) What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system? The Movement of Gases Section 5: Introduction to the Cardiovascular 3) What body system works closely with the cardiovascular system to move gases around the body? 4) Every cell in your body needs the gas and needs to get rid of the gas. 5) is an important protein found in the blood. It allows oxygen gas to attach to it. Parts of the Cardiovascular System 6) Draw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right. heart arteries veins capillaries plasma red blood cells white blood cells closed system Two Blood Circulation Systems fight against infection and diseases blood never leaves the blood vessels inside of the body pumps blood through blood vessels carry oxygen thin-walled blood vessels, carry blood to heart, has valves a colorless, watery fluid in which blood cells are suspended thick-walled blood vessels, carry blood away from heart a network of tiny blood vessels, allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and body cells 7) There are two loops of the cardiovascular system. Describe the two loops below: Systemic circulation- Pulmonary circulation- Summary The system includes the, the blood, and the. There are three main types of blood vessels in the body:,, and. circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the, to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the. circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-poor blood away from the, to the lungs, and returns oxygen-rich blood back to the.

14 Section 6: Heart and Blood Vessels The Heart 1) How many chambers are in the human heart? 2) How are the atria different from the ventricles? 3) Complete the statements below to describe the job of each chamber of the heart. The right atrium The right ventricle The left atrium The left ventricle Where is the Heart? 4) Describe the heart s location. Explain why it seems like the heart is on the left side of the chest. Blood Flow Through the Heart 5) How does the left side loop and right side loop differ with blood flow through the heart? The Heartbeat 6) What is the function of valves in the heart? What produces the heartbeat sound? Blood Circulation and Blood Vessels 1. Label the following chambers of the heart: right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle 2. Color the heart and surrounding blood vessels: use light/bright red for oxygen-rich blood areas use dark red/maroon for oxygen-poor areas Summary The heart is divided into chambers, the left and right and the left and right. The side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the, where it releases and picks up. The side carries the oxygen-rich blood back from the into the of the heart, which then pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The in the heart prevent blood from flowing backward into the heart.

15 Section 7: Health of the Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure 1) What causes pressure on the walls of blood vessels? 2) What happens to the blood pressure as you move to blood vessels further from the heart? 3) What can be said about the blood pressure in veins? 4) Name and describe the two blood pressure readings Healthy Blood Pressure Ranges 5) What are healthy ranges for blood pressure? 6) Circle the factors below that can affect blood pressure ranges: age gender race exercise emotions sleep stress nutrition drugs disease Cardiovascular Diseases 7) Draw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right. Hypertension Atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease Heart attack Stroke A loss of brain function due to a blockage of the blood supply to the brain. It can be caused by a blood clot, an object gets caught in a blood vessel, or by a bleeding blood vessel. Occurs when blood cannot reach the heart because of a blood vessel is blocked. If cardiac muscle is starved of oxygen for more than about five minutes, it will die. When a person s blood pressure is always high. Systolic blood pressure is 140 or higher and/or diastolic blood pressure is 90 or higher. Can lead to many other cardiovascular problems. Hardening or inflammation of the arteries that causes swelling and a buildup of material called plaque. Causes the arteries to narrow, making blood flow through the artery difficult. The end result of the buildup of plaque within the walls of coronary arteries. May cause angina (chest pain).

16 Keeping Your Cardiovascular System Healthy 8) What is a risk factor? 9) Give a short description of the following risk factors for CVD that you cannot control: Age: Gender: Genetics: 10) Give a short description of the following risk factors for CVD that you can control: Tobacco smoking: Diabetes: High cholesterol levels: Obesity: High blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Poor eating habits: Summary Blood is the force put on the walls of blood by circulating blood. The force put on the balls of is called blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called a. In the United States, the healthy ranges for blood pressure is less than 120mm Hg and pressure is 80 mm Hg. occurs when a person s blood pressure is always. A disease (CVD) is any disease that affects the system., heart disease and are examples of CVDs. Cardiovascular diseases are diseases. Having a poor and not getting enough are two major causes of CVD.

17 Section 8: The Respiratory System Roles of the Respiratory System 1) Label the following parts of the respiratory system on the diagram to the right: nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, diaphragm Parts of the Respiratory System 2) Draw lines to match the term on the left with the description on the right. diaphragm nose/nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi epiglottis alveoli the area of the throat the produces your voice small sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place the major breathing muscle a flap of tissue that overs the trachea when you swallow a long tube from the pharynx to the bronchi a pathway in the throat for food and air filters, warms and moistens the air you breath tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs How We Breathe 3) Is breathing mostly a voluntary or involuntary action? 4) Describe inhalation. 5) Describe exhalation. 6) Use colored pencils to highlight the blood vessels in the picture in the picture.

