6.1 EQ: What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war?

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1 6.1 EQ: What challenges did the American revolutionaries face at the start of the war? The Opposing Sides British advantages: larger population (8 mil to 2.5 mil) strongest navy in world $ from King experienced, well trained army Colonist disadvantages: lack experienced, regular army or navy few weapons/ammo not everyone supported war The Loyalists/Tories: Americans who supported British 1 in 5 were Loyalists strongest in Carolinas & Georgia weakest in New Eng. cuz of Anglican church headed by King, for job security, feared disorder some thought is was trivial African Americans in the War: some sided w/ Loyalists promised freedom if fought for Brit. Patriot advantages: Geo. Wash. excellent commander fighting on own land for a cause vs. mercenaries (hired soldier) only fighting for $ Brit. had to ship troops, supplies overseas Raising an army each colony responsible for recruiting (enlisting) soldiers only signed up for 1 yr., needed longer difficult to recruit officers Women helped too Molly Pitcher 1

2 Patriot Defeats and Victories: Gen. William Howe British commander small battles so far, Brit. sent more troops Defeat on Long Island Nathan Hale: spy for Patriots, caught by Brit, & hung autumn 1776 poorly equipped, no shoes, etc. A Low Point Cont. Army needs more troops African Americans join the fight Lemuel Hayes & Peter Salem: Afr. Am. who fought at Concord by war's end, all states but SC had enlisted Afr. Am. to fight American victories in NJ Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25, 1776 Am. victory boosted their spirits, got supplies A British Plan for Victory: wanted to separate New Eng. from Middle colonies take Albany NY & control Hudson River Brit. Gen. Burgoyne south from Canada, St. Leger move east, Gen. Howe move north from NYC The British capture Philadelphia Howe takes Phila, but decides to stay for winter Patriots slow the British St. Leger & Burgoyne held up getting to Albany The Battle of Saratoga Gen. Horatio Gates & Benedict Arnold: Patriot leaders Brit. Gen. Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga Howe is replaced by Gen. Clinton 2

3 6.2 EQ: How did the United States gain allies and aid during the Revolutionary War? Gaining Allies France secretly supported the US after US Saratoga Fr. supported publicly gave $$, equipment, & troops Spain declared war on Brit. helps US by dividing Brit. attention Louisiana governor raised an army to fight Brit. Winter at Valley Forge Cont. Army Valley Forge in horrible winter conditions few supplies, clothing, shoes, etc. could have been the end of Cont. Army Help from Overseas Marquis de Lafayette: French & became Wash.'s aide Friedrich von Steuben: Prussian; turned Cont. Army into effective army Juan de Miralles: Spanish; loaned $$ Cont. Army still needed $$ to fight war Money problems Cont. Congress has no power to raise taxes to raise $ Congress & states printed own $ (w/ no gold or silver to back it) leads to inflation (it takes more $ to buy the same amount of goods) 3

4 Life on the Home Front Changing Attitudes: women wanted more rights Hopes for Equality: Afr. Am. & some whites wanted to end slavery for it wasn't fair Treatment of Loyalists: bad; violence & shunned by neighbors 4

5 6.3 EQ: How did fighting in the West and South affect the course of the Revolutionary War? War in the West Joseph Brant: Nat. Am. chief concerned about Rev. War led attacks on settlers; paid by Brit. Victory at Vincennes (Indiana) George Rogers Clark: Lt. Col. in VA militia set out to end Brit attacks on settlers captured Brit city of Vincennes strengthened Am position in the West Glory at Sea blockade: prevented supplies & reinforcements from reaching Cont. Army Brit controlled the Sea Am. Navy not strong so they paid privateers (privately owned merchant ships w/ weapons) who captured many Brit. ships John Paul Jones: daring Am. naval officer battle off coast of Gr. Brit btn Bonhomme Richard and Serapis Am. Bonhomme Richard won; Jones a hero Struggles in the South Am. won battles in South (Battle of Moore's Creek NC & Charles Town SC) Brit concentrated efforts in S where most Loyalists were British Victories Brit. troops to Savannah GA Brit. Gen. Clinton to Charles Town (worst American defeat of the war); took over the city Brit. Gen. Cornwallis faced Gen. Gates (Am.) in Camden SC; Brit won Guerilla Warfare: hit and run technique of fighting Brit. got less help than expected from Loyalists in S Francis Marion: known as Swamp Fox; successful Am. guerilla leader Help from Spain Galvez (Gov. of LA) gave $$, troops; raised an army that captured Brit. posts & opened supply lines for goods from Spain, France, Cuba, Mexico for Am. Patriot Victories Kings Mountain: Brit forced to retreat; new support from Southerners to end war that destroyed their homes & farms Nathanial Greene: replaced Gates as commander of Cont. forces in S; regrouped British Retreat Cornwallis abandoned Carolina campaign; marched N to VA Am. Gen. Wayne went to meet Cornwallis Cornwallis camped at Yorktown to await orders from Clinton 5

6 6.4 EQ: How did the battle of Yorktown lead to independence? Victory at Yorktown Wash. waiting for French help Fr. (de Rochembeau) trapped by Brit. in Newport Wash. planned to attack Clinton's army in NYC Change in Plans Cornwallis (Br.) Yorktown, VA de Grasse (Fr. helping Am.) heading to Chesapeake Bay not NYC Wash. & troops head south to VA The Siege of Yorktown Am. & Fr. trap Cornwallis & Yorktown Clinton can't send aid No escape for Brit. Cornwallis's Defeat Br. supplies low, soldiers wounded Hopeless situation > Cornwallis surrendered "World turned upside down" Patriots won battle of Yorktown Oct

7 Independence ratify: approve Br. realized war too costly to pursue (continue) Am. send Franklin, J. Adams, John Jay to Paris Sept Treaty of Paris Br. recognized US as indep. nation Br. withdraw troops from Am. US agreed Br. merchants could collect debts advised states to return Loyalist properties Washington Resigns as Commander of US troops Nov Why the Americans Won ambush: surprise attack Fought on own land Knew the local terrain Help from other nations (Spain & France) People's movement determination & spirit of all Patriots Influence of the American Revolution inspired French Revolution and independence of St. Domingue (Haiti) 7

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