UNIVERSITY OF BAMENDA HIGHER TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF BAMENDA HIGHER TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Level 200 LAB MANUAL (For private circulation only) Dr. B. NANA and Dr. K. G. FAUTSO

2 HOW TO WRITE A LAB REPORT Lab reports are essential part of all laboratory courses and a significant part of your grade as well. A lab report explains what you did in experiment, what you learned, and what the results meant. Here is a standard format. TITLE PAGE Not all lab reports have title pages, but if your instructor wants one, it would be a single page that states: The title of the experiment. Your name and the names of any lab partners. Your instructor s name. The date the lab was performed or the date the report was submitted. TITLE The title says what you did. It should be brief (aim for ten words or less) and describe the main point of the experiment or investigation. An example of a title would be: "Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Borax Crystal Growth Rate". It is preferable to begin your title using a keyword rather than an article like The or A. INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE Usually the Introduction is a paragraph that explains the objectives or purpose of the experiment. Sometimes an introduction may contain background information, briefly summarize how the experiment was performed, state the findings of the experiment, and list the conclusions of the investigation. Even if you don t write a whole introduction, you need to state the purpose of the experiment, or why you did it. (This would be where you state your hypothesis). MATERIAL List everything needed to complete your experiment.

3 How to write a LAB Report II PROCEDURE Describe the steps you completed during your investigation. This is your procedure. Be sufficiently detailed that anyone could read this section and duplicate your experiment. Write it as if you were giving directions for someone else to do the lab. It may be helpful to provide a Figure to diagram your experimental setup. DATA Numerical data obtained from your procedure are usually presented in a table. Data encompasses what you recorded when you conducted the experiment. RESULTS Describe in words what the data means. Sometimes the Results section is combined with the Discussion (Results and Discussion). DISCUSSION OR ANALYSIS The Data section contains numbers. The Analysis section contains any calculations you made based on those numbers. This is where you interpret the data and determine whether or not a hypothesis was accepted. This is also where you would discuss any mistakes you might have made while conducting the investigation. You may wish to describe ways the study might have been improved. FIGURES AND GRAPHS Graphs and figures must both be labeled with a descriptive title. Label the axes on a graph, make sure to include units of measurement. The independent variable should be on the X-axis, while the dependent variable (the one you are measuring) is on the Y-axis. Be sure to refer to figures and graphs in the text of your report. The first figure is Figure 1, the second figure is Figure 2, etc.

4 How to write a LAB Report III CONCLUSION In general, the conclusion is a single paragraph that sums up what happened in the experiment, whether your hypothesis was accepted or rejected, and what this means. NOTE1: The PRELAB section contains questions that any student should answer before coming to the laboratory. day. NOTE2: Every student should give it report latest the next day after the lab

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS IV 1 DIODE I-V CHARACTERISTICS PRELAB OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND INFORMATION Diodes definition Current-Voltage Characteristics and Modeling Diode Selection Light-Emitting Diodes and Displays LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT Normal Diode I-V curve LEDs I-V curve QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT DIODES IN RECTIFIER CIRCUITS PRELAB OBJECTIVE LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT Clipping Circuits Half-Wave Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT ZENER DIODES PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment OBJECTIVE EXPERIMENT Zener diode characteristics Voltage regulation

6 CONTENTS V 4 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND CUR- RENT SOURCE OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT BJT Characteristics Current source LED Switch QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT AMPLIFICATION CIRCUITS USING BJT OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT Common-emitter BJT Amplifier Common-collector BJT Amplifier QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT B-H CURVES AND HYSTERESIS IN MAGNETIC MATERIALS OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT Inductance without coil Inductance with coil QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT CALORIMETRY OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT

7 CONTENTS VI Heat capacity of water Heat capacity of a certain liquid Heat capacity of iron and copper QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT SERIES RLC CIRCUITS OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT Inductance measurement Effect of the amplitude Effect of the frequency QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT PARALLEL RLC CIRCUITS OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT Inductance measurement Effect of the amplitude Effect of the frequency QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT TRANSFORMER OBJECTIVE BACKGROUND Ideal iron core transformer The Non-ideal iron core transformer PRELAB LAB PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Lab procedure Equipment EXPERIMENT No loaded transformer Loaded transformer QUESTIONS FOR THE LAB REPORT

8 List of Figures 1.1 a) A typical diode package with identifying mark, b) schematic symbol Diode I-V characteristic some pictures of Leds and its symbol Circuit for diode I-V measurements A simple bipolar limiter Half-wave rectifier Full wave rectifier a) A typical zener diode package with identifying mark, b) schematic symbol Circuit for Zener diode I-V measurements Zener diode I-V characteristics Voltage regulation circuit Circuit symbols for BJTs, a) NPN type, b) PNP type, c) picture of PN100 package transistor Circuit for prelab, a) circuit for question 1, b) circuit for question Circuit for BJTs characteristics measurements Current source schematic circuit BJT as switch circuit Common-emitter BJT amplifier circuit Common-collector BJT amplifier circuit a) Magnetization curve, b) Hysteresis curve Schematic RLC Circuit connected in series RLC Circuit connected in parallel

9 LIST OF FIGURES An iron core transformer showing magnetic paths a) The symbol for mutually coupled coils; b) Equivalent circuit of a real transformer Loaded real transformer Design for experiment Some types of capacitors Few resistors pictures Different types of inductors Diode is forward-biased by an Ohmmeter; shows 0Ω of resistance Diode is reverse-biased by an Ohmmeter; shows infinite of resistance Diode is forward-biased by an Ohmmeter; shows a forward voltage drop 0.548V Both meters show continuity (low resistance) through collector-base and emitter-base PN junctions Both meters show non-continuity (high resistance) through base-collector and base-emitter PN junctions Unknown transistor, identify its pins Pins identified bread board