18 The Journey of a Breath of Air 7) Fill in the boxes in the following diagram. Color the blood with colored pencils. Breathing and Cellular Respiration 8) What is cellular respiration? 9) What are the waste products of cellular respiration? Summary Your system is made up of the tissues and organs that allow to enter and to leave your body. Respiratory system organs in include your,,,,, and During, the contracts and moves, and brings air into the lungs. During, the and rib muscles and air is pushed out of the lungs. enters the lungs, then passes through the alveoli and into the. The oxygen is carried around the body in., a waste gas, moves into the blood and is brought to the lungs to be released into the air during. The that arrives from the lungs is used by the during cellular respiration to release the stored in molecules of sugar.

19 Section 9: Health of the Respiratory System Respiratory System Disease 1) What can happen to your respiratory system when homeostasis is thrown out of balance? 2) What is the difference between an acute disease and a chronic disease? 3) List the structures of the respiratory system that a respiratory disease can affect: 4) Circle the causes of respiratory diseases below: bacteria viruses pollutants tobacco smoke genetic causes 5) Draw lines to match the respiratory disease on the left with the description on the right. Bronchitis Asthma Pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) Lung cancer Emphysema A disease where the cells in the lungs grow out of control. Can form a tumor. There is an increased risk of getting this disease if you smoke. A common and often deadly disease caused by a bacteria. Considered infectious, because it can be spread from person to person. Most commonly attacks the lungs. Considered highly contagious because the bacteria is spread by a cough or sneeze. Inflammation of the bronchi. The bronchi become red and swollen. The acute form of this disease can be caused by bacteria for viruses. The condition may last for several days to several weeks. Chronic forms of this disease can last for months or years. A chronic lung disease caused by the breakdown of lung tissue. The tissues that support the alveoli become hard and stiff, instead of springy and flexible. The efficiency of the alveoli is reduced. People with this disease experience shortness of breath during exercise. A chronic condition in which the bronchioles are inflamed and narrow. The muscles around the bronchioles contract and narrow the airways. Excess mucus is made. Causes a person to have difficulty breathing, their chest feels tight, and they may wheeze. Can be caused by allergens, cold or warm air, most air, exercise or stress. An illness in which the alveoli become inflamed and filled with fluid. Gas exchange cannot properly take place. Caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.

20 Causes of Respiratory Disease 6) Describe briefly how the following can cause respiratory diseases: pathogens pollution lifestyle choices Dangers of Smoking 7) A friend of yours tried cigarettes for the first time. You are afraid they will become a smoker. Write a letter, using information from the Flexbook, as to why they shouldn t smoke. Dear Friend, Keeping Your Respiratory System Healthy 8) Design a billboard about ways to keep your respiratory system healthy. Use information from the Flexbook. Use colored pencils to draw what the billboard will look like below.

21 What Does the Digestive System Do? Section 10: The Digestive System 1) What are the main jobs of the digestive system? 2) What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion? 3) Describe the process of absorption. 4) Color and label the diagram of the digestive system. Include the following parts: pancreas, esophagus, mouth, tongue, anus, rectum, liver, epiglottis, stomach, salivary glands, large intestine, small intestine, appendix The Role of Enzymes in Digestion 5) How do enzymes help with digestion? 6) Draw lines to match the enzyme with its function. amylase pepsin trypsin lipase bile produced in the pancreas, used to break down fats produced in the liver,secreted into intestines,breaks down fat produced in they salivary glands, helps break down starches produced in the pancrease, breaks down proteins produced in the stomach, breaks down protien Digestive Organs and Their Roles 7) How long is the adult human digestive system? 8) Why do you think digestive organs are lined with sticky, slippery mucus? 9) Use colored pencils to draw a sketch to show your understanding of how peristalsis moves food through the digestive system.

22 10) Describe how each part listed below contributes to the process of digestion. mouth esophagus stomach small intestine villi large intestine liver Bacteria in the Digestive System 11) List the ways bacteria in the large intestine is helpful: Keeping Your Digestive System Healthy 12) What are some suggestions for the best ways to keep your digestive system healthy? Summary The digestive system food, nutrients, and of food wastes. Digestive speed up the reactions of digestion. The main organs of the digestive system are the,,,, and. in the large intestine produce and have other roles in the body.