World Leader In Gas Detection and Sensor Technology.

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1 World Leader In Gas Detection and Sensor Technology

2 Company Background RKI founded in 1994 Partner company, Riken Keiki o Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology for over 73 years California Corporation Average employee gas detection experience is 15 years

3 75 Years of Milestones 1938 First combustible interferometer 1969 First 2 gas monitor LEL, O2, GX First 3 gas monitor LEL, O2, CO Model Pocket size single gas OX/CO/HS First belt worn 3-gas, GX Portable IR for CO2 RI Portable IR for Freons RI-413 First belt worn 4 gas monitor GX-86 Portable super toxic SC-90 Portable 4 gas with datalogging & autocal GX-94 First 6 gas portable EAGLE First wrist worn GasWatch

4 75 Years of Milestones Smallest 4 gas GX-2001 Smallest tri-mode portable GX-2003 Smallest confined space monitor GX gas portable with PID capability EAGLE 2 Advanced trimode portable Gas Tracer/ GX-2012 Remote Sample Pump RP-2009

5 Important Definitions Flash Point Temperature at which the liquid phase gives off enough vapor to flash when exposed to an external ignition source. Fire Point When a liquid is heated past its flash point it will reach a temperature where sufficient vapor is given off to maintain combustion. Ignition Point The minimum temperature at which a substance will burn or ignite independent of an external heat source. 5

6 Reference Materials NFPA Fire Protection Guide To Hazardous Materials Flash Point LEL/UEL Specific Gravity Vapor Density Hazard Identification Health/Flammability/Instability 6

7 Reference Materials NIOSH Pocket Guide To Chemical Hazards Chemical Name/Formulas Exposure limits (TWA) IDLH Physical Description Chemical and physical properties Incompatibilities and reactivities Health hazards 7

8 Reference Materials ACGIH, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices Substance (CAS number) TWA STEL Molecular Weight TLV Basics-Critical Effects 8

9 Flammability Band Percent LEL Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) Lean Explosive Rich Percent Gas by Volume Ammonia 12.0 Vol. % Methane 5.0 Vol. % Hydrogen 4.0 Vol. % Hexane 1.1 Vol. % Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 9

10 Important Definitions Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) Also known as Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) Minimum concentration of gas or vapor mixed with air that will cause the propagation of flame when it comes in contact with a source of ignition (spark or flame) Concentrations of gas below the LEL are too lean to ignite 0% LEL 100% LEL 0%Vol LEAN Methane (CH 4 ) 5%Vol 10

11 Important Definitions Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) Maximum concentration of gas or vapor in air that will cause the propagation of flame when is exposed to a source of ignition (flame or spark). Mixtures are considered to RICH to support combustion if they are above the UEL. UEL 15%Vol RICH Methane (CH 4 ) 100%Vol 11

12 Explosive Range Explosive range is different depending on the gas or vapor As the fuel increases, oxygen decreases to the point where there is no longer a potential for explosion thus reaching the UEL LOW LEL 5%Vol Intensity of Explosion HIGH EXPLOSIVE Methane (CH 4 ) LOW UEL 15%Vol 12

13 More Flammability Bands 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Hexane Methane Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Acetylene % Vol % Vol % Vol % Vol % Vol 13

14 Requirements for Combustion OXYGEN FUEL IGNITION SOURCE 14

15 World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Combustible Gas Sensor Technology

16 Constant Current Catalytic Bead Platinum Catalyst Deactivator Ceramic Coating Platinum Alloy Wire Active Reference Four Wire Catalytic Bead Combustible Gas Sensor Constant Current 16

17 Constant Current Settings Methane & Hexane Detection 148 ma Hydrogen Calibration 130 ma Hydrogen Specific Sensor 100 ma Adjust current setting by placing an ammeter in series with the RED wire of the sensor. Adjust current with pot at 12 O clock position on amplifier as required 17

18 Constant Voltage Catalytic Bead Platinum Catalyst Deactivator Ceramic Coating Platinum Alloy Wire Active Reference Common Constant Voltage Combustible Gas Sensor 18

19 Catalytic Oxidation Active Common Reference 19

20 Infrared (NDIR) Light Source Measuring Cell Band Pass Filter Amplifier S Infrared Sensor 20

21 NDIR Troubleshooting Contamination of the sensor will reduce energy reaching sensor causing high output Dust Moisture Open source will cause output to peg upscale 21

22 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Non linear output Responds to many different gases, nonspecific May respond to moisture Broadband gas sensor 22

23 MOS Troubleshooting Contamination of oxide layer will cause unstable or erratic output Improper heater voltage will cause sensor to function improperly 23

24 Thermal Conductivity Reference element contained out of gas stream Temperature coefficient of air is different than gas causing temperature of coil to cool increasing resistance. No catalytic activity on sensor. Active Reference Common 24

25 TC Troubleshooting TC sensors may open causing instrument to peg either upscale or downscale Contamination can cause the sensor to respond improperly 25

26 Hydrocarbon Comparison Formula Name Ign Temp Deg. F Flash Point Deg. F LEL Vapor Density CH4 Methane 999 Gas C2H6 Ethane 882 Gas C3H8 Propane 842 Gas C4H10 Butane 550 Gas C5H12 Pentane 500 < C6H14 Hexane C7H16 Heptane C8H18 Octane C9H20 Nonane C10H22 Decane

27 World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Oxygen Detection Sensor Operation and Theory

28 Symptoms of O 2 Deficiency >23.5% OSHA limit for increased levels of oxygen 20.9% Oxygen content in normal air % Increased pulse and respiration 12-10% Disturbed respiration, fatigue, faulty judgment 10-6% Nausea, vomiting, inability to move, loss of consciousness and death 6-0% Convulsions, cardiac arrest and death 28

