Project: Dimensional Analysis

Transcription

1 Project: Dimensional Analysis How big do you think one of the blocks that make up the Cheops Pyramid at Giza is? This question actually came up in conversation with some friends at our house a few years back. Our conversation had turned to climbing, then climbing ridiculous things, then the pyramids at Giza...well, you get the picture. And if you can t, then there s Khufu s pyramid at right. Someone there wanted to know how big the stones were. I remembered reading that they were limestone, and they weighed around and a half tons each. I ran inside our house and Googled the density of limestone. After some rough and ready approximations, I told my friends that the blocks, on average, were approximately 1.5 cubic yards in volume. To visualize this, imagine a space a little bit smaller than an F-150 cargo bed it s in roughly the same volume. So now, maybe, you re wondering: how did I do that conversion? Well, that s what this project is all about. As I move through life, I m amazed at how often people need to do this kind of math, but sometimes feel stymied by it. It s very, very simplistic math (in fact, it s not even algebra), but it s one of the most powerful types, allowing you to do everything from calculating how much money COCC could save by turning off all of our computers at night (around $45,000±$10,000 annually) to finding out how much oil flowed out of the Deepwater horizon explosion s hole in the Gulf of Mexico (roughly 5 million barrels) a. This math is called dimensional analysis. My stat classes routinely use it to check the facts they hear on the news every day. Dimensional analysis gives you the method needed to switch between one unit of measure and another. People in the medical field have to do this all of the time. For example, a friend, a Doctor of Osteopathy in San Diego, was once trying to publish a paper and needed to convert micromoles per liter of creatinine to milligrams per milliliter. I ll show you how later. Let s start our journey down this very interesting road... Suppose you have to convert my height, 7 inches, to feet. How would you do that? I like to use a method involving multiplication of fractions, as follows: 7 inches 1 inches Start with the quantity you have......multiply by a fraction with the units you have on the bottom and the ones you want on the top. a By the way we ll calculate these numbers in MTH 44, for those of you making that journey.

2 Two things to notice here: 1) The fraction you have on the right is equal to 1, since is equal to 1 inches. So, since you re multiplying by 1, you re not distorting the original quantity. ) Since you have inches in the numerator with the 7, and in the denominator with the 1, the inches can be divided off, and only feet will remain. 7 inches 7 inches 1 inches 1 inches 7 feet 6 feet 1 OK, so that one was pretty simple, right? So let s pretend we re European now. I want to now know how tall I am, in meters. This is fundamentally difficult for Americans, since the metric system is something we fight against pretty readily. We need a conversion, though. One meter is equivalent to roughly.8 feet b. Let s give er a go! 6 feet 6 feet.8 feet.8 feet 6 meters 1.8 meters.8 A note: the means approximately equal to. Since we rounded off our answer, we re only close to the exact number...but close ( ish ) is good enough, since the.8 was rounded, anyway. Now, suppose we wanted to go straight from inches to meters: 7 inches 7 inches 1 inches.8 feet 1 inches.8 feet 7 meters 1.8 meters 1.8 So you see, you can string together any number of these fractions that you like. Since they re all equal to one, you re only multiplying by 1 so the only thing changed is the unit. OK, onto weight. I weigh 170 pounds (ish). How much do I weigh in kilograms? You may have noticed, if you ve ever been in a gym with weights, that a pound is about a half of a kilogram. It s actually a little less; a good estimate is that 1 pound is 0.45 kilograms: 0.45 kilograms 0.45 kilograms 170 pounds 170 pounds 76.5 kg 1 pound 1 pound b The reason for the goofy number is that the metric system is based on the speed of light (a constant), while the English system is based on random things like king s feet and horse s behinds and such.

3 At this point, it might be helpful to have a list of common conversions to aid us with our problems. On the next page is a good one I ve compiled over the years c. I ve used exponents throughout it; for example in is cubic inches (a measure of volume), while m is square meters (a measure of area). To visualize volume, think of how much water you need to fill it. That s its volume. To visualize area, think of how much paint you d need to paint it. Units within the Metric d system: Length (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm) Volume Weight 1 Liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (ml) 1 ml = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg) 1 mg = 1000 micrograms (g) Units within the English system: Length (ft) = 1 inches (in) 1 yard (yd) = feet (ft) Volume 1 cubic foot (ft ) = 178 cubic inches (in ) 1 ft = US gallons Weight 000 pounds (lbs) = 1 ton Conversions between systems Metric English Length.54 cm 1 in m 1 ft kilometers (km) 1 mile Volume cc 1 in.785 L 1 US gallon Weight 1 kilogram (kg). lbs 8.5 g 1 ounce (oz) Area square meters (m ) 1 square foot (ft ) Also, 1 gallon of water weighs approximately 8 pounds. Of course, there are many, many others. Let s try some more... c There are two other systems of measurement, apothecary and household. You ll learn them later in your nursing careers. d The metric system is based on the powers of ten, which is why it s vastly superior to the English system. The prefix tell you how far away from center you are. milli, for example, means one-thousandth, centi means one-hundedth, ands so on.

4 If a patient received L of intravenous fluid at a hospital, how many cc s of fluid did she receive? So, she received 000 cc s. L 1000 ml 1 L 1 cc 1 ml 000 cc A man has a body surface area (BSA) of 1.8 m. Convert this to square feet. I had to square the conversion from meters to feet to get square meters to square feet... 1 ft 1.8 m. 1.8 m m 1 ft ft m Now, we can get a little more challenging...my pond has a volume of about 500 cubic feet. If I were to fill it all the way up, how much would the water weigh, in pounds? 500 ft H gallons 1 ft H 0 8 pounds 1 gallon 1 ton 000 pounds 15 tons Wowsers! We can also convert rates using this method. Rates, as you may remember, are also called speeds. For example, suppose you are driving along at 50 miles per hour. How many feet do you cover each second? it: We use the same procedure, but keep in mind that there is now a numerator as well as a denominator. Let s try 50 miles 1 hour 1 hour 60 minutes 1 minute 580 feet 60 seconds 1 mile That s pretty fast. See why you should always obey the 4-second rule? 7 feet per second Here s the one my friend the D.O. needed...convert. micromoles/liter to mg/ml:. micromoles Liter 1 Liter 880 milligrams 0.4 mg/ml 1000 milliliters 1 micromole I had to look this conversion up in a medical manual.

5 OK...now it s your turn! Do each of the following conversions. Round to two decimal places in each. Remember that answers in red are there for your reference; you still need to show me how to get them! 1. ( points) (w) 4.66 gallons to Liters Liters.. ( points) (w) 50 cc s to cubic inches.05 cubic inches.. (5 points) (w) If you are one billion seconds old...how old are you (in years), to the nearest tenth of a year? Assume 65 days in a year. About 1.7 years. I also encourage you to calculate your billionth second, and have a party for it. It s WAY more interesting than your average birthday! (now I d like you to check each of the previous problems using an online tool. One of the easiest is simply to Google it. For example, open a Google search page, then type 4.66 gallons to liters. Press enter, and voilà! e ) 4. (5 points) (w) My garden hose provides the perfect flow rate for a small tadpole pond I m building for my son. I d like to buy a small pond pump that flows at the same rate. The hose will fill a 1 quart Nalgene bottle with water in. seconds; however, pond pumps flow rates are given in gallons per hour (GPH). What size pump should I purchase, to the nearest 100 GPH? ( to the nearest 100 GPH means that your answer should have zeros at the end of it!) Do it by hand first, then check online. 400 GPH (ish). 5. One of the most devastating parts of oil spills is the fact that the oil in the spills tends to spread out until the slick is exactly one molecule thick f. Suppose one barrel of oil is spilled, and the volume of oil in that barrel spreads out in a circularly shaped slick, creating a cylinder of thickness one molecule. Use the following information, and follow the steps below, to find the diameter of the slick: a. (1 point) The thickness of an oil molecule is about 10-7 mm (about a million times thinner than a human hair!). Use Google to convert that metric to something Americans can understand: feet. Make sure your answer is in proper scientific notation. b. (1 point) We also need to get the barrel of oil into some kind of feet measurement (cubic, since it s volume). Use Google to convert 4 US gallons of oil into cubic feet. Again, two decimals. c. ( points) (w) The formula for the volume of a cylinder is V = hd 4. Solve that beautiful formula for d (you can forget the sign in your solution). d = d. ( points) Use your two values from parts a and b in the formula for d to arrive at the diameter of the slick. Round to the nearest thousand feet. e. (1 point) Convert your answer in 4 to the nearest mile. Yikes g. 6. ( extra points) (w) On , it snowed an average of one foot in my area of Bend. I shoveled my own driveway, my mother in law s, and her elderly neighbor s (their houses were also contained in the 1 average area). I also did all the sidewalks for the aforementioned houses. These areas measure, in total, about 700 ft. Assuming the snow had a 0% snow water density (Google it!), how many pounds of water did I move that day? 4V h e Now, some of you might be thinking, Why the hell did you make us DO this project, if we can just do this? Simple: to teach you proper estimation skills and believability of answers. If I only taught you know to use online converters, how would you ever know if answers made sense? f This is a bit fictitious; oftentimes, waves and turbulence make the oil droplets sink. However, I the water is calm enough, the slick will stay on the surface. g And the Deepwater Horizon explosion let loose quite a few of these barrels in 010. Take MTH 44, and we ll estimate how many.