Science 10F: Nature of Electricity. Cells and Circuits
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1 Science 10F: Nature of Electricity Investigation #7: Cells and Circuits Background: Suppose you have two dry cells. There are two different ways to connect the dry cells together. One of the ways to connect the two dry cells is in series. When two dry cells are connected this way, the positive terminal of one of them is connected to the negative terminal of the other. A circuit diagram of two dry cells in series connected to a light bulb and a switch is shown below. The other way to connect the two dry cells is in parallel. In this case, the two positive terminals are connected together, and the two negative terminals are also connected together. A circuit diagram of two dry cells in parallel connected to a light bulb and a switch is shown below. A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage difference between two points in a circuit. The symbol for a voltmeter is An ammeter is used to measure the amount of electric current flowing through a circuit. The symbol for an ammeter is + A In this experiment you will be connecting cells in series and in parallel. You will also be measuring the voltage difference and the electric current flowing through the circuit.
2 Prelab Questions: 1. If the negative end of one dry cell is connected to the negative end of another, are the dry cells connected in series, or in parallel? 2. What instrument would you use to measure the amount of electric current flowing in a circuit? 3. When drawing a symbol for a dry cell, what does the shorter line represent? 4. Read through Task One of the lab. a) Is a voltmeter connected to a part of a circuit in series or in parallel? b) Is an ammeter connected to a part of a circuit in series or in parallel? 5. Read through Task One of the lab. a) What is the proper unit for measuring the difference in voltage, and what is the symbol for this unit? b) What is the proper unit for measuring current, and what is the symbol for this unit?
3 The Question: How are the total voltage and the total current in a circuit changed when dry cells are connected in series or in parallel? Hypothesis: Please write out your hypothesis. Materials: Each group should have the following. two dry cells with holders switch light bulb (with holder) six connecting wires voltmeter ammeter Procedure: Task One: Single Dry Cell 1. Use a D cell, a switch, one light bulb, and connecting wires to create the following circuit. Close the switch and note how bright the light bulb is. Then open the switch again. 2. Attach a voltmeter across the dry cell. Use the 15 V scale. Remember to attach the voltmeter in parallel. Be careful that the positive end of the voltmeter faces the positive end of the dry cell, and that the negative end of the voltmeter faces the negative end of the dry cell. Close the switch so that the light bulb lights us. Record the voltage of the dry cell in your data table.
4 3. Now attach an ammeter between the switch and the light bulb. Use the 1 A scale. The ammeter is attached in series. Be certain that the negative side of the ammeter faces the negative side of the battery and that the positive side of the ammeter faces the positive side of the battery. + A Close the switch so that the light bulb lights up. Record the current in your data table. Open the switch. Remove the voltmeter and the ammeter from the circuit. Task Two: Two Dry Cells in Series 4. Connect two dry cells in series. Close the switch and observe the light bulb. Is the brightness of the bulb the same as it was with one dry cell, or is there a difference? Record your results in the observations section. Open the switch. 5. Connect a voltmeter so that it measures the total voltage across the two dry cells in series.
5 6. Attach an ammeter between the witch and the light bulb. + A Close the switch. Record the total current in your data table. Open the switch. Disconnect the voltmeter and the ammeter. Task Three: Two Dry Cells in Parallel 7. Connect two dry cells in parallel. Close the switch and observe the light bulb. Is the brightness of the bulb the same as it was with one dry cell, or is there a difference. Record your results in the observations section. Open the switch. 8. Connect a voltmeter so that it measures the total voltage across the two dry cells in parallel. Close the switch. Record the total voltage in your data table. Open the switch.
6 9. Place an ammeter between the switch and the light bulb. + A Close the switch and observe the light bulb. Is the brightness of the bulb the same as it was with one dry cell, or is there a difference. Record your results in the observations section. Open the switch. Observations and Data: From Task One: Single Dry Cell From step 2 of your procedure, what is the voltage of the single dry cell? From step 3 of your procedure, what is the current in the circuit? From Task Two: Two Dry Cells in Series From step 4 of your procedure, how does the brightness of the light bulb with two dry cells in series compare with the brightness using one dry cell? From step 5 of the procedure, what is the voltage of two dry cells connected in series? From step 6 of the procedure, what is the current in the circuit when two dry cells connected in series? From Task Three: Two Dry Cells in Parallel From step 7 of your procedure, how does the brightness of the light bulb with two dry cells in parallel compare with the brightness using one dry cell? From step 7 of your procedure, how does the brightness of the light bulb with two dry cells in parallel compare with the brightness using two dry cells in series? From step 8 of the procedure, what is the voltage of two dry cells connected in series? From step 9 of the procedure, what is the current in the circuit when two dry cells connected in series?.
7 Summarize your data in the table below. Table #1: Results from Tasks #1 3 Circuit Type Voltage Reading (V) Current Reading (A) One dry cell Two dry cells in series Two dry cells in parallel Analysis and Application: 1. Compare the two dry cells in series with the single dry cell. a) How do the voltages compare? b) How do the currents compare? 2. Compare the two dry cells in parallel with the single dry cell. a) How do the voltages compare? b) How do the currents compare? 3. If you have 4 dry cells with a voltage of 1.5 V each, how would you connect the dry cells to have a maximum voltage of 6.0 V? 4. What would be one practical advantage of connecting dry cells in series? 5. What would be one practical advantage of connecting dry cells in parallel?
8 Conclusion: (in the space below, use your data to answer the question behind this investigation) Evaluation: There are SEVERAL tasks in this investigation and here is how they will be assessed: Task #1 Task #2 Task #3 Total AllTasks have been completed The PreLab Questions have been answered Reasonably The Data and Results are Reasonable The Analysis Questions have been answered Reasonably The Conclusion is Reasonable 10 Need Help? Having Trouble? Ask at
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