29 Galvanic Oxygen Sensor Typical output: mv in fresh air 29

30 Oxygen Sensor Troubleshooting High or low output Unstable output Will not zero with N2 applied Leaking Sensor over 2 years old (micro cells) Corroded or contaminated Expired Sensor! 30

31 World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors Sensor Operation and Theory

32 Riken Electrochemical Sensors 5 Key Factors that separate Riken sensors from the competition Electrode material Bias voltage Electrolyte Reaction area of electrode Electrolyte reaction 32

33 Riken Electrochemical Sensors Long life (2+ years) Excellent stability High degree of selectiveness Easy to replace and calibrate 33

34 Riken Electrochemical Sensors Requires bias stabilization period Replace if low span, over two years old, unstable output, slow response or recovery or if the sensor is leaking 34

35 Electrochemical Sensors Resistor 35

36 Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide ppm Rotten egg smell ppm Rotten egg smell, irritation to eyes and throat ppm Loss of sense of smell in 2-5 minutes PPM Eye and throat irritation, loss of consciousness in 5-15 minutes PPM Eye and throat irritation, respiratory distress, unconscious in 1-15 minutes PPM Respiratory distress and unconsciousness in 1-3 minutes PPM Unconscious with one breath 36

37 Effects of CO Exposure 25 PPM 8 hour time weighted average (ACGIH) 35 PPM 8 hour time weighted average (OSHA) 200 PPM Slight headache, discomfort within 3 hours 600 PPM Headache, discomfort within 1 hour PPM Confusion, headache, nausea within 2 hours PPM Unconsciousness within 30 minutes 4000 PPM Fatal in less than one hour 37

38 World Leader In Gas Detection & Sensor Technology Hydrides Sensor Operation and Theory

39 Hydride Gases Arsine.AsH3 Phosphine..PH3 Silane.SiH4 Diborane B2H6 Germane GeH4 39

40 Hydrolysis / Decomposition Certain Mineral Acid Gases When certain mineral acid gases (as used in the semiconductor industry) containing chlorinated and fluorinated compounds combine with water vapor or moisture in the ambient atmosphere, they decompose or hydrolyze to compounds, which includes either HCL or HF. 40

41 Hydrolyzing Gases to HCL and HF HF Arsenic Pentafluoride AsF5 Phosphorous Pentafluoride PF5 Boron Trifluoride BF3 Phosphorous Trifluoride PF3 Sulfur Tetrafluoride SF4 Silicon Tetrafluoride SiF4 Tungsten Hexafluoride WF6 Tantalum Fluoride TaF5 Titanium Fluoride TiF4 Molybdenum Fluoride MoF4 HCL Phosphorus Oxychloride POCl3 Antimony Pentachloride SbCl5 Boron Trichloride BCl3 Phosphorus Trichloride PCl3 Silicon Tetrachloride SiCl4 Tin Tetrachloride S4Cl4 Titanium Tetrachloride TiCl4 Dichlorisilane SiH2Cl2 Trichlorosilane SiHCl3 41

42 List of Hydrolysis Gases Gases that become HF after Hydrolysis Phosphorus Pentafluoride PF5 Boron Trichloride BF3 PF3 + H2O = 2HF + POF3 (POF3 + 3H2O 3HF + H3 PO4) BF3 + 3H2O = 2HF + H3BO3 Silicon Tetrafluoride SiF4 2SiF4 + (X + 2) H2O = 2HF + H2SiF4, XH2O Tungsten Hexafluoride WF6 WF6 + 3H2O = 6HF + WO3 Tantalum Fluoride TaF5 Titanium Fluoride TiF4 Molybdenum Fluoride MoF4 2TaF2 + 5H2O = 10HF + Ta2O5 TiF4 + 2H2O = 4HF + TiO2 MoF4 + 2H2O = 4HF + MoO2 42

43 List of Hydrolysis Gases Gases that become HCl after Hydrolysis Phosphorus Oxychloride (POCl3) POCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3PO4 Antimony Pentachloride (SbCl5) Boron Trichloride (BCl3) Phosphorus Pentafluoride (PCl3) Silicon Tetrachloride (SiCl4) Tin Tetrachloride (SnCl4) Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4) Dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2) Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) SbCl5 + 10H2O = 10HCl + Sb2O5 BCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3BO3 PCl3 + 3H2O = 3HCl + H3PO3 SiCl4 + 2 H2O = 4HCl + SiO2 SnCl4 + 2H2O = 4HCl + SnO2 TiCl4 + 2H2O = 4HCl + TiO2 SiH2Cl2 + 4H2O = HCl + SiH2O2 SiHCl3 + 3H2O = 6HCl + (HSiO)2O 43

44 List of Hydrolysis Gases Other Hydrolysis Gases Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) Tetraethoxyarsine (TEOA) Si(OC2H5)4 2Si(OC2H5)4 + 2H2O > 8C2H5OH + 2SiO2 (ETHYLE) As(OC2H5)4 As (OC2H5)4 + 2H2O > 4C2H5OH + AsO2 (ETHYLE) Trimethoxyboron (TMB) B(OCH3)3 B(OCH3)3 + 3H2O > 3CH3OH + H3BO3 (METHYLE) Trimethoxyphosphate (TMP) P(OCH3)3 P(OCH3)3 + 3H2O > H3PO4 + 3CH3OH (METHYLE) 44

45 Understanding Date Codes Each RKI Sensor has a date code to determine warranty begin date. The date code may be a small adhesive label on the sensor or may be read from the serial number on the sensor. Example: S/N AE Date code is 33 First numeral is the year (2003) Second numeral is the month (March) Months are coded 1=Jan to 9= Sept. Oct.= X, Nov. = Y and Dec. = Z. 45

46 Questions? 46