Climate Controls. Latitude. Differences in Sunlight (Angle) Daylight & Seasons. Warmer towards Equator Colder towards Poles
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1 CLIMATE REGIONS
2 Climate Controls Latitude Differences in Sunlight (Angle) Daylight & Seasons Warmer towards Equator Colder towards Poles
3 Climate Controls Pressure & Wind Systems Equatorial Low Wet & Warm Subtropical High Dry & Warm Subpolar Low Wet & Cool
4 Climate Controls Distribution of Land and Water Oceans Heat & Cool more slowly than Land Continental Locations Extremes in Interior Greater Temperature range Maritime Locations Milder near Coast
5 Climate Controls Geographic Position & Prevailing Winds Tropics Winds from East Middle-Latitudes Winds from West
6 Climate Controls Ocean Currents Warm East Coasts Japan Australian Gulf Stream Cold West Coasts California Peru
7 Climate Controls Topographic Barriers Windward Side Wetter Leeward Side Dryer
8 Climate Controls Elevation Cooler & Wetter as Air Rises
9 Idealized Global Pattern Predictable Climate patterns based on Latitude Atmospheric Circulation
10 Idealized Global Pattern Predictable Climate patterns based on Latitude Atmospheric Circulation Land Mass vs. Water Ocean Currents
11 Climate Charts AKA Climograph Diagram for monthly Temperature Left side Line Rainfall Right side Bars (each Month) Used for Climate Classification
12 Climate Classification Ancient Greeks Torrid Temperate Frigid
13 Climate Classification Greeks based it on Latitudes of Sun Tropics Polar Circles
14 Climate Classification Modern Classification Köppen system Climate Regions Climate Boundaries match Vegetation Climate criteria to match Temperature Precipitation Rain & Snow Plant growth dependent on both + Sunlight
15 Modified Köppen System 5 from Köppen = A to E + H for Highland Climates Subgroups
16 Climate Classification A Humid Tropical B Dry C Humid Middle-Latitude (Mild Winter) D Humid Continental (Severe Winter) E Polar H Highland
17 Climate Classification
18 Climate Classification Cfb Climate for Coastal California Capital 1st Letter (C) Temperature Small 2nd Letter (f) When most Rain Summer Winter Year-round Small 3rd Letter (b) # of Warmest or Coldest Months
19 Idealized Continent Climates Regions Follow patterns based on Climate Controls
20 Idealized Continent Africa Most Normal To match Ideal Continent
21 Climate Regions
22 Climate Regions Boundaries Fluctuate for Rainfall Dry vs. Humid Temperature Gradual change near Boundary
23 Climate & Biomes Biomes are similar to Climate Regions
24 Climate & Biosphere Relationship between Climate Light Moisture Temperature Wind Soil Topography Wildfires
25 Climate & Biosphere Environmental Adaptations Xerophytes Dry Climates Hygrophytes Wet Climates
26 Climate & Biosphere Type of Wood Hardwood Softwood Type of Leaf Broadleaf Needleleaf Leaf Cover Deciduous Evergreen
27 Vegetation & Topography Vertical Zonation
28 Vegetation & Topography Local Conditions Sunlight
29 TROPICAL CLIMATES
30 Climate Regions
31 Humid Tropical ( A ) Warm All months > 64 F Tropical Wet (Af) = Tropical Rainforest Tropical Monsoon (Am) Tropical Wet & Dry (Aw) = Tropical Savanna
32 Humid Tropical ( A ) Wet Af Monsoon Am Wet & Dry Aw
33 Tropical Wet (Af) 0-10 Latitude ITCZ (Equatorial Low) Rain = Over 80
34 Tropical Wet (Af) Latitude East Coasts Trade Winds from Warm Ocean
35 Tropical Wet (Af) Latitude East Coasts East Coast of Madagascar
36 Tropical Wet (Af) Humid & Rainy all Year No Seasonal variation
37 Tropical Wet (Af) Daily Variation Night is the Winter of the Tropics Day = 85 F Night = 75 F
38 Tropical Wet (Af) High Insolation High Temperature Daily Rainfall Afternoon Convectional uplift
39 Rainforest Vegetation Diverse Lifeforms 50% of World s Species Evergreen Trees Not Deciduous Broadleaf Trees Not Needleleaf Conifers
40 Rainforest Vegetation Canopy cover Little sunlight reaches ground Little as 1% = Little growth
41 Rainforest Vegetation Epiphytes Air Plants
42 Rainforest Vegetation Ground Vegetation? Vines = Lianas
43 Rainforest Animals Primates Reptiles
44 Rainforests & Soil Water infiltrates into Soil Excessive Rain = Leaching Minerals dissolved and washed down deep Oxysols Warm & Rainy climate Nutrients Leached except Iron Red Soil Poor Soil
45 Rainforests & Soil Nutrients in Biomass (not in Soil) Trees Decomposed fallen leaves & trees Humus Decomposed Organic Matter Reduces Leaching Provides nutrients for Plants
46 Rainforests & Soil How can so many trees thrive in a Tropical Rainforest? Trees feed off each other Leaves Fall Rapidly Decompose Micro-organisms (Bacteria) Insects Worms Little Humus in Soil Shallow Roots near Surface
47 Rainforest Modification Deforestation Effect on Soil? Sun Hardens Rainfall Erodes Vegetation slow to return Soil Poor
48 Tropical Rainforests Deforestation Central America
49 Monsoons Seasonal Winds Winter Monsoon Dryer Summer Monsoon Extremely Wet
50 Tropical Monsoon (Am) Windward Coasts of Large Land Masses
51 Tropical Monsoon (Am) Extreme Seasons for Rainfall Very Wet Summer Dryer Winter
52 Tropical Wet & Dry (Aw) Less Extreme Seasons for Rainfall Wet Summer Dry Winter
53 Tropical Wet & Dry (Aw) Seasons due to migration of the ITCZ North in July South in January
54 Tropical Wet & Dry (Aw) Rainy Summer & Dry Winter = Savanna Latitude Caribbean & Central America Brazil South of Amazon Rainforest Africa Surrounds Rainforest South Asia Inland from Tropical Monsoon
55 Savanna Vegetation Tropical Deciduous Forest Trees lose Leaves Due to Dry Winter
56 Savanna Vegetation Tropical Deciduous Forest Rain-Green in Summer
57 Savanna Vegetation Tropical Deciduous Forest Dense Jungle -like Ground Vegetation
58 Savanna Vegetation Scattered trees Grasses Big Game Animals Rhinos Zebras
59 Savanna Animals Big Game Animals Elephants Lions
60 Savanna Animals Savanna Big Game Animals Giraffes Gnus
61 Dry Climates ( B ) What is a Dry Climate? Yearly Precipitation is less than Water Loss by Evaporation Humid-Dry boundary varies by Temperature Hot Temperatures = More Evaporation Higher Precipitation threshold Cold Temperatures = Less Evaporation Lower Precipitation threshold
62 Dry Climates ( B ) Desert = Arid Subtropical (BWh) Mid-Latitude (BWk) Steppe = Semi-Arid Subtropical (BSh) Mid-Latitude (BSk)
63 Desert vs. Steppe
64 Subtropical Desert (BWh) Dry ~ < 10 Rain Hot Coldest month > 32 F
65 Subtropical Desert/Steppe
66 Subtropical Desert (BWh) Latitude West side of Large Land Masses
67 Subtropical Desert (BWh)
68 Subtropical Desert (BWh) Sinking Air of Subtropical High Clear Skies = Little Rain (irregular)
69 Subtropical Desert (BWh) Sunshine in U.S.A. Most in SW
70 Subtropical Desert (BWh) Low Latitude leads to Record Heat 136 F in Libya
71 Subtropical Desert (BWh) Death Valley 36 N Latitude & Rainshadow 134 F
72 Cool Foggy Desert (BWn) Latitude, West Coast Subtropical High Dry Cold Ocean Current Marine Layer Cool, Stable Air
73 Cool Foggy Desert (BWn) Less Extremes of Temperature Almost No Rainfall at all
74 Cool Foggy Desert (BWn) Atacama Desert Subtropical High Sinking, Dry Air Andes Mtns. Rainshadow of Trade Winds Cold Peru Current Stabilizes onshore air Virtually No Rain ever
75 Atacama Desert, Chile Arica, Chile 14 years with no Rain
76 Cool Foggy Desert (BWn) Namib Desert SW Africa Coast Skeleton Coast Shipwrecks in Fog
77 Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) Dry with Cold Winters Coldest month < 32 F
78 Subtropical Desert/Steppe
79 Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) Often Snow in Winter Bryce Canyon
80 Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) Latitude Leeward side of Mountains
81 Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) Orographic Lifting over Sierra Nevada Creates Rainshadow in Great Basin
82 Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) Great Basin Patagonia, Argentina Central Asia Mongolia & W. China
83 Desert Vegetation Sometimes entirely absent
84 Desert Vegetation Usually Shrubs Xerophytes Drought-adapted
85 Desert Vegetation Some Plants store Water Saguaro Cactus
86 Desert Vegetation Small Leaves
87 Desert Vegetation Spreading Roots
88 Desert Vegetation Small, Spaced Plants
89 Steppe Climate (BS) Steppe Semi-Desert Borders Desert Subtropical (BSh) Mid-Latitude (BSk)
90 Steppe Climate (BS) Rain Very short Rainy season SUBTROPICAL STEPPE
91 Steppe Climate (BS) MID-LATITUDE STEPPE
92 Subtropical Steppe Thick Grasses with few Trees
93 Mid-Latitude Steppe Very Short Grasses
94 Steppe U.S.A. Great Plains
95 Bison
96 MID-LATITUDE CLIMATES
97 Climate Regions
98 Mild Mid-Latitude ( C ) Mild Winter Coldest Month = F Dry-Summer Subtropical (Cs) = Mediterranean Marine West Coast (Cfb) Humid Subtropical (Cfa)
99 Mild Mid-Latitude ( C ) Humid Subtropical Marine West Coast Dry-Summer Subtropical
100 Dry Summer Subtropical AKA Mediterranean Climate (Cs) Dry Summer Lowest Month < 1.2 Only Climate with more Rain in Winter Rain ~ AKA Subhumid
101 Mediterranean (Cs) Latitude West side of Continents
102 Mediterranean (Cs) Southern California
103 Subtropical High Summer Blocks Storms Winter Shifts South Westerly Winds
104 Mediterranean (Cs) Cool, Rainy Winter Warm, Dry Summer
105 Mediterranean (Cs) Great Temperature Variation Cooler closer to Coast Warmer more inland
106 Mediterranean (Cs) California Central Chile Mediterranean Sea Coast SW tip of Africa SW Australia
107 Mediterranean Vegetation Evergreen Shrubs Chaparral
108 Chaparral
109 Mediterranean Vegetation Plants with Leathery Evergreen Leaves Oils in Leaves Conserve Water Flammable
110 Mediterranean Vegetation Grasses & Scattered Trees Oak Woodland in CA
111 Marine West Coast (Cfb) Cool, Rainy all Year Lowest month > 1.2"
112 Marine West Coast (Cfb) Latitude West Coasts Westerly Winds
113 Marine West Coast (Cfb) Oregon Washington British Columbia Southern Alaska
114 Marine West Coast (Cfb) Southern Chile
115 Marine West Coast (Cfb) Western Europe Ireland Emerald Isle
116 Marine West Coast (Cfb) New Zealand
117 Marine West Coast Vegetation U.S. Pacific Northwest Needleleaf Conifers Redwoods Douglas Firs
118 Marine West Coast Vegetation Mixed Forest Europe New Zealand Summer Winter
119
120 Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Precipitation all Year > 40 Hot, Rainy Summer Warm Ocean Evaporation High Humidity Convectional Precipitation Cool, Rainy Winter Storms from North Polar Front
121 Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Latitude East side of Continents Warm Ocean Current
122 Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Extends deep into Interior of Continent
123 Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Southeast U.S.A. S. Brazil, Uruguay Eastern Australia Southeast China South Africa
124 Louisiana
125 Humid Climates U.S.A.
126 Humid Climates Eurasia Humid Continental Eastern Europe Northern China & Japan Humid Subtropical Southern China & Japan
127 Humid Climates (C & D) Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Latitude Hot Rainy Summer Cool Rainy Winter Storms from North Polar Front Humid Continental (Dfa, Dfb, Dw) Latitude Warm Rainy Summer Cold Snowy Winter
128 Humid Climate Vegetation Mixed Forest Grasslands Tall-Grass Prairie In Dryer parts
129 Severe Mid-Latitude (D) Humid Continental (Dfa, Dfb, Dw) Subarctic (Dfc)
130 Severe Mid-Latitude (D) Severe Winter Coldest month < 32 F Warmest month > 50 F
131 Humid Continental (D) Warm Summer Dfa Highest month > 72 F Cool Summer Dfb Highest 4 months = F Monsoon Summer Dw
132 Subarctic Climate (Dfc) Latitude Alaska & Canada Siberia
133 Subarctic Climate (Dfc) 4+ months above 50 F Weak Sunlight Extremely Cold Winter Short Summer Interior or East Coast Little or No Oceanic influence Continentality dominates
134 Subarctic Climate (Dfc) Extreme Annual Temperature Range Yakutsk has record Range = 113 F 68 F in Summer 45 F in Winter
135 Canada in April
136 Subarctic Vegetation Boreal Forest Conifers
137 Subarctic Vegetation Taiga
138 Polar Climates (E) All months < 50 F Tundra (ET) Highest month > 32 F Ice Cap (EF) Highest month < 32 F
139 Polar Climates (E) Tundra (ET) Arctic Coasts North America, Greenland, Russia Ice Cap (EF) Antarctica, Greenland
140 Tundra Climate (ET) Cold Winters 20 o F Weak/No Sun Oceanic Influence Between 32 o F & 50 o F for 2-3 months
141 Tundra Vegetation Permafrost in Soil Subsoil always frozen Topsoil frozen in Winter Topsoil defrosts in Summer
142 Tundra Vegetation Short-rooted Plants Grasses Mosses Lichens
143
144 Ice Cap Climate (EF) Antarctica Interior of Greenland
145
146 Ice Cap Climate (EF) All months < 32 F
147 Ice Cap Climate (EF) Record Cold Temperature Little Sunlight Ice has High Albedo (Reflectivity) 129 F record No Vegetation
148 Highland Climate (H) Mountain areas of World
149 Highland Climate (H) Climate related to Elevation
150 Highland Climate (H) Vegetation related to Elevation
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