From Problem Lists to Illness Scripts
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1 From Problem Lists to Illness Scripts Learning and Teaching Expert Clinical Problem Solving Catherine Lucey, MD Vice Chair for Education The Ohio State University
2 Learning Objectives Compare and contrast problem solving strategies used by novices and experts. Define and understand the tools of processing and illness scripts as they apply to clinical problem solving Use these concepts to help learn and teach clinical diagnosis and medical decision making
3 Case-Based, Small Group Discussions Case? Presentation Differential Diagnosis Analyze
4 Lessons from the Experts: Learn in the style that you will use the knowledge Cognitive Psychology Georges Bordage, MD PhD
5 Diagnostic Accuracy Learner Maturation Data Gathered Novice Expert
6 Building Blocks of Problem Solving Hypothesis Testing Forward Thinking Pattern Recognition
7 Learner Maturation Data Gathered Diagnostic Accuracy Novice Expert
8 Problem Solving Maturation 100% Hypo thesis Testing ward Thinking Pattern Recognition For Novice Expert
9 Typical Small Group Exercise Case: 35 year old AA female with one day hx of sharp, left-sided chest pain, occurring at rest and worse with inspiration and coughing. + SOB (-) fevers Meds: OCPs Normal exam except tachycardic.? Diff Dx: CAD Pneumonia Pericarditis PE Musculoskeletal Pleuritis GERD
10 Traditional Morning Report Case: 35 year old AA female with one day hx of sharp, left-sided chest pain, occurring at rest and worse with inspiration and coughing. No fevers, no SOB. Meds: OCPs Normal exam except tachycardic. Diff Dx: CAD Pneumonia Pericarditis PE Musculoskeletal Pleuritis GERD
11 Traditional Morning Report Case: 35 year old AA female with one day hx of sharp, left-sided chest pain, occurring at rest and worse with inspiration and coughing. No fevers, no SOB. Meds: OCPs Normal exam except tachycardic. Diff Dx: CAD Pneumonia Pericarditis PE Musculoskeletal Pleuritis GERD Hypothesis Testing
12 What is Emphasized by this Process? Cast the net widely Pauci-clue differential Diagnosis The law of clinical plausibility Could Be problem solving, undercuts value of the clinical evaluation
13 Case: 35 year old AA female with one day hx of sharp, left-sided chest pain, occurring at rest and worse with inspiration and coughing. No fevers, no SOB. Meds: OCPs Normal exam except tachycardic. Morning Report
14 Defining the Syndrome Case: 35 year old AA female with one day hx of sharp, left-sided chest pain, occurring at rest and worse with inspiration and coughing. No fevers, no SOB. Meds: OCPs Normal exam except tachycardic. Acute Pleuritic Chest Pain Forward Thinking
15 Chest pain
16 Acute Chronic Chest pain
17 Pleuritic Acute Chronic Acute Nonpleuritic Chest pain Semantic Qualifiers
18 PROCESSING: the key to forward thinking Use of Semantic Qualifiers to Refine Symptoms Medical-ese facilitates recall Binary and oppositional (either..or) Facilitates algorithmic thinking
19 Examples: Descriptive Processing Temporal Qualitative Epidemiology Acute vs Chronic Progressive vs Stable Colicky vs Visceral Abdominal Pain Immunocompromised
20 Summative Processing Combining the processed descriptive terms to generate the syndrome Decreases the number of isolated symptoms that we must keep track of Prevents inappropriate focus on one aspect of the syndrome complex
21 Summative Processing Examples Classic Syndromes: CHF, Shock, Meningitis Thematic Summaries Pulmonary Dyspnea with a nonfocal exam Destructive Thrombocytopenia
22 Exercise: Processing Key Concepts: Page 3 Exercise: Page 4 Using the information provided, practice processing the items listed on the table. Discuss whether the processing is descriptive or summative (or both!)
23
24
25 Pattern Recognition The near instantaneous recognition that all (or almost all) components of a known disease are present Rapid fire processing Further questioning searches for the missing elements of the disease Accurate and Efficient
26 Illness Scripts: Key to Pattern Recognition Disease Specific Packets of Information Generated by reading and by experience Storage Strategy of Experts Structure: fairly regimented Epidemiology, temporal pattern, syndrome statement Content: those elements which distinguish among like diseases
27 Acute Pleuritic Chest Pain with Dyspnea in a young OCP user Case: 35 year old AA female with one day hx of sharp, leftsided chest pain, occurring at rest and worse with inspiration and coughing. (-) fevers, (+) SOB. Meds: OCPs Normal exam except tachycardic. TRAVEL?? HEMOPTYSIS?? INCREASED A-a Grad?
28 Group Exercise: Illness Scripts Key Concepts, page 6 Exercise: pp 7-11 Each Group should work on defining illness scripts for each set of diseases Use processed terms and summative statements (brief is better) Identify distinguishing features
29 Small Group Teaching Goals Case Presentation Chief complaint HPI PE Labs Promote Advanced Problem- Solving Strategies Diagnosis Pattern Recognition>Forward Thinking>Hypothesis Testing
30 Demystify the Magic
31 TEACH/LEARN PROCESSING ILLNESS SCRIPTS PRIORITIZING
32 CC: Headache and Confusion 32 yo African American woman with AIDS, CD4 = 22 presents with 4 weeks of worsening headache and fever. The headache is over her entire head, throbbing and unremitting and is associated with photophobia and a stiff neck. Over the past two weeks she has become progressively confused, and over the past two days she has stopped eating. She also complains of blurry vision and general aches and pains.
33 CC: Headache and Confusion PMHX: AIDS on no meds (ran out), PCP Pneumonia x 2 SHX: prior IDU, 2 kids, both healthy, no cigs, no ETOH, no drugs for one year MEDS: none ALL: NKDA
34 Physical Exam VS: o ; 139/72; 100; 22; Lethargic obese patient, O x 1 Dry MM, orthostatic pulse change Rigid Neck, + Kernigs Papilledema, photophobic, PERRLA Neuro: no focal motor deficits, unable to test sensory or cerebellar fxn All else normal
35 Simple Problem List Processed Problem list Prioritized Diff Dx Epi Time Course Tier I Ib Syndrome Statement Tier II Tier III
36 Step I: Simple Problem List Headache for 4 weeks Fever Stiff neck Confusion Trouble Walking Blurry Vision Poor PO intake Incontinence T = Tachycardia Intermittent lethargy Disorientation Dry mucous membranes Stiff neck and Kernig s Papilledema AIDS
37 Step II: Process the List Processing into medical ized terms facilitates recall Develop a precise and descriptive statement that describes this PATIENT S illness script narrows the diagnostic playing field Fewer items on the list allows for better attention
38 Processed Problem List Epidemiology Temporal Course of the Problem Syndrome description
39 Epidemiology Choose those aspects of the patient s demographics, exposure or PMHx that set the stage for the illness Process the risk factors to emphasize their importance
40 If the CC Chest Pain And the PMHX Htn, DM, Stroke, PVD, Hypothyroidism Cough AIDS, CD4 = 12, Ghanaian Native, Rash Intracranial Hemorrhage, DM, COPD Fever ESRD, Htn, s/p appendectomy Epidemiology Vasculopathy Profound CMI Deficit in recent immigrant Recent initiation of anti seizure medication Immunocompromised host with indwelling vascular device
41 Temporal Processing Acute, Subacute, Chronic Definition is linked to the chief complaint Patterns: intermittent, waxing and waning, biphasic illness, episodic Stability: progressive, indolent, constant
42 Creating a Syndrome Statement Descriptively process all items on the list Eliminate nonspecific/redundant symptoms malaise, fatigue, transient diarrhea tachypnea and Shortness of Breath Identify the most important symptom and combine it with those s/s that explain the most important symptom Check for completeness
43 Headache Fever Stiff Neck Photophobia Kernig s Waxing and Waning Mental Status, Disorientation Headache Papilledema Lethargy Poor PO Intake Dry Mucous Memb Meningitis Delirium Increased Intracranial Pressure Volume Depletion
44 Original Problem List Headache Fever Stiff neck Confusion Trouble Walking Blurry Vision Poor PO intake Incontinence T = Tachycardia Intermittent leth Disorientation Dry MM Stiff neck and Papilledema AIDS Processed Problem list Epi: 35 yo woman witht cell immunodef Time course: Chronic Syndrome: Meningitis Delirium ICH Secondary Vol Depletion Tier 1 1b Tier 2 Tier 3 Prioritized Diff Dx
45 Step III: Prioritized DDX The processed problem list describes the patient s ILLNESS SCRIPT Goal: Search for a disease which has an ILLNESS SCRIPT that matches the patient s Tools: Pattern Recognition > Forward Thinking > Hypothetico-deductive
46 Prioritization of Differential Learner Must describe classic pattern of any diagnosis offered The extent of match between patient s presentation and classic determines priority
47 Rationale Emphasizes that diagnostic power of the carefully done and analyzed clinical exam Stresses compare and contrast thinking Prioritizes management Closes the loop illustrates the value of pertinent positive and negatives from the HPI.
48 Prioritizing Differential Tier I Diagnosis: Diagnosis Disease illness script matches the patient s illness script almost perfectly Tier II Diagnosis: Patient is missing key features of the disease Disease does not explain prominent features of patient s presentation Tier III Diagnosis: single or pauci clue match IB: A critical addition
49 Demystifying Pre test Probability Tier I Diagnosis: 75% pretest probability Disease illness script matches the patient s illness script almost perfectly Tier II Diagnosis: % pretest probability Patient is missing key features of the disease Disease does not explain prominent features of patient s presentation Tier III Diagnosis: < 30% pretest probability single or pauci clue match
50 Original Problem List Headache for Fever Stiff neck Confusion Trouble Walk Blurry Vision Poor PO intake Incontinence T = Tachycardia Intermittent Disorientation Dry MM Stiff neck and Papilledema AIDS Processed Problem list Epi: 35 yo woman with T cell immunodef Time course: Chronic Syndrome: Meningitis Delirium ICH Secondary Vol Depletion Prioritized Diff Dx I. Cryptococcal Mening Tuberculous Mening Histoplasm. Mening 1b Bact. Mening. II Toxoplasmosis CNS Lymphoma III. Sarcoidosis CNS SLE Pseudotumor Cerebri
51 Group Exercise: Case Dissection Key Concepts: page 12 Exercise: pp Create a processed problem list for the case described on page 13. Identify illness scripts and then prioritize the ddx for this case using the diagnoses listed on page 15.
52 Step IV. Teaching and Learning Issues
53 Wrong Answers?--Coach Encourage Autocorrection What does that disease typically look like? Use structured processed problem list format How does that compare with this patient? Stress Key and Rejecting Features What would have to be present to make this a Tier I diagnosis?
54 No Patterns? Recommend Alternate Strategies Goal:Generate diagnostic ideas and then Evaluate: using illness scripts Forward Thinking Categories of thrombocytopenia Pathophysiology/Anatomy How is edema formed? Category Chase
55 Evaluative Benefits Process allows window into the black box of thinking
56 Wrong Answer? Step I: inattentiveness Step II: processing problem; syndrome recognition Step III: Factual knowledge (incorrect illness scripts) Lack of understanding of Key features (correct illness scripts, can t match)
57
58 Compare and Contrast Syndrome Illness Scripts
59 Compare and Contrast Syndrome Distinguishing Features Illness Scripts
60 Compare and Contrast Syndrome Distinguishing Features Key Features Illness Scripts